HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
A client with a bone infection has infectious material entering the Haversian system, and an abscess has formed. What bone infection stage does this client have?
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Sequestrum
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Inflammation
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Suppuration
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Involucrum
Explanation
In osteomyelitis, the suppuration stage occurs when infectious material (pus) spreads through the bone’s Haversian system, leading to the formation of abscesses. This process increases pressure within the bone, compromises blood flow, and contributes to tissue necrosis if untreated. The suppuration stage follows the initial inflammatory stage and is a key indicator of active infection with purulent drainage.
In females, if secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13, this is called:
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Hematuria
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Delayed Puberty
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Precocious Puberty
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Oligomenorrhea
Explanation
Delayed puberty in females is defined as the absence of secondary sexual characteristics (such as breast development or pubic hair) by age 13, or the absence of menarche (first menstrual period) by age 16. This condition may be caused by hormonal imbalances, chronic illness, malnutrition, or genetic disorders. Early diagnosis is important to identify and address the underlying cause, which may involve endocrine evaluation and treatment to stimulate normal development.
This is a viral infection that can be transmitted by blood products, body fluids, or sexual contact. An antibody test is available to test for this infection. A vaccine is available for prevention of this disease. Which viral infection is being described?
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Hepatitis C (HCV)
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Hepatitis A (HAV)
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Hepatitis B (HBV)
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Hepatitis D (HDV)
Explanation
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a viral infection transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids, as well as through sexual contact and perinatal exposure. Laboratory testing can detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibodies to confirm infection. A highly effective vaccine is available for prevention, unlike hepatitis C, for which no vaccine exists. Chronic HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated.
A client presents with hyperuricemia, redness, warmth, and swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint. What is most likely the diagnosis for this patient?
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Osteoarthritis
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Gout
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Osteoporosis
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Osteomyelitis
Explanation
Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia—an excess of uric acid in the blood that leads to urate crystal deposition in joints. The metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe (known as podagra) is the most commonly affected site. Typical symptoms include sudden onset of severe pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected joint. The condition is often triggered by dietary factors, alcohol intake, dehydration, or medications that increase uric acid levels.
Which of the following clinical manifestations is NOT expected with Diabetes Insipidus?
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Polyphagia
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Polydipsia
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Polyuria
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Extreme thirst
Explanation
Polyphagia (excessive hunger) is not associated with Diabetes Insipidus (DI). DI is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or renal insensitivity to it, leading to excessive water loss through dilute urine (polyuria) and compensatory polydipsia (increased thirst). Because DI involves water imbalance rather than glucose metabolism, patients do not experience increased appetite. Polyphagia is more characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus, where cells cannot utilize glucose effectively, causing hunger despite elevated blood sugar levels.
What is the assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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Sperm Count
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Digital rectal exam
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Kidney function test
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Blood in urine
Explanation
A digital rectal exam (DRE) is the primary physical assessment used to evaluate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). During the exam, the healthcare provider palpates the prostate gland through the rectal wall to assess its size, shape, and consistency. An enlarged, smooth, and firm prostate typically indicates BPH. While kidney function tests and urinalysis may be performed to identify complications, the DRE remains the standard initial diagnostic evaluation for prostate enlargement.
Which of the following symptoms do you expect to see in a client diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis?
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Jaundice
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Right Lower Quadrant pain
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Burning sensation on urination
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Flank pain and chills
Explanation
Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, typically caused by ascending bacterial infection from the lower urinary tract. The hallmark symptoms include flank pain, fever, and chills, reflecting kidney inflammation and systemic infection. Clients may also experience nausea, vomiting, and malaise. Burning urination is more characteristic of cystitis (bladder infection), while jaundice and right lower quadrant pain are unrelated to kidney infection.
In a client experiencing joint changes, what description best characterizes osteophyte changes?
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Bone that forms at the margin of cartilage loss.
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Degeneration of joint due to age.
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Thinning of trabecular matrix.
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Compressed disc between the vertebra.
Explanation
Osteophytes, or bone spurs, are bony projections that develop at the edges of joints where cartilage has degenerated. They form as a compensatory response to joint instability or cartilage loss, commonly seen in osteoarthritis. Osteophyte formation leads to pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion due to altered joint mechanics. These changes are visible on imaging and help differentiate osteoarthritis from conditions like osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
Which of the following bone infection terms is defined as the increased pressure and vascular obstruction that cause bone necrosis in 7 days?
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Suppuration
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Inflammation
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Sequestrum
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Involucrum
Explanation
A sequestrum is a fragment of necrotic bone that results from loss of blood supply due to increased pressure and vascular obstruction during osteomyelitis. The process typically causes bone death within about seven days. This dead bone separates from viable bone tissue, becoming a site for persistent infection. Proper treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgical removal of the sequestrum to allow healing of the surrounding healthy bone.
Myositis is defined as
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Inflammation of the cartilage
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Inflammation of bone, usually due to infection
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Inflammation of muscle
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Inflammation of muscle, bone, and joints
Explanation
Myositis refers to inflammation of the skeletal muscles, often caused by autoimmune reactions, infections, or certain medications. This inflammation leads to muscle weakness, tenderness, and pain, commonly affecting large muscle groups such as the shoulders, hips, and thighs. Types include polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Diagnosis involves blood tests for muscle enzymes, electromyography, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, typically through corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy.
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