HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology Questions
1. The nurse is aware that the following laboratory values support a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
- A. Low white blood cell (WBC) count
- B. Myoglobinuria
- C. Pyuria
- D. Ketonuria
Explanation
Pyuria, the presence of white blood cells (pus) in the urine, is a key diagnostic indicator of pyelonephritis. It reflects inflammation and infection of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue. Pyuria typically accompanies bacteriuria and is detected through urinalysis or urine culture. This finding confirms an upper urinary tract infection and helps guide antibiotic therapy. Persistent pyuria suggests ongoing infection or incomplete treatment response.
2. In older males, this is a dominant disease that has excessive cell growth in a male reproductive organ that encroaches on the urethra and obstructs urine flow. It is called:
- A. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- B. Testicular cancer
- C. Endometritis
- D. Orchiotomy
Explanation
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in older men. The excessive growth of prostate tissue compresses the urethra, leading to urinary obstruction symptoms such as weak stream, hesitancy, frequency, and incomplete bladder emptying. BPH results from hormonal changes, particularly increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Though benign, it can significantly affect quality of life and may require medical or surgical management if severe.
3. A client presents with hyperuricemia, redness, warmth, and swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint. What is most likely the diagnosis for this patient?
- A. Osteoarthritis
- B. Gout
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Osteomyelitis
Explanation
Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by hyperuricemia—an excess of uric acid in the blood that leads to urate crystal deposition in joints. The metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe (known as podagra) is the most commonly affected site. Typical symptoms include sudden onset of severe pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the affected joint. The condition is often triggered by dietary factors, alcohol intake, dehydration, or medications that increase uric acid levels.
4. Which client below is at most risk for a hemorrhagic stroke?
- A. A 65-year-old male client with carotid stenosis
- B. An 88-year-old male with uncontrolled hypertension and a history of brain aneurysm repair 2 years ago
- C. An 89-year-old female with atherosclerosis
- D. A 55-year-old female with atrial flutter
Explanation
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, leading to bleeding in or around the brain. The most significant risk factors are uncontrolled hypertension and a history of aneurysm—both of which can weaken vessel walls and increase the likelihood of rupture. Therefore, the 88-year-old male with persistent high blood pressure and prior aneurysm repair is at the greatest risk for a hemorrhagic stroke.
5. Which of the following bone infection terms is defined as the increased pressure and vascular obstruction that cause bone necrosis in 7 days?
- A. Suppuration
- B. Inflammation
- C. Sequestrum
- D. Involucrum
Explanation
A sequestrum is a fragment of necrotic bone that results from loss of blood supply due to increased pressure and vascular obstruction during osteomyelitis. The process typically causes bone death within about seven days. This dead bone separates from viable bone tissue, becoming a site for persistent infection. Proper treatment involves antibiotics and sometimes surgical removal of the sequestrum to allow healing of the surrounding healthy bone.
6. Myositis is defined as
- A. Inflammation of the cartilage
- B. Inflammation of bone, usually due to infection
- C. Inflammation of muscle
- D. Inflammation of muscle, bone, and joints
Explanation
Myositis refers to inflammation of the skeletal muscles, often caused by autoimmune reactions, infections, or certain medications. This inflammation leads to muscle weakness, tenderness, and pain, commonly affecting large muscle groups such as the shoulders, hips, and thighs. Types include polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Diagnosis involves blood tests for muscle enzymes, electromyography, and sometimes biopsy. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, typically through corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy.
7. Which joint condition is due to a slow progression and is associated with trauma to joints over the course of a lifetime?
- A. Osteoarthritis
- B. Osteoporosis
- C. Gout
- D. Osteomyelitis
Explanation
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage due to aging, repetitive stress, or joint trauma. Over time, this leads to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility, especially in weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and spine. It progresses slowly, developing after years of wear and tear on the joints, rather than inflammation or infection.
8. Cushing's triad refers to a set of signs that are indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), or increased pressure in the brain. Which of the following is NOT one of the signs of ICP?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Bradypnea or irregular respirations
- D. Tachycardia
Explanation
Cushing’s triad is a classic sign of increased intracranial pressure and includes three key findings: hypertension (with widened pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular or slowed respirations (bradypnea). These signs result from brainstem compression that activates the Cushing reflex to maintain cerebral perfusion. Tachycardia, however, is not part of Cushing’s triad and usually suggests another cause, such as pain, anxiety, or hypovolemia, rather than elevated intracranial pressure.
9. Which of the following symptoms do you expect to see in a client diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis?
- A. Jaundice
- B. Right Lower Quadrant pain
- C. Burning sensation on urination
- D. Flank pain and chills
Explanation
Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue, typically caused by ascending bacterial infection from the lower urinary tract. The hallmark symptoms include flank pain, fever, and chills, reflecting kidney inflammation and systemic infection. Clients may also experience nausea, vomiting, and malaise. Burning urination is more characteristic of cystitis (bladder infection), while jaundice and right lower quadrant pain are unrelated to kidney infection.
10. In a young client recently diagnosed with a mumps viral infection, the sudden onset of tender swollen testicles is indicative of which condition?
- A. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- B. Sexually Transmitted Infection
- C. Orchitis
- D. Testicular Cancer
Explanation
Orchitis is the inflammation of one or both testicles, often caused by viral infections such as mumps, especially in post-pubertal males. It typically presents with sudden testicular pain, tenderness, swelling, and sometimes fever. Mumps-related orchitis usually develops 4–7 days after parotid gland swelling and can lead to complications like testicular atrophy or, rarely, infertility if severe. Supportive treatment includes bed rest, scrotal support, and anti-inflammatory medications.
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