HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free HCR 240- Human Systems: Human Pathophysiology at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
1. A client has been diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is least likely to provide information for a confirmed diagnosis?
- Stool antigen test
- Complete blood count
- Urea breath test
- Antibody blood test
Explanation
A complete blood count (CBC) does not confirm Helicobacter pylori infection. While it may show signs of anemia from chronic gastritis or gastrointestinal bleeding, it provides no specific evidence of the bacteria itself. Diagnostic confirmation of H. pylori requires tests that detect bacterial presence or activity.
2. This is a viral infection that can be transmitted by blood products, body fluids, or sexual contact. An antibody test is available to test for this infection. A vaccine is available for prevention of this disease. Which viral infection is being described?
- Hepatitis C (HCV)
- Hepatitis A (HAV)
- Hepatitis B (HBV)
- Hepatitis D (HDV)
Explanation
Hepatitis B (HBV) is a viral infection transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids, as well as through sexual contact and perinatal exposure. Laboratory testing can detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibodies to confirm infection. A highly effective vaccine is available for prevention, unlike hepatitis C, for which no vaccine exists. Chronic HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated.
3. The nurse has a paraplegic patient with renal calculi. Which factor contributes to the development of calculi?
- High fluid intake
- Decreased calcium intake
- Increased calcium loss from the bones
- Decreased kidney function
Explanation
In paraplegic patients, immobility leads to increased bone demineralization, resulting in calcium being released into the bloodstream. The excess calcium is then excreted by the kidneys, which raises the risk of renal stone formation. This condition, known as hypercalciuria, is a common cause of calculi in immobile individuals. Maintaining hydration and encouraging as much mobility as possible can help reduce this risk.
4. Which client below is at most risk for a hemorrhagic stroke?
- A 65-year-old male client with carotid stenosis
- An 88-year-old male with uncontrolled hypertension and a history of brain aneurysm repair 2 years ago
- An 89-year-old female with atherosclerosis
- A 55-year-old female with atrial flutter
Explanation
A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, leading to bleeding in or around the brain. The most significant risk factors are uncontrolled hypertension and a history of aneurysm—both of which can weaken vessel walls and increase the likelihood of rupture. Therefore, the 88-year-old male with persistent high blood pressure and prior aneurysm repair is at the greatest risk for a hemorrhagic stroke.
5. A female client tells a nurse, "I have excessive bleeding that lasts for more than 7 days every time I menstruate." Which menstrual disorder does the nurse suspect in the client?
- Amenorrhea
- Menorrhagia
- Metrorrhagia
- Oligomenorrhea
Explanation
Menorrhagia refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding that lasts longer than 7 days or exceeds 80 mL of blood loss per cycle. This condition often results in fatigue or anemia due to excessive blood loss. The nurse should assess for causes such as uterine fibroids, hormonal imbalance, or bleeding disorders and ensure proper diagnostic evaluation and management.
6. A patient arrives to the ER and is unable to give you a health history due to altered mental status. The family reports the patient has gained over 10 lbs in 1 week and says it is mainly "water" weight. In addition, they report the patient hasn't been able to urinate or eat within the past week as well and was recently diagnosed with small cell lung cancer. On assessment, you note the patient's HR is 115 and BP 180/92. Patient sodium level is 90. Which of the following conditions do you suspect the patient is most likely presenting with?
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Fluid Volume Deficient
- SIADH
- Addison’s Disease
Explanation
SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion) is most consistent with this presentation. It causes water retention, hyponatremia (sodium level 90), low urine output, and fluid overload. The link to small cell lung cancer, which often secretes ectopic ADH, strongly supports this diagnosis. The patient’s rapid weight gain, high BP, low sodium, and inability to urinate are hallmark features of SIADH, where excess ADH leads to dilutional hyponatremia and fluid retention.
7. What type of hernia is characterized by compromised blood supply resulting from increased pressure?
- Hematochezia hernia
- Strangulated hernia
- Reducible hernia
- Incarcerated hernia
Explanation
A strangulated hernia occurs when the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off due to increased pressure within the hernia sac. This results in ischemia and potential tissue necrosis, making it a surgical emergency. Common symptoms include severe pain, tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Immediate intervention is required to prevent bowel death and peritonitis.
8. Clients with diabetes often exhibit polydipsia. What does this mean?
- Increased urine output
- Weight loss with increased appetite
- Increased thirst
- Electrolyte imbalance
Explanation
Polydipsia refers to excessive thirst, a common symptom in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It occurs as a compensatory response to dehydration caused by polyuria (increased urine output), which results from high blood glucose levels drawing water out of the body through osmotic diuresis. The body attempts to maintain fluid balance by triggering thirst. Persistent polydipsia, especially when accompanied by polyuria and polyphagia, is a hallmark of uncontrolled diabetes.
9. A term that describes the study of inflammatory muscle, bone, and joint disease is:
- Dermatology
- Ophthalmology
- Rheumatology
- Oncology
Explanation
Rheumatology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that affect the joints, muscles, bones, tendons, and connective tissues. Common conditions managed by rheumatologists include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gout, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia. The specialty aims to relieve pain, preserve joint function, and prevent disability.
10. A general term for an esophageal motility problem is referred to as:
- Achalasia
- Dysphagia
- Odynophagia
- Dyspepsia
Explanation
Dysphagia is the general term used to describe difficulty swallowing, which can result from problems with the esophageal muscles, nerves, or structural abnormalities that interfere with normal motility. It may occur with conditions such as stroke, esophageal strictures, or motility disorders like achalasia. Clients with dysphagia are at risk for aspiration and require careful assessment of swallowing ability and diet modification as part of nursing care.
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