HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
1. A client is admitted with dark urine, fever, and flank pain and is diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Which would most likely be in this client’s health history?
- Renal calculi
- Renal trauma
- Family history of acute glomerulonephritis
- Recent strep throat infection
Explanation
A recent strep throat infection (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus) often precedes acute glomerulonephritis. The infection triggers an autoimmune response that damages the glomeruli, leading to inflammation, dark urine (hematuria), proteinuria, fever, and flank pain. This immune-mediated reaction usually develops 1–3 weeks after the initial throat or skin infection.
2. A term used to describe the loss of fat in stool which develops in Celiac Disease.
- Melena
- Hematochezia
- Steatorrhea
- Borborygmi
Explanation
Steatorrhea refers to the presence of excess fat in the stool, making it bulky, pale, foul-smelling, and difficult to flush. It occurs in conditions like Celiac Disease, where damage to the intestinal villi leads to fat malabsorption. Because dietary fats are not properly digested or absorbed, they are excreted in the stool. This symptom is a hallmark of malabsorption syndromes and helps differentiate them from other gastrointestinal disorders.
3. What is the assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia?
- Sperm Count
- Digital rectal exam
- Kidney function test
- Blood in urine
Explanation
A digital rectal exam (DRE) is the primary physical assessment used to evaluate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). During the exam, the healthcare provider palpates the prostate gland through the rectal wall to assess its size, shape, and consistency. An enlarged, smooth, and firm prostate typically indicates BPH. While kidney function tests and urinalysis may be performed to identify complications, the DRE remains the standard initial diagnostic evaluation for prostate enlargement.
4. A male client is admitted for treatment of glomerulonephritis. On initial assessment, the nurse detects one of the classic signs of acute glomerulonephritis of sudden onset. Such signs include:
- Moderate to severe hypotension
- Polyuria
- Green-tinged urine
- Generalized edema, especially of the face and periorbital area
Explanation
Acute glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomeruli often following a streptococcal infection. The inflammation leads to fluid retention due to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), resulting in facial and periorbital edema, especially noticeable in the morning. Other classic symptoms include hematuria (tea-colored urine), mild to moderate hypertension, and oliguria. Polyuria and hypotension are not typical findings, while green-tinged urine is unrelated to this condition.
5. A client with diabetes has had many renal calculi over the past 20 years and now has chronic renal failure. Which substance must be reduced in this client's diet?
- Carbohydrates
- Vitamin C
- Fats
- Protein
Explanation
Clients with chronic renal failure must limit protein intake because protein metabolism produces nitrogenous wastes such as urea and creatinine, which the kidneys must excrete. In renal failure, the kidneys cannot efficiently remove these wastes, leading to their buildup in the blood. A low-protein diet helps reduce the workload on the kidneys, slow disease progression, and minimize symptoms of uremia while still providing enough protein for tissue repair.
6. A client presents to the clinic with abdominal pain between meals, pale skin, and hematemesis. The client also acknowledges a history of NSAIDs overuse and alcohol abuse. What is most likely this client's diagnosis?
- Pyloric stenosis
- Crohn's disease
- Hiatal hernia
- Peptic ulcer disease
Explanation
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) involves the erosion of the gastric or duodenal mucosa due to excess acid production or mucosal barrier breakdown. NSAID overuse and alcohol abuse are major risk factors because they reduce protective mucus and increase gastric irritation. Symptoms such as epigastric pain between meals, hematemesis (vomiting blood), and pallor from possible blood loss strongly support this diagnosis. Prompt evaluation and management are essential to prevent perforation or bleeding complications.
7. In older males, this is a dominant disease that has excessive cell growth in a male reproductive organ that encroaches on the urethra and obstructs urine flow. It is called:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Testicular cancer
- Endometritis
- Orchiotomy
Explanation
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in older men. The excessive growth of prostate tissue compresses the urethra, leading to urinary obstruction symptoms such as weak stream, hesitancy, frequency, and incomplete bladder emptying. BPH results from hormonal changes, particularly increased dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Though benign, it can significantly affect quality of life and may require medical or surgical management if severe.
8. An orchiectomy may need to be performed on the following disease:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Testicular cancer
- Erectile dysfunction
- Cryptorchidism
Explanation
Testicular cancer often requires an orchiectomy, which is the surgical removal of one or both testicles, to prevent the spread of malignant cells. This procedure is both diagnostic and therapeutic, as it allows histologic examination and eliminates the primary source of cancer. Early removal of the affected testis offers a high chance of cure, especially when combined with chemotherapy or radiation if needed.
9. A client presents with a positive Cullen sign and discoloration around the umbilicus due to hemorrhage. Which condition could this client have?
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Cholecystitis
- Cholangitis
- Cystitis
Explanation
A positive Cullen sign—bluish or purplish discoloration around the umbilicus—is caused by intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage, most commonly seen in acute pancreatitis. This occurs when pancreatic enzymes cause autodigestion of pancreatic tissue and nearby blood vessels, leading to internal bleeding. It is a serious sign that indicates severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis, requiring immediate medical attention.
10. All the following are consequences of uncontrolled Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) EXCEPT:
- Premature delivery
- Hypoglycemia in the newborn
- Small-for-gestational-age infants
- Fetal defects
Explanation
Uncontrolled Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) exposes the fetus to high maternal glucose levels, causing fetal hyperinsulinemia, which promotes excessive growth and results in macrosomia (large-for-gestational-age infants), not small-for-gestational-age. These infants are at increased risk for birth trauma, respiratory distress, and neonatal hypoglycemia after delivery due to sudden withdrawal of maternal glucose.
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