PRN 1520 -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM SOUTH COLLEGE
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Free PRN 1520 -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM SOUTH COLLEGE Questions
Which of the following can lead to hypernatremia?
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Excessive sweating
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Ingestion of high sodium foods
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Diarrhea
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Excessive water intake
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Ingestion of high sodium foods
Hypernatremia is defined as an elevated serum sodium level (>145 mEq/L). Ingesting high sodium foods directly increases the sodium load in the body. If fluid intake does not compensate adequately, serum sodium concentration rises, leading to hypernatremia.
Excessive sweating causes loss of both water and sodium, more commonly leading to hyponatremia or dehydration depending on fluid replacement. Diarrhea causes loss of electrolytes and fluid, more typically resulting in hyponatremia or hypokalemia. Excessive water intake dilutes serum sodium, leading to hyponatremia — the opposite of hypernatremia.
The term used to describe bone-producing cells is ____________.
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Osteoclasts.
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Osteomyelitis.
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Osteoblasts.
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Osteocytes.
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts are the specialized cells responsible for bone formation and synthesis. They produce the organic matrix of bone (osteoid) and facilitate its mineralization with calcium and phosphate, building new bone tissue during growth, remodeling, and fracture repair.
The pathophysiological process involved in pancreatitis is:
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Oversecretion of insulin.
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Inflammation of the liver.
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Decreased production of pancreatic enzymes.
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Autodigestion of the pancreas.
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Autodigestion of the pancreas.
Pancreatitis occurs when pancreatic digestive enzymes — particularly trypsin — become prematurely activated within the pancreas itself rather than in the small intestine. These activated enzymes begin to digest the pancreatic tissue, causing inflammation, edema, and potentially necrosis. This process of autodigestion triggers a cascade of local and systemic inflammatory responses. Common triggers include gallstones (blocking the pancreatic duct) and chronic alcohol use (which stimulates premature enzyme activation).
Fluid deficit (dehydration) may cause which one of the following manifestations?
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Decreased skin turgor.
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Hypertension.
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Generalized edema.
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Weight gain.
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Decreased skin turgor.
Decreased skin turgor is a classic sign of dehydration. When the body lacks adequate fluid, skin loses its elasticity and when pinched, returns slowly to its normal position — a clinical assessment known as the "skin tent" test. It reflects significant fluid loss from the interstitial tissues and is a reliable indicator of dehydration, particularly in older adults and children.
Silvery scales covering red patches of skin is most characteristic of:
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Psoriasis.
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Eczema.
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Vitiligo.
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Impetigo.
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Psoriasis.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by the rapid overproduction of skin cells, resulting in raised, red (erythematous) plaques covered with silvery-white scales. These lesions most commonly appear on the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back. The silvery scale is caused by the buildup of rapidly shedding dead skin cells and is the hallmark distinguishing feature of psoriasis.
What pathophysiological process causes chest pain in a client with acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
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Coronary artery spasm decreasing vascular resistance
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Excess preload increases myocardial stretch and contractility
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Inadequate myocardial oxygen supply due to blocked arteries
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Inflammatory cytokines directly stimulate pain receptors
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Inadequate myocardial oxygen supply due to blocked arteries
In an acute MI, a coronary artery becomes blocked — typically by rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by thrombus formation — cutting off blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium. This ischemia causes anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid accumulation, and stimulation of cardiac pain receptors (chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors), producing the characteristic crushing chest pain (angina) of an MI.
Which type of microorganism is considered disease-causing?
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Pathogens
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Nonpathogenic
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Capsules
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Flora
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Pathogens
Pathogens are microorganisms — including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites — that have the capacity to cause disease in a host. They do so by invading host tissues, evading immune defenses, and producing toxins or directly destroying cells. The severity of disease depends on the pathogen's virulence, the route of transmission, and the host's immune status.
Nonpathogenic microorganisms are harmless and do not cause disease under normal conditions. Capsules are protective outer coatings found on some bacteria that enhance their virulence but are not themselves microorganisms. Flora refers to the normal microbial communities that naturally inhabit the body and are generally beneficial or harmless.
Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of which of the following?
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Iron
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Protein
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Vitamin B12
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Vitamin A
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia is a specific type of megaloblastic anemia caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B12, most commonly resulting from the absence of intrinsic factor — a glycoprotein produced by gastric parietal cells that is essential for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Without adequate B12, red blood cell DNA synthesis is impaired, producing large, immature, and dysfunctional megaloblastic red blood cells with reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Neurological symptoms such as peripheral neuropathy and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord can also develop.
Iron deficiency causes microcytic hypochromic anemia — a distinctly different type. Protein deficiency affects overall nutritional status but does not cause pernicious anemia. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with night blindness and immune dysfunction, not anemia of this type.
Which characteristic is most closely associated with a benign tumor?
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Encapsulated tumor cells.
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Rapid growth.
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High likelihood to metastasize.
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Poorly differentiated cells.
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Encapsulated tumor cells.
Benign tumors are characterized by being encapsulated — surrounded by a fibrous capsule that contains the tumor, prevents invasion into surrounding tissues, and makes them well-defined and usually surgically removable. They grow slowly, are well-differentiated, and do not metastasize, making them far less dangerous than malignant tumors.
Which hormonal imbalance is responsible for diabetes insipidus?
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Increased insulin
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Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Deficit of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄)
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Decreased glucocorticoids
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Deficit of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Diabetes insipidus results from a deficiency of ADH (vasopressin), which is normally responsible for signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water. Without sufficient ADH, the kidneys cannot concentrate urine, leading to the excretion of massive amounts of dilute urine (polyuria) and intense thirst (polydipsia).
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