Principles of Management (C483)
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Free Principles of Management (C483) Questions
How many defects per million are there at Six Sigma, assuming a product or process is defect-free 99.99966% of the time
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Less than 3.4
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Less than 4.4
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Less than 5.3
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Less than 6.6
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A) Less than 3.4
Explanation:
Six Sigma aims for a defect rate of no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO), which corresponds to a process that is 99.99966% defect-free. This level of quality ensures near-perfect consistency and reliability.
Why other options are wrong:
B) Less than 4.4, C) Less than 5.3, D) Less than 6.6: These values exceed the established Six Sigma defect threshold, making them incorrect.
In which situation does religious preference inappropriately affect decision making?
- Management approves a religious endorsement that makes claims the company supports.
- Management provides two religious holidays per year for every employee regardless of religious affiliation.
- A member of a particular religion starts a business that benefits members of the religion in the area.
- A publicly-held company has a policy limiting financial donations to one religious group.
Explanation
Religious preference inappropriately affects decision making when a publicly-held company has a policy limiting financial donations to one religious group. This action reflects favoritism based on religion and violates the principle of neutrality expected in corporate governance. Such a policy can lead to discrimination, reputational damage, and potential legal consequences under equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws.
Correct Answer Is:
A publicly-held company has a policy limiting financial donations to one religious group.
During an international executive meeting, an executive used a word that did not translate into English
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Barrier caused by semantics
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Barrier caused by tone differences
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Barrier caused by word association
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Barrier caused by differences among perceptions
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A) Barrier caused by semantics
Explanation:
A semantic barrier occurs when words or phrases do not have direct translations or carry different meanings in different languages. This can lead to misinterpretations or difficulties in communication.
Why other options are wrong:
B) Barrier caused by tone differences: Tone differences relate to how something is said rather than the meaning of words themselves.
C) Barrier caused by word association: Word association refers to different cultural or personal interpretations of words rather than a direct translation issue.
D) Barrier caused by differences among perceptions: Perception differences involve personal viewpoints or cultural perspectives rather than language translation issues.
Which of the following best describes extinction
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It involves the aggressive manipulation and exploitation of others.
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It involves removing or withholding an undesirable consequence.
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It refers to administering an aversive consequence.
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It refers to withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence.
- It is the perceived outlook that performance may be followed by a negative outcome.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D) It refers to withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence.
Explanation:
In operant conditioning (Skinner), extinction occurs when a previously reinforced behavior stops being reinforced, leading to a decline in that behavior. For example, if a manager stops recognizing an employee’s hard work, the employee may eventually stop putting in extra effort.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Aggressive manipulation and exploitation: This describes unethical behavior, not extinction.
B) Removing or withholding an undesirable consequence: This describes negative reinforcement, not extinction.
C) Administering an aversive consequence: This describes punishment, not extinction.
E) Perceived outlook that performance may be followed by a negative outcome: This is related to expectancy theory, not extinction.
What is a common consideration for starting a new business venture
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System changes
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Right opportunity
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Access to information
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Technical understanding
Explanation
Correct Answer
B. Right opportunity
Explanation
The right opportunity is a fundamental consideration when starting a new business venture. Entrepreneurs must identify a market need or gap that presents a viable opportunity for success. Without recognizing the right opportunity, the business may struggle to survive or grow.
Why other options are wrong
A. System changes – While system changes may be part of the process in establishing a business, they are not the primary consideration when starting a new venture. The focus is more on identifying and seizing opportunities.
C. Access to information – Access to information is important for business decisions, but it is secondary to finding the right opportunity. Information alone does not guarantee the success of a new venture.
D. Technical understanding – While technical expertise can be beneficial in some industries, it is not the most critical consideration when starting a business. The primary focus should be on identifying and capitalizing on the right business opportunity.
The final step in managing resistance involves strengthening new behaviors that support a change and is referred to as ___
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Refreezing
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Moving
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Enforcing
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Solidifying
- Stabilizing
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Refreezing
Explanation:
Refreezing is the final step in Lewin’s Change Management Model, where new behaviors and processes are reinforced and institutionalized to ensure long-term adoption. This step prevents employees from reverting to old habits and helps stabilize the organization after change.
Why other options are wrong:
B) Moving → Refers to the transition phase where employees adopt new behaviors but have not yet solidified them.
C) Enforcing → Suggests imposing new behaviors rather than encouraging voluntary adoption.
D) Solidifying → A general term, but not a formal stage in change management models like Lewin’s.
E) Stabilizing → Similar in meaning to refreezing, but not the specific term used in change management theory.
Cooperativeness and assertiveness are dimensions of which aspect of the conflict process?
- Conflict-outcome analysis
- Conflict-engagement strategies
- Conflict-handling intentions
- Conflict-avoidance techniques
Explanation
Cooperativeness and assertiveness are dimensions of conflict-handling intentions. These two traits determine how individuals approach and manage conflicts—whether they prioritize their own needs (assertiveness) or those of others (cooperativeness). The combination of these dimensions forms the foundation of five major conflict-handling styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating. Understanding these intentions helps improve interpersonal relationships and conflict resolution effectiveness.
Correct Answer Is:
Conflict-handling intentions
What is the most common way for entrepreneurs to finance a start-up business
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Initial public offering
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SBA loan
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Venture capital
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Personal funds
Explanation
Correct Answer
D. Personal funds
Explanation
Personal funds are the most common way for entrepreneurs to finance a start-up business. Many entrepreneurs use their own savings, assets, or borrow from friends and family to start their businesses, especially in the early stages when other financing options may not be available.
Why other options are wrong
A. Initial public offering – An initial public offering (IPO) involves offering shares of the company to the public and is typically used by established companies looking to raise substantial capital. It is not commonly used by start-ups due to its complexity and regulatory requirements.
B. SBA loan – While Small Business Administration (SBA) loans are a helpful source of financing, they are not as commonly used by entrepreneurs at the very beginning stages due to the application process and requirements that may be difficult for new businesses to meet.
C. Venture capital – Venture capital is often sought after in later stages of business development when the company has a proven model and is looking to scale. It is not typically the first source of funding for most entrepreneurs.
What is the first step of organizational strategic planning?
- Developing operational goals
- Developing external opportunities
- Developing a strategic mission
- Developing internal strengths
Explanation
The first step in organizational strategic planning is developing a strategic mission. The mission defines the organization’s core purpose, values, and overall direction. It serves as a guiding framework for all future planning decisions, helping to align goals and resources with the organization’s vision. Without a clear mission, it becomes difficult to prioritize objectives or evaluate opportunities effectively.
Correct Answer Is:
Developing a strategic mission
Which company is an example of a job shop
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A company producing very high volumes using continuous process technologies
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A company providing customized services in a low volume
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A company producing higher volumes with less number of varieties
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A company producing higher volumes with low variety of options
Explanation
Correct Answer B: A company providing customized services in a low volume
Explanation
A job shop is a manufacturing setup that specializes in small, customized production runs tailored to specific customer requirements. These companies typically handle diverse product designs and complex workflows but produce in lower volumes. Job shops often use highly skilled labor and flexible equipment to accommodate unique orders.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. A company producing very high volumes using continuous process technologies – This describes a continuous process manufacturer, which focuses on mass production with minimal variation, unlike a job shop that prioritizes customization over volume.
C. A company producing higher volumes with less number of varieties – This describes a batch production or repetitive manufacturing setup, which contrasts with job shops that prioritize flexibility and customization.
D. A company producing higher volumes with low variety of options – This fits mass production or assembly line manufacturing, which is the opposite of a job shop’s low-volume, high-customization model.
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Frequently Asked Question
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