HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
An absent menstrual cycle before the age of 16 is termed:
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Dysmenorrhea
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Menarche
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Menopause
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Amenorrhea
Explanation
Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation. When a girl has not started menstruating by the age of 16, it is known as primary amenorrhea. This condition may result from hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, structural abnormalities, or chronic illnesses. Early evaluation helps determine the cause and guide appropriate treatment to promote normal reproductive health.
Which client below is at most risk for a hemorrhagic stroke?
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A 65-year-old male client with carotid stenosis
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An 88-year-old male with uncontrolled hypertension and a history of brain aneurysm repair 2 years ago
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An 89-year-old female with atherosclerosis
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A 55-year-old female with atrial flutter
Explanation
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, leading to bleeding in or around the brain. The most significant risk factors are uncontrolled hypertension and a history of aneurysm—both of which can weaken vessel walls and increase the likelihood of rupture. Therefore, the 88-year-old male with persistent high blood pressure and prior aneurysm repair is at the greatest risk for a hemorrhagic stroke.
Which disorder is characterized by a progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra?
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Transient Ischemic Attack
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Parkinson's Disease
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome
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Multiple Sclerosis
Explanation
Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain responsible for regulating movement. The dopamine deficiency disrupts communication in the basal ganglia, leading to symptoms such as resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. The disease progresses slowly and primarily affects older adults. Treatment focuses on dopamine replacement therapy and symptom management.
The nurse is aware that the following laboratory values support a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
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Low white blood cell (WBC) count
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Myoglobinuria
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Pyuria
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Ketonuria
Explanation
Pyuria, the presence of white blood cells (pus) in the urine, is a key diagnostic indicator of pyelonephritis. It reflects inflammation and infection of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue. Pyuria typically accompanies bacteriuria and is detected through urinalysis or urine culture. This finding confirms an upper urinary tract infection and helps guide antibiotic therapy. Persistent pyuria suggests ongoing infection or incomplete treatment response.
Which joint condition is due to a slow progression and is associated with trauma to joints over the course of a lifetime?
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Osteoarthritis
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Osteoporosis
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Gout
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Osteomyelitis
Explanation
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage due to aging, repetitive stress, or joint trauma. Over time, this leads to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility, especially in weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and spine. It progresses slowly, developing after years of wear and tear on the joints, rather than inflammation or infection.
A male client is admitted for treatment of glomerulonephritis. On initial assessment, the nurse detects one of the classic signs of acute glomerulonephritis of sudden onset. Such signs include:
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Moderate to severe hypotension
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Polyuria
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Green-tinged urine
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Generalized edema, especially of the face and periorbital area
Explanation
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli often following a streptococcal infection. The inflammation leads to fluid retention due to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in facial and periorbital edema, especially noticeable in the morning. Other classic symptoms include hematuria (tea-colored urine), mild to moderate hypertension, and oliguria. Polyuria and hypotension are not typical findings, while green-tinged urine is unrelated to this condition.
Which neurological condition is initiated by a T cell-mediated attack of myelin?
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Parkinson's Disease
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Myasthenia Gravis
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Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia
Explanation
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system in which T cells mistakenly attack the myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers. This immune-mediated destruction disrupts nerve signal transmission, leading to neurological deficits such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and coordination issues. The inflammatory process also causes the formation of sclerotic plaques in the brain and spinal cord, which further contribute to chronic disability and progressive neurological decline.
Treatment for Lyme disease includes:
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Diet modification
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Physical therapy
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Surgery
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Antibiotic medication
Explanation
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment for Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted through tick bites. Early-stage infection is typically treated with oral antibiotics such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime. In more severe or late-stage cases, intravenous antibiotics may be required to address neurological or cardiac involvement. Early detection and antibiotic treatment are essential to prevent chronic complications such as arthritis, neuropathy, or cognitive impairment.
Clients with diabetes often exhibit polydipsia. What does this mean?
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Increased urine output
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Weight loss with increased appetite
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Increased thirst
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Electrolyte imbalance
Explanation
Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It occurs as a compensatory response to dehydration caused by polyuria (increased urine output), which results from high blood glucose levels drawing water out of the body through osmotic diuresis. The body attempts to maintain fluid balance by triggering thirst. Persistent polydipsia, especially when accompanied by polyuria and polyphagia, is a hallmark of uncontrolled diabetes.
A client is brought to the hospital because of severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The client reports increased pain in the abdomen and in the epigastric region radiating to the back when lying supine. During physical assessment, the nurse finds the client has fever and hypotension. Which condition does the nurse suspect from these findings?
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The client has diverticulitis.
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The client has cholecystitis.
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The client has acute pancreatitis.
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The client has cholelithiasis.
Explanation
Acute pancreatitis presents with severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, often worsened by lying flat and relieved when leaning forward. Other key features include nausea, vomiting, fever, and hypotension due to fluid shifts and systemic inflammation. The pain results from autodigestion of pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. Laboratory findings typically reveal elevated amylase and lipase levels confirming the diagnosis.
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