PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy
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Free PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy Questions
1.
The Dept of Veterans Affairs (VA) uses a(n) formulary which doesn't allow unapproved medications.
- A. Incented
- B. Open
- C. Closed
- D. Therapeutic
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: C. Closed
Explanation
A closed formulary restricts medication use to a specific list of approved drugs, and medications not on the list generally cannot be prescribed unless a formal exception or prior authorization is granted. The Department of Veterans Affairs uses a closed formulary to control costs, promote evidence-based prescribing, and ensure consistent, high-quality care across the VA health system. By limiting unapproved medications, the VA can negotiate better drug prices, standardize treatment, and reduce unnecessary or duplicative medication use.
Explanation
A closed formulary restricts medication use to a specific list of approved drugs, and medications not on the list generally cannot be prescribed unless a formal exception or prior authorization is granted. The Department of Veterans Affairs uses a closed formulary to control costs, promote evidence-based prescribing, and ensure consistent, high-quality care across the VA health system. By limiting unapproved medications, the VA can negotiate better drug prices, standardize treatment, and reduce unnecessary or duplicative medication use.
2.
Insurance companies can avoid adverse selection through the use of group policies and exclusion of elective therapies.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: B. False
Explanation
Group insurance policies are an effective tool for reducing adverse selection because they spread risk across a broad population that includes both healthy and less healthy individuals. However, excluding elective therapies does not address adverse selection; instead, it is primarily a cost-containment or utilization-control strategy related to moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs before enrollment based on risk differences, and excluding certain services does not prevent higher-risk individuals from enrolling. Therefore, the statement as a whole is incorrect.
Explanation
Group insurance policies are an effective tool for reducing adverse selection because they spread risk across a broad population that includes both healthy and less healthy individuals. However, excluding elective therapies does not address adverse selection; instead, it is primarily a cost-containment or utilization-control strategy related to moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs before enrollment based on risk differences, and excluding certain services does not prevent higher-risk individuals from enrolling. Therefore, the statement as a whole is incorrect.
3.
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 solved all previous problems with food and drug safety?
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: B. False
Explanation
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a landmark piece of legislation that established the first significant federal regulations prohibiting the sale of misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs. However, it was a foundational law with significant limitations. For instance, it focused primarily on truthful labeling rather than requiring pre-market safety testing of drugs. It did not give the government the authority to ban unsafe drugs outright or to mandate that drugs prove their effectiveness. Many serious problems with food and drug safety persisted, leading to the need for stronger laws such as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which required new drugs to be proven safe before marketing. Therefore, the Act of 1906 was a crucial first step but did not solve all previous problems.
Explanation
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a landmark piece of legislation that established the first significant federal regulations prohibiting the sale of misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs. However, it was a foundational law with significant limitations. For instance, it focused primarily on truthful labeling rather than requiring pre-market safety testing of drugs. It did not give the government the authority to ban unsafe drugs outright or to mandate that drugs prove their effectiveness. Many serious problems with food and drug safety persisted, leading to the need for stronger laws such as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which required new drugs to be proven safe before marketing. Therefore, the Act of 1906 was a crucial first step but did not solve all previous problems.
4.
Which of the following countries has a health care plan administered by private, non-profit organizations known as sickness funds?
- A. Macedonia
- B. Great Britain
- C. Canada
- D. Germany
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: D. Germany
Explanation
Germany operates a social health insurance system in which coverage is provided through private, non-profit organizations known as sickness funds (Krankenkassen). These funds are legally required to offer a standardized benefits package and are financed primarily through payroll contributions shared by employers and employees. The system emphasizes universal coverage, regulated competition among funds, and strong government oversight, while maintaining decentralized administration through these independent sickness funds rather than direct government operation of health care services.
Explanation
Germany operates a social health insurance system in which coverage is provided through private, non-profit organizations known as sickness funds (Krankenkassen). These funds are legally required to offer a standardized benefits package and are financed primarily through payroll contributions shared by employers and employees. The system emphasizes universal coverage, regulated competition among funds, and strong government oversight, while maintaining decentralized administration through these independent sickness funds rather than direct government operation of health care services.
5.
The Family Physician Program constitutes the backbone of the healthcare system in:
- A. Cuba
- B. Germany
- C. USA
- D. United Kingdom
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: A. Cuba
Explanation
In Cuba, the Family Physician Program is a key component of the country's healthcare system, emphasizing primary care and the role of family physicians in delivering comprehensive, community-based healthcare. Family doctors in Cuba are responsible for providing a wide range of services, including preventive care, health education, and management of chronic conditions, making them integral to the healthcare system. While primary care also plays an important role in other countries, Cuba's approach is particularly well-known for its emphasis on family physicians as the foundation of healthcare delivery.
Explanation
In Cuba, the Family Physician Program is a key component of the country's healthcare system, emphasizing primary care and the role of family physicians in delivering comprehensive, community-based healthcare. Family doctors in Cuba are responsible for providing a wide range of services, including preventive care, health education, and management of chronic conditions, making them integral to the healthcare system. While primary care also plays an important role in other countries, Cuba's approach is particularly well-known for its emphasis on family physicians as the foundation of healthcare delivery.
6.
In United Kingdom, the National Health Service negotiates the price for the drugs with the manufacturers.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: A. True
Explanation
In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) does engage in price negotiations with pharmaceutical manufacturers. This process is typically managed by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) and its agencies, such as the Commercial Medicines Unit. For branded medicines, pricing may be regulated through the Voluntary Scheme for Branded Medicines Pricing and Access (VPAS) or the Statutory Scheme, which includes mechanisms for negotiation, rebates, and expenditure controls. For certain high-cost drugs, more direct negotiations can occur, often informed by health technology assessments from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Therefore, it is accurate to state that the NHS negotiates drug prices with manufacturers.
Explanation
In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service (NHS) does engage in price negotiations with pharmaceutical manufacturers. This process is typically managed by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) and its agencies, such as the Commercial Medicines Unit. For branded medicines, pricing may be regulated through the Voluntary Scheme for Branded Medicines Pricing and Access (VPAS) or the Statutory Scheme, which includes mechanisms for negotiation, rebates, and expenditure controls. For certain high-cost drugs, more direct negotiations can occur, often informed by health technology assessments from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Therefore, it is accurate to state that the NHS negotiates drug prices with manufacturers.
7.
Ms. Smith has insurance through her employer and signed up for full dental insurance just before her daughter required braces. When her daughter stopped wearing braces, she dropped the dental coverage. This is an example of:
- A. Moral hazard
- B. Supplier-induced demand
- C. Adverse selection
- D. Catastrophic hazard
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: C. Adverse selection
Explanation
Adverse selection occurs when individuals make insurance enrollment decisions based on anticipated healthcare needs, rather than maintaining coverage consistently over time. In this case, Ms. Smith enrolled in dental insurance specifically when she knew her daughter would need an expensive service (braces) and discontinued coverage once the high-cost need ended. This behavior concentrates higher-risk or higher-cost individuals within the insured pool, increasing costs for insurers and undermining the risk-sharing principle that insurance relies upon.
Explanation
Adverse selection occurs when individuals make insurance enrollment decisions based on anticipated healthcare needs, rather than maintaining coverage consistently over time. In this case, Ms. Smith enrolled in dental insurance specifically when she knew her daughter would need an expensive service (braces) and discontinued coverage once the high-cost need ended. This behavior concentrates higher-risk or higher-cost individuals within the insured pool, increasing costs for insurers and undermining the risk-sharing principle that insurance relies upon.
8.
Which of the following is (are) TRUE about Medicare?
- A. Preventive services like mammograms, are covered under Part A
- B. Inpatient hospital care is covered under Part B
- C. Physician services are covered under Part A
- D. Both A and C
- E. None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: E. None of the above
Explanation
Each statement provided contains a fundamental error regarding Medicare coverage. Preventive services like mammograms are not covered under Medicare Part A (hospital insurance); they are covered under Medicare Part B (medical insurance). Inpatient hospital care is not covered under Part B; it is the core coverage of Part A. Physician services are not covered under Part A; they are covered under Part B. Since all individual statements (A, B, and C) are false, the compound option "Both A and C" is also false. Therefore, none of the statements listed are true, making "None of the above" the correct selection.
Explanation
Each statement provided contains a fundamental error regarding Medicare coverage. Preventive services like mammograms are not covered under Medicare Part A (hospital insurance); they are covered under Medicare Part B (medical insurance). Inpatient hospital care is not covered under Part B; it is the core coverage of Part A. Physician services are not covered under Part A; they are covered under Part B. Since all individual statements (A, B, and C) are false, the compound option "Both A and C" is also false. Therefore, none of the statements listed are true, making "None of the above" the correct selection.
9.
All of the following are steps necessary to reduce hospital readmissions EXCEPT
- A. Identify potentially problematic patients
- B. Obtain an accurate and complete medication list upon admission to the hospital
- C. Develop policies that ensure rapid communication with the outpatient provider
- D. Check that medications that were held during hospitalization are never restarted upon discharge
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: D. Check that medications that were held during hospitalization are never restarted upon discharge
Explanation
Steps A, B, and C are evidence-based strategies to reduce hospital readmissions. Identifying high-risk patients allows for targeted interventions. An accurate admission medication list is essential for safe transitions and medication reconciliation. Effective communication with outpatient providers ensures continuity of care. However, option D describes an incorrect and potentially harmful practice. Medications are sometimes held during hospitalization for valid clinical reasons (e.g., procedure preparation, acute condition management), but they may need to be restarted upon discharge if they are still indicated for the patient's chronic conditions. Automatically never restarting held medications could lead to untreated chronic diseases, worsening health, and increased readmission risk. Therefore, option D is the step that is NOT necessary and could be counterproductive.
Explanation
Steps A, B, and C are evidence-based strategies to reduce hospital readmissions. Identifying high-risk patients allows for targeted interventions. An accurate admission medication list is essential for safe transitions and medication reconciliation. Effective communication with outpatient providers ensures continuity of care. However, option D describes an incorrect and potentially harmful practice. Medications are sometimes held during hospitalization for valid clinical reasons (e.g., procedure preparation, acute condition management), but they may need to be restarted upon discharge if they are still indicated for the patient's chronic conditions. Automatically never restarting held medications could lead to untreated chronic diseases, worsening health, and increased readmission risk. Therefore, option D is the step that is NOT necessary and could be counterproductive.
10.
Which of the following terms refers to a patient's chronic medications being refilled on the same day each month, rather than sporadically throughout the month?
- A. Medication synchronization
- B. Transitions of care
- C. Medication reconciliation
- D. Comprehensive medication review
Explanation
Correct Answer Is: A. Medication synchronization
Explanation
Medication synchronization is a pharmacy practice model designed to align all of a patient’s chronic prescription refills to a single, consistent pickup date each month. This approach improves medication adherence, reduces missed doses, and simplifies medication management for patients with multiple long-term prescriptions. By coordinating refill schedules, medication synchronization minimizes gaps in therapy, decreases pharmacy visits, and supports better chronic disease control through consistent access to medications.
Explanation
Medication synchronization is a pharmacy practice model designed to align all of a patient’s chronic prescription refills to a single, consistent pickup date each month. This approach improves medication adherence, reduces missed doses, and simplifies medication management for patients with multiple long-term prescriptions. By coordinating refill schedules, medication synchronization minimizes gaps in therapy, decreases pharmacy visits, and supports better chronic disease control through consistent access to medications.
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