C902 Middle School Science: Content Knowledge
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Free C902 Middle School Science: Content Knowledge Questions
The apparent path of the Sun across the sky changes throughout the year due to:
- Earth’s rotation only
- Earth’s revolution and axial tilt
- Moon’s gravity
- Precession
Explanation
The Sun’s apparent path changes because of Earth’s revolution around the Sun combined with its 23.5° axial tilt. This tilt causes variations in the angle and duration of sunlight at different times of the year, producing seasons. Earth’s rotation affects day and night but not the seasonal path, the Moon’s gravity affects tides, and precession is a slow wobble of Earth’s axis that affects long-term cycles, not annual changes in the Sun’s path.
Correct Answer:
Earth’s revolution and axial tilt
A 60 W bulb and a 100 W bulb are connected to 240 V. Which has higher resistance?
- 60 W
- 100 W
- Same
- Depends on time
Explanation
The resistance of a bulb can be calculated using the formula R = V² / P, where V is voltage and P is power. For the 60 W bulb: R = 240² / 60 = 960 Ω. For the 100 W bulb: R = 240² / 100 = 576 Ω. Therefore, the 60 W bulb has higher resistance because resistance is inversely proportional to the power rating when connected across the same voltage.
Correct Answer:
60 W
A student observes that a river delta is forming where a river meets the ocean. This is an example of:
- Erosion
- Deposition
- Weathering
- Metamorphism
Explanation
The formation of a river delta is an example of deposition, where sediments carried by the river settle and accumulate as the river’s velocity decreases upon entering the ocean. Erosion involves the removal of sediments, weathering is the breakdown of rocks, and metamorphism involves changes in rock structure due to heat and pressure, none of which directly explain delta formation.
Correct Answer:
Deposition
Impact of deforestation in Mau Forest includes:
- Soil erosion and reduced rainfall
- Increased biodiversity
- No effect on rivers
- Cooler global temperatures
Explanation
Deforestation in the Mau Forest has significant environmental impacts. Removing trees leads to soil erosion because roots that hold soil in place are lost. It also disrupts the local water cycle, resulting in reduced rainfall and affecting rivers and streams. Deforestation negatively impacts biodiversity by destroying habitats and contributes to increased temperatures rather than cooling. These consequences highlight the critical role forests play in maintaining ecological balance and supporting human livelihoods.
Correct Answer:
Soil erosion and reduced rainfall
The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration is:
- Diffusion
- Active transport
- Osmosis
- Facilitated diffusion
Explanation
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. This process does not require energy and is a type of passive transport. Diffusion refers to the general movement of molecules from high to low concentration, active transport requires energy to move substances against a concentration gradient, and facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to help molecules move across a membrane.
Correct Answer:
Osmosis
On the periodic table, elements in the same group have similar:
- Atomic mass
- Number of valence electrons
- Atomic radius
- Density
Explanation
Elements in the same group (vertical column) of the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost shell. This similarity in valence electrons gives elements within a group comparable chemical properties and reactivity. While atomic mass, atomic radius, and density can vary within a group, the number of valence electrons remains consistent, making it a key characteristic for predicting chemical behavior.
Correct Answer:
Number of valence electrons
Legumes are often planted as cover crops because they:
- Increase soil erosion
- Fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic bacteria
- Deplete soil nutrients
- Prevent water retention
Explanation
Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, in their root nodules. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants, enriching the soil with nitrogen and improving fertility. Planting legumes as cover crops helps maintain soil health and reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers. They do not increase soil erosion, deplete nutrients, or prevent water retention; in fact, they help improve soil structure and nutrient content.
Correct Answer:
Fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic bacteria
The primary source of energy that drives the water cycle is:
- Earth’s internal heat
- The Sun
- Gravity
- Ocean currents
Explanation
The Sun is the primary source of energy driving the water cycle. Solar energy causes evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, and rivers, which then condenses to form clouds and returns to the surface as precipitation. Earth’s internal heat contributes minimally, gravity moves water but does not provide energy for phase changes, and ocean currents redistribute heat but are not the primary driver of the water cycle.
Correct Answer:
The Sun
A cladogram shows that birds and crocodiles share a more recent common ancestor than birds and lizards. This supports that birds are most closely related to:
- Lizards
- Crocodiles
- Snakes
- Turtles
Explanation
A cladogram illustrates evolutionary relationships based on shared ancestry. If birds and crocodiles share a more recent common ancestor than birds and lizards, this indicates that birds are more closely related to crocodiles than to lizards. Cladograms emphasize lineage and divergence from common ancestors, which helps clarify evolutionary relationships between species.
Correct Answer:
Crocodiles
The absolute age of a rock layer is best determined using:
- Law of superposition
- Radiometric dating
- Index fossils only
- Cross-cutting relationships
Explanation
Radiometric dating determines the absolute age of rocks by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes within minerals. This method provides a numerical age rather than a relative age. The law of superposition, index fossils, and cross-cutting relationships can indicate relative ages but do not provide precise numerical ages.
Correct Answer:
Radiometric dating
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