PRN 1520 -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM SOUTH COLLEGE

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Free PRN 1520 -PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM SOUTH COLLEGE Questions

1.

____________ refers to inflammation of the gallbladder.

  • Diverticulosis.
  • Pancreatitis.
  • Cholecystitis.
  • Cirrhosis.

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: C) Cholecystitis.

Cholecystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by gallstones (cholelithiasis) obstructing the cystic duct, leading to bile buildup, pressure, and inflammation. It presents with right upper quadrant pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and a positive Murphy's sign (inspiratory arrest during RUQ palpation). It requires prompt medical management and often surgical intervention (cholecystectomy).

2.

A condition characterized by ischemia in the microcirculation of peripheral nerves, resulting in numbness and tingling in the extremities, is called:

  • Nephropathy.
  • Retinopathy.
  • Neuropathy.
  • Cardiomyopathy.

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Neuropathy.
Diabetic neuropathy results from prolonged hyperglycemia damaging the small blood vessels supplying peripheral nerves, causing ischemia and nerve damage. This manifests as numbness, tingling, burning, or pain typically beginning in the feet and hands in a "stocking-glove" distribution.
Option A is incorrect because nephropathy refers to diabetic damage to the kidneys, leading to proteinuria and eventual renal failure. Option B is incorrect because retinopathy involves microvascular damage to the eyes, potentially causing blindness. Option D is incorrect because cardiomyopathy refers to disease of the heart muscle, not peripheral nerve ischemia.
3.

How does the body control hormone release?

  • The nerve bundles directly control and turn off all glands.
  • The positive feedback increases hormones when receptors become saturated.
  • The negative feedback stops hormone release when levels are sufficient.
  • The hormones are released only once a day on a fixed cycle.

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) The negative feedback stops hormone release when levels are sufficient.
The primary mechanism by which the body regulates hormone release is negative feedback. When circulating hormone levels rise to a sufficient level, this is detected by the hypothalamus and/or pituitary gland, which then reduces or stops further stimulation of the hormone-producing gland. This keeps hormone levels within a narrow, physiologically appropriate range. A classic example is the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis — when T3/T4 levels rise sufficiently, they feed back to suppress TSH and TRH release, preventing overproduction of thyroid hormone.
4.

What is the underlying pathophysiology of osteoporosis?

  • Osteoblast activity exceeding osteoclast activity
  • Bone resorption exceeding bone formation
  • Increased bone formation increasing bone density
  • Adequate mineralization of bone matrix

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Bone resorption exceeding bone formation
Osteoporosis develops when osteoclast activity (bone breakdown/resorption) outpaces osteoblast activity (bone formation), resulting in a net loss of bone mass and density. This imbalance leads to porous, fragile bones that are highly susceptible to fractures. Contributing factors include aging, estrogen deficiency, calcium/Vitamin D deficiency, and sedentary lifestyle.
5.

Which type of microorganism is considered disease-causing?

  • Pathogens
  • Nonpathogenic
  • Capsules
  • Flora

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Pathogens
Pathogens are microorganisms — including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites — that have the capacity to cause disease in a host. They do so by invading host tissues, evading immune defenses, and producing toxins or directly destroying cells. The severity of disease depends on the pathogen's virulence, the route of transmission, and the host's immune status.
Nonpathogenic microorganisms are harmless and do not cause disease under normal conditions. Capsules are protective outer coatings found on some bacteria that enhance their virulence but are not themselves microorganisms. Flora refers to the normal microbial communities that naturally inhabit the body and are generally beneficial or harmless.
6.

A productive cough with frothy sputum indicates ____________.

  • Bronchitis.
  • Pleural effusion.
  • Pulmonary edema.
  • Sinusitis.

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary edema.
A productive cough producing frothy, pink-tinged sputum is a classic hallmark of pulmonary edema. When fluid accumulates in the alveoli, it mixes with air during breathing, creating the characteristic frothy appearance. The pink tinge results from the presence of red blood cells in the fluid. This is a medical emergency indicating severe fluid overload in the lungs, commonly seen in left-sided heart failure.
7.

Ascites, esophageal varices, and encephalopathy are complications associated with:

  • Pancreatitis.
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  • Cirrhosis of the liver.
  • Peptic ulcer disease.

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Cirrhosis of the liver.
Cirrhosis is end-stage liver disease characterized by irreversible fibrosis and scarring of liver tissue. As the liver loses function, portal hypertension develops, causing fluid to accumulate in the abdomen (ascites). Increased pressure in the portal system forces blood through collateral vessels, causing esophageal varices — dilated, fragile veins prone to life-threatening rupture. The failing liver's inability to detoxify ammonia allows it to accumulate in the bloodstream, crossing the blood-brain barrier and causing hepatic encephalopathy, characterized by confusion, altered consciousness, and asterixis.
8.

Which term refers to an infection that has spread across multiple continents?

  • Endemic
  • Sporadic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Pandemic
A pandemic is defined as an infectious disease outbreak that has spread across multiple countries and continents, affecting a large number of people on a global scale. The term reflects both the geographic breadth and the magnitude of spread. A well-known recent example is the COVID-19 pandemic declared by the WHO in March 2020.
Endemic refers to a disease consistently present within a specific geographic region or population. Sporadic describes cases that occur irregularly and infrequently with no clear pattern. Epidemic refers to a sudden increase in disease cases within a specific region or community — but unlike a pandemic, it remains geographically contained.
9.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs when:

  • The body can no longer store glucose in the liver.
  • Brain cells signal the pancreas to produce more insulin.
  • Cells become resistant to insulin.
  • The pancreas completely stops making insulin.

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Cells become resistant to insulin.
In Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas initially produces insulin, but the body's cells become resistant to its effects, meaning glucose cannot efficiently enter the cells. Over time, the pancreas attempts to compensate by producing more insulin, but eventually beta cell exhaustion occurs and production declines. The root pathophysiology, however, remains insulin resistance at the cellular level.
Option A is incorrect because the liver's ability to store glucose as glycogen is not the defining mechanism of Type 2 DM. Option B is incorrect as brain signaling to the pancreas is not the pathophysiological basis of this disease. Option D is incorrect because complete cessation of insulin production describes Type 1 diabetes mellitus, an autoimmune destruction of beta cells — not Type 2.
10.

A bacterial infection of the innermost layer of the heart and heart valves is called _______________.

  • Epicarditis
  • Myocarditis
  • Endocarditis
  • Pericarditis

Explanation

Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Endocarditis
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, lining the chambers and covering the heart valves. When bacteria enter the bloodstream and colonize this layer, the condition is termed infective endocarditis. It commonly affects the heart valves, leading to valve destruction, vegetation formation, and potential systemic emboli.

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