C902 Middle School Science: Content Knowledge
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Free C902 Middle School Science: Content Knowledge Questions
The molecule that carries genetic information from parents to offspring is:
- ATP
- RNA
- DNA
- Glucose
Explanation
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information from parents to offspring. It contains the instructions necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of organisms. RNA plays a role in protein synthesis, ATP is an energy carrier, and glucose is a carbohydrate used for energy, none of which carry hereditary information.
Correct Answer:
DNA
Which is an example of empirical evidence?
- Personal opinion
- Data from repeated measurements of Rift Valley geothermal activity
- Myths about lightning
- Guesses
Explanation
Empirical evidence is information acquired through observation, experimentation, and measurement that can be tested and verified. Data from repeated measurements of Rift Valley geothermal activity is empirical because it is collected systematically, can be quantified, and is based on real-world observations. Personal opinions, myths, and guesses are not empirical since they are subjective, untested, and cannot be independently verified. Using empirical evidence is essential for drawing reliable scientific conclusions.
Correct Answer:
Data from repeated measurements of Rift Valley geothermal activity
What type of bond forms between sodium and chlorine in table salt?
- Covalent
- Metallic
- Ionic
- Hydrogen
Explanation
The bond formed between sodium (a metal) and chlorine (a non-metal) in table salt (NaCl) is an ionic bond. In this type of bond, sodium donates one electron to chlorine, resulting in positively charged sodium ions (Na⁺) and negatively charged chloride ions (Cl⁻). The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions holds them together. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing rather than transfer, metallic bonds occur between metals, and hydrogen bonds are weak interactions between polar molecules.
Correct Answer:
Ionic
During which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced?
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
- Electron transport chain
- Fermentation
Explanation
The electron transport chain (ETC) is the stage of cellular respiration where the majority of ATP is produced. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and uses high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to drive ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce only small amounts of ATP, while fermentation produces very little ATP and occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Correct Answer:
Electron transport chain
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is used to classify stars based on their:
- Distance and mass
- Temperature and luminosity
- Age and composition
- Rotation speed and size
Explanation
The Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram plots stars according to their surface temperature (x-axis) and luminosity (y-axis). This classification helps astronomers understand the life stages of stars, such as main sequence, giants, and white dwarfs. Distance and mass, age and composition, or rotation speed and size are not the primary axes used in the H-R diagram.
Correct Answer:
Temperature and luminosity
The biome characterized by coniferous forests, long cold winters, and short growing seasons is the:
- Temperate deciduous forest
- Taiga
- Tundra
- Grassland
Explanation
The taiga, also known as the boreal forest, is dominated by coniferous trees and experiences long, cold winters with short growing seasons. It is adapted to withstand harsh winter conditions and has relatively low biodiversity compared to temperate forests. Temperate deciduous forests have moderate climates with four distinct seasons, tundras are treeless with permafrost, and grasslands are dominated by grasses with few trees.
Correct Answer:
Taiga
Which type of rock is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma?
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
- Igneous
- Clastic
Explanation
Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This process can occur beneath the Earth’s surface (intrusive igneous rocks) or on the surface after a volcanic eruption (extrusive igneous rocks). Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of sediments, metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure acting on existing rocks, and clastic rocks are a type of sedimentary rock made from fragments of other rocks.
Correct Answer:
Igneous
Which process directly requires oxygen in animal cells?
- Glycolysis
- Fermentation
- Aerobic respiration
- Photosynthesis
Explanation
Aerobic respiration is the process in animal cells that directly requires oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing efficient energy production. Glycolysis and fermentation can occur without oxygen (anaerobic), and photosynthesis occurs in plants and algae, not animal cells.
Correct Answer:
Aerobic respiration
Which is NOT a safe lab practice?
- Pouring acids into water
- Tasting chemicals
- Disposing waste properly
- Using gloves with corrosives
Explanation
Tasting chemicals in a laboratory is extremely unsafe and is strictly prohibited. Many chemicals are toxic, corrosive, or reactive, and ingesting them can cause serious health issues or poisoning. Safe lab practices include pouring acids into water to prevent splashes, disposing of waste properly to avoid contamination, and using gloves when handling corrosive substances. Avoiding direct contact or ingestion of chemicals is a fundamental principle of laboratory safety.
Correct Answer:
Tasting chemicals
The absolute age of a rock layer is best determined using:
- Law of superposition
- Radiometric dating
- Index fossils only
- Cross-cutting relationships
Explanation
Radiometric dating determines the absolute age of rocks by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes within minerals. This method provides a numerical age rather than a relative age. The law of superposition, index fossils, and cross-cutting relationships can indicate relative ages but do not provide precise numerical ages.
Correct Answer:
Radiometric dating
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