HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
1. A client is admitted to the Emergency Department. During the admission assessment, the nurse notes that the client is agitated and has a round puffy face with hirsutism, bruising on their legs, and striae on the abdomen. These findings are consistent with which diagnosis?
- Myxedema
- Cushing's Disease
- Graves' Disease
- Addison's Disease
Explanation
Cushing’s disease results from excessive cortisol production, often due to a pituitary adenoma stimulating the adrenal glands. The hallmark features include a round “moon” face, central obesity, hirsutism, purple abdominal striae, easy bruising, and mood changes such as agitation. Chronic cortisol excess leads to protein breakdown, fluid retention, and immune suppression. Diagnosis involves cortisol level testing, and treatment targets the underlying cause, such as surgical removal of the pituitary tumor or adrenal management.
2. An orchiectomy may need to be performed on the following disease:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Testicular cancer
- Erectile dysfunction
- Cryptorchidism
Explanation
Testicular cancer often requires an orchiectomy, which is the surgical removal of one or both testicles, to prevent the spread of malignant cells. This procedure is both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it allows histologic examination and eliminates the primary source of cancer. Early removal of the affected testis offers a high chance of cure, especially when combined with chemotherapy or radiation if needed.
3. The nurse is aware that the following laboratory values support a diagnosis of pyelonephritis?
- Low white blood cell (WBC) count
- Myoglobinuria
- Pyuria
- Ketonuria
Explanation
Pyuria, the presence of white blood cells (pus) in the urine, is a key diagnostic indicator of pyelonephritis. It reflects inflammation and infection of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue. Pyuria typically accompanies bacteriuria and is detected through urinalysis or urine culture. This finding confirms an upper urinary tract infection and helps guide antibiotic therapy. Persistent pyuria suggests ongoing infection or incomplete treatment response.
4. A client with diabetes has had many renal calculi over the past 20 years and now has chronic renal failure. Which substance must be reduced in this client's diet?
- Carbohydrates
- Vitamin C
- Fats
- Protein
Explanation
Clients with chronic renal failure must limit protein intake because protein metabolism produces nitrogenous wastes such as urea and creatinine, which the kidneys must excrete. In renal failure, the kidneys cannot efficiently remove these wastes, leading to their buildup in the blood. A low-protein diet helps reduce the workload on the kidneys, slow disease progression, and minimize symptoms of uremia while still providing enough protein for tissue repair.
5. A client presents with inflammation caused by weakness in the bowel wall, leading to the collection of intestinal content and resulting in obstruction. Which term best describes the client's disorder?
- Volvulus
- Incarceration hernia
- Ulcerative colitis
- Diverticulitis
Explanation
Diverticulitis occurs when small pouches (diverticula) form in weak spots along the bowel wall, become inflamed, and sometimes infected due to trapped intestinal contents. This can lead to pain, fever, and even bowel obstruction or perforation if untreated. It’s most common in the sigmoid colon and often associated with low-fiber diets and constipation.
6. Dilation of the renal pelvis is called:
- Hydroureter
- Stress incontinence
- Hydronephrosis
- Urinary tract infection
Explanation
Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by an obstruction to urine outflow. This leads to urine accumulation, increased pressure in the kidney, and possible renal tissue damage if untreated. Common causes include kidney stones, tumors, ureteral strictures, or an enlarged prostate. Early identification and treatment are essential to prevent permanent kidney damage.
7. The nurse is educating a client about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Select the option that is correct about this condition:
- TIAs are caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain.
- TIAs don't require medical treatment.
- TIAs result in the patient having complete paralysis on one side of their body.
- TIAs are caused by massive bleeding in the brain.
Explanation
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when there is a temporary reduction in cerebral blood flow, leading to brief neurological symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, or speech difficulty that resolve within 24 hours. TIAs are often called “mini-strokes” and serve as warning signs for potential ischemic stroke. Immediate medical evaluation is necessary to identify and treat underlying causes, such as atherosclerosis or emboli, to prevent a full stroke.
8. A client has been diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is least likely to provide information for a confirmed diagnosis?
- Stool antigen test
- Complete blood count
- Urea breath test
- Antibody blood test
Explanation
A complete blood count (CBC) does not confirm Helicobacter pylori infection. While it may show signs of anemia from chronic gastritis or gastrointestinal bleeding, it provides no specific evidence of the bacteria itself. Diagnostic confirmation of H. pylori requires tests that detect bacterial presence or activity.
9. A male client is admitted for treatment of glomerulonephritis. On initial assessment, the nurse detects one of the classic signs of acute glomerulonephritis of sudden onset. Such signs include:
- Moderate to severe hypotension
- Polyuria
- Green-tinged urine
- Generalized edema, especially of the face and periorbital area
Explanation
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli often following a streptococcal infection. The inflammation leads to fluid retention due to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in facial and periorbital edema, especially noticeable in the morning. Other classic symptoms include hematuria (tea-colored urine), mild to moderate hypertension, and oliguria. Polyuria and hypotension are not typical findings, while green-tinged urine is unrelated to this condition.
10. The nurse is developing a teaching plan for a male client diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The nurse should include information about which hormone is lacking in the client with this condition?
- Luteinizing hormone
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Follicle-stimulating hormone
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Explanation
Diabetes insipidus (DI) results from a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, which is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH helps the kidneys retain water by concentrating urine. When this hormone is lacking, the kidneys excrete excessive amounts of dilute urine, leading to polyuria, polydipsia, and dehydration. Treatment often includes desmopressin (DDAVP), a synthetic form of ADH.
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