HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
1. The condition characterized by the formation of stones in the common bile duct is referred as:
- A. Cholangitis
- B. Nephrolith
- C. Choledocholithiasis
- D. Prostatic Calculi
Explanation
Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones within the common bile duct (CBD). These stones can obstruct the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine, leading to symptoms such as jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine. It may also cause complications like cholangitis or pancreatitis. Diagnosis is typically confirmed by ultrasound, MRCP, or ERCP, and treatment often involves endoscopic stone removal.
2. A 35-year-old client reports to the ER with excruciating unilateral head pain that started approximately 45 minutes ago. The client struggles to sit still, has bloodshot eyes with pupil constriction, and has tearing of the eyes and nasal discharge. Which diagnosis does the client likely have?
- A. Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia
- B. Myasthenia Gravis
- C. Brain Tumor Headache
- D. Sinus Headache
Explanation
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia (TAC) is a group of severe, unilateral headache disorders characterized by activation of the trigeminal nerve and autonomic symptoms on the same side of the head. Cluster headaches, a type of TAC, commonly present with excruciating unilateral pain, lacrimation (tearing), nasal congestion, pupil constriction (miosis), and restlessness. The short duration (15–180 minutes) and severe intensity described in this case strongly suggest this diagnosis.
3. Which disorder is characterized by a progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra?
- A. Transient Ischemic Attack
- B. Parkinson's Disease
- C. Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- D. Multiple Sclerosis
Explanation
Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain responsible for regulating movement. The dopamine deficiency disrupts communication in the basal ganglia, leading to symptoms such as resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. The disease progresses slowly and primarily affects older adults. Treatment focuses on dopamine replacement therapy and symptom management.
4. Caring for a client with early signs of trabecular matrix thinning would indicate which term?
- A. Osteopenia
- B. Osteomalacia
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Osteostalsis
Explanation
Osteopenia refers to the early stage of bone density loss characterized by thinning of the trabecular (spongy) bone matrix. It represents a midpoint between normal bone density and osteoporosis. The condition indicates reduced mineralization but not to the extent that fractures occur easily. If untreated, osteopenia can progress to osteoporosis. Management includes calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercise, and lifestyle modifications to preserve bone mass and prevent further bone loss.
5. A client with diabetes has had many renal calculi over the past 20 years and now has chronic renal failure. Which substance must be reduced in this client's diet?
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Fats
- D. Protein
Explanation
Clients with chronic renal failure must limit protein intake because protein metabolism produces nitrogenous wastes such as urea and creatinine, which the kidneys must excrete. In renal failure, the kidneys cannot efficiently remove these wastes, leading to their buildup in the blood. A low-protein diet helps reduce the workload on the kidneys, slow disease progression, and minimize symptoms of uremia while still providing enough protein for tissue repair.
6. In a young client recently diagnosed with a mumps viral infection, the sudden onset of tender swollen testicles is indicative of which condition?
- A. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- B. Sexually Transmitted Infection
- C. Orchitis
- D. Testicular Cancer
Explanation
Orchitis is the inflammation of one or both testicles, often caused by viral infections such as mumps, especially in post-pubertal males. It typically presents with sudden testicular pain, tenderness, swelling, and sometimes fever. Mumps-related orchitis usually develops 4–7 days after parotid gland swelling and can lead to complications like testicular atrophy or, rarely, infertility if severe. Supportive treatment includes bed rest, scrotal support, and anti-inflammatory medications.
7. A client is admitted to the Emergency Department. During the admission assessment, the nurse notes that the client is agitated and has a round puffy face with hirsutism, bruising on their legs, and striae on the abdomen. These findings are consistent with which diagnosis?
- A. Myxedema
- B. Cushing's Disease
- C. Graves' Disease
- D. Addison's Disease
Explanation
Cushing’s disease results from excessive cortisol production, often due to a pituitary adenoma stimulating the adrenal glands. The hallmark features include a round “moon” face, central obesity, hirsutism, purple abdominal striae, easy bruising, and mood changes such as agitation. Chronic cortisol excess leads to protein breakdown, fluid retention, and immune suppression. Diagnosis involves cortisol level testing, and treatment targets the underlying cause, such as surgical removal of the pituitary tumor or adrenal management.
8. A male client is admitted for treatment of glomerulonephritis. On initial assessment, the nurse detects one of the classic signs of acute glomerulonephritis of sudden onset. Such signs include:
- A. Moderate to severe hypotension
- B. Polyuria
- C. Green-tinged urine
- D. Generalized edema, especially of the face and periorbital area
Explanation
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli often following a streptococcal infection. The inflammation leads to fluid retention due to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in facial and periorbital edema, especially noticeable in the morning. Other classic symptoms include hematuria (tea-colored urine), mild to moderate hypertension, and oliguria. Polyuria and hypotension are not typical findings, while green-tinged urine is unrelated to this condition.
9. A patient is found to have black, tarry stool after a bowel movement. What is the term for this finding on examination?
- A. Melena
- B. Hematuria
- C. Hematochezia
- D. Fecal impaction
Explanation
Melena refers to black, tarry stools that result from the digestion of blood in the gastrointestinal tract, typically indicating upper GI bleeding such as from a peptic ulcer or gastric erosion. The dark color occurs due to the breakdown of hemoglobin by digestive enzymes and gastric acid. This finding warrants immediate investigation to identify and control the bleeding source, as it can signal a potentially life-threatening condition if untreated.
10. A client is admitted with dark urine, fever, and flank pain and is diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Which would most likely be in this client’s health history?
- A. Renal calculi
- B. Renal trauma
- C. Family history of acute glomerulonephritis
- D. Recent strep throat infection
Explanation
A recent strep throat infection (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus) often precedes acute glomerulonephritis. The infection triggers an autoimmune response that damages the glomeruli, leading to inflammation, dark urine (hematuria), proteinuria, fever, and flank pain. This immune-mediated reaction usually develops 1–3 weeks after the initial throat or skin infection.
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