Pharmacology Final Exam
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Free Pharmacology Final Exam Questions
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The nurse is preparing to administer medications to a client. Which actions promote safe medication administration?
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Verify the client's identity using two identifiers.
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Check the medication against the medication administration record.
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"Administer a medication that another nurse prepared without verification."
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Assess for medication allergies.
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"Document the medication before administering it."
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Evaluate the client's response to the medication.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Verify the client's identity using two identifiers. B. Check the medication against the medication administration record. D. Assess for medication allergies. F. Evaluate the client's response to the medication.
Safe medication administration requires verifying the client's identity with two identifiers to prevent errors, checking the medication against the MAR to ensure accuracy, assessing for allergies before administration to prevent adverse reactions, and evaluating the client's response afterward to determine therapeutic effect and detect any complications — all of which are core components of the nursing process for medication safety.
Why the other options are incorrect:
C. "Administer a medication that another nurse prepared without verification." This is incorrect and unsafe; a nurse should never administer a medication prepared by someone else without personally verifying its accuracy, as this violates safe medication administration principles.
E. "Document the medication before administering it." This is incorrect practice; documentation should always occur after administering the medication, not before, to accurately reflect that the medication was actually given.
A nurse is administering IV antibiotics to a client who has a bacterial infection. Which assessment finding is the priority for the nurse to report?
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Temperature of 100.4°F (38°C)
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Mild nausea after the medication
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New onset of wheezing and facial swelling
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Decreased appetite
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(C) New onset of wheezing and facial swelling. These findings are classic signs of an acute allergic/anaphylactic reaction, a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate reporting and intervention to protect the client's airway and prevent respiratory compromise.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Temperature of 100.4°F (38°C). A mild fever is expected in a client with a bacterial infection and is not an urgent finding requiring immediate report.
B. Mild nausea after the medication. This is a common, mild, and expected side effect of many antibiotics that does not represent an emergency.
D. Decreased appetite. This is a nonspecific, mild finding that can accompany illness and antibiotic therapy but is not an urgent safety concern.
A client with asthma is prescribed albuterol. Which outcome indicates that the medication has had the desired effect?
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Decreased bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
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Increased airway constriction
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Improved airflow and decreased wheezing
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Increased mucus production
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(C) Improved airflow and decreased wheezing. Albuterol is a short-acting beta-2 agonist bronchodilator that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation; improved airflow and decreased wheezing directly indicate that the medication has achieved its intended therapeutic effect.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Decreased bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. This is the opposite of the desired effect; albuterol works by increasing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (causing bronchodilation), not decreasing it.
B. Increased airway constriction. This is the opposite of the desired effect; albuterol causes bronchodilation (airway widening), not constriction.
D. Increased mucus production. This is not a therapeutic goal of albuterol and would not indicate the medication is working effectively.
SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The nurse is teaching a client about antibiotic therapy. Which statements should the nurse include?
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"Take the medication exactly as prescribed."
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"Report signs of an allergic reaction."
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"Stop the medication when you begin to feel better."
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"Do not share your antibiotics with another person."
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"Antibiotics are effective against viral infections such as influenza."
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
A. "Take the medication exactly as prescribed." B. "Report signs of an allergic reaction." D. "Do not share your antibiotics with another person."
Why the other options are incorrect:
C. "Stop the medication when you begin to feel better." This is incorrect and unsafe teaching; stopping antibiotics early can result in incomplete eradication of the infection and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
E. "Antibiotics are effective against viral infections such as influenza." This is factually incorrect; antibiotics treat bacterial infections and are not effective against viral infections like influenza.
Which statement by a client taking a beta blocker indicates a need for further teaching?
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"I will check my pulse as instructed."
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"I should change positions slowly."
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"I can stop taking this medication suddenly when my blood pressure is normal."
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"I will report dizziness or fainting."
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(C) "I can stop taking this medication suddenly when my blood pressure is normal." This statement is incorrect and indicates a need for further teaching, because abruptly stopping a beta blocker can cause rebound hypertension, tachycardia, and even life-threatening cardiac events; beta blockers must be tapered gradually under medical supervision, not stopped suddenly.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. "I will check my pulse as instructed." This is a correct, appropriate self-monitoring practice for a client taking a beta blocker, since these medications can cause bradycardia.
B. "I should change positions slowly." This is correct teaching, as beta blockers can cause orthostatic hypotension, and changing positions slowly helps prevent dizziness or falls.
D. "I will report dizziness or fainting." This is correct and appropriate, as these symptoms could indicate significant hypotension or bradycardia that needs to be reported.
A nurse is administering IV vancomycin to a client. Which finding requires the most immediate nursing action?
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The client reports mild nausea.
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The client develops flushing and itching of the face and upper body.
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The client reports decreased appetite.
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The client has a temperature of 100.2°F (37.9°C).
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(B) The client develops flushing and itching of the face and upper body. This presentation is classic for "Red Man Syndrome," an infusion-related reaction to vancomycin typically caused by rapid infusion rate; it requires immediate nursing action, including slowing or stopping the infusion, as it can progress to more severe hypotension if not addressed promptly.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. The client reports mild nausea. This is a common, mild, and non-urgent side effect that does not require immediate intervention.
C. The client reports decreased appetite. This is a nonspecific, mild finding that does not represent an urgent safety concern requiring immediate action.
D. The client has a temperature of 100.2°F (37.9°C). A mild, low-grade temperature elevation is not as urgent as an acute infusion reaction and does not require the same immediate intervention.
The provider prescribes heparin 7,500 units subcutaneously. The vial contains 10,000 units/mL. How many mL should the nurse administer?
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0.25 mL
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0.5 mL
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0.75 mL
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1.5 mL
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(C) 0.75 mL. 7,500 units ÷ 10,000 units/mL = 0.75 mL
The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client taking spironolactone. Which statement indicates that the client understands the teaching?
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"I will increase my intake of potassium supplements."
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"I will avoid foods that are high in potassium unless instructed otherwise."
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"I should take an extra dose if my ankles become swollen."
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"I should expect my blood pressure to increase."
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(B) "I will avoid foods that are high in potassium unless instructed otherwise." Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that increases the risk of hyperkalemia; the client should avoid excessive intake of high-potassium foods and potassium supplements unless specifically directed by the provider, making this statement indicate correct understanding.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. "I will increase my intake of potassium supplements." This is incorrect and dangerous; combining potassium supplements with a potassium-sparing diuretic significantly increases the risk of life-threatening hyperkalemia.
C. "I should take an extra dose if my ankles become swollen." This is incorrect; clients should never adjust their own medication dose without provider guidance, regardless of symptoms.
D. "I should expect my blood pressure to increase." This is incorrect; spironolactone is used to help lower blood pressure and reduce fluid retention, not increase blood pressure.
The nurse is preparing to administer metoprolol. Which assessment finding should cause the nurse to question the medication order?
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Heart rate of 52/min
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Respiratory rate of 18/min
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Temperature of 98.6°F (37°C)
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Oxygen saturation of 97%
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(A) Heart rate of 52/min. Metoprolol is a beta blocker that further slows heart rate; administering it to a client who already has bradycardia (heart rate below 60/min) could cause a dangerously low heart rate, so the nurse should hold the medication and question/clarify the order with the provider.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Respiratory rate of 18/min. This is a normal respiratory rate and does not indicate a need to question the medication order.
C. Temperature of 98.6°F (37°C). This is a normal body temperature and is not a contraindication for administering metoprolol.
D. Oxygen saturation of 97%. This is a normal oxygen saturation level and does not indicate a reason to hold or question the beta blocker order.
Before administering a newly prescribed antibiotic, which information is most important for the nurse to obtain?
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The client's preferred pharmacy
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The client's allergy history
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The client's dietary preferences
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The client's usual bedtime
Explanation
Correct Answer:
(B) The client's allergy history. Verifying allergy history before administering any new medication, especially antibiotics (which carry a notably high risk of allergic and anaphylactic reactions), is the essential priority safety check to prevent a potentially life-threatening adverse reaction.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. The client's preferred pharmacy. This is administrative information unrelated to the immediate safety of administering the medication.
C. The client's dietary preferences. While some antibiotics have specific food interactions, this is not the most critical safety information needed before administration compared to allergy history.
D. The client's usual bedtime. This is irrelevant to the safe administration of a newly prescribed antibiotic.
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