PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy
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Free PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy Questions
Of all Medicaid beneficiaries in 2018, 14% were blind and disabled, but they were responsible for around 45% of the expenditures.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
Blind and disabled Medicaid beneficiaries represent a relatively small proportion of total enrollees, yet they account for a disproportionately large share of program spending. This is because individuals in this group often have complex, chronic, and long-term medical needs, including disabilities, serious illnesses, and functional limitations. Their care frequently involves costly services such as long-term care, home- and community-based services, frequent hospitalizations, specialty care, and ongoing prescription medications, which significantly increases overall Medicaid expenditures.
What is true regarding Entry-level and Advanced-level competencies according to the ASHP / ACPE Accreditation Standards For Pharmacy Technician Education and Training Programs?
- A. A technician with equivalent work experience can immediately pursue an advanced-level education and training without completing an entry-level program
- B. Both entry-level and advanced-level programs have the same minimum hour requirement.
- C. Programs can choose to offer an entry-level, an advanced-level, or a combination of entry-level and advanced-level programs
- D. All 15 ASHP/ACPE Accreditation Standards address entry-level and advanced-level programs as one
Explanation
Explanation
According to the ASHP/ACPE Accreditation Standards for Pharmacy Technician Education and Training Programs, programs have flexibility in the types of education and training they offer. They can offer either entry-level, advanced-level, or a combination of both. Entry-level programs are designed to prepare technicians for basic responsibilities, while advanced-level programs are aimed at further developing specialized skills. The flexibility allows institutions to cater to the varying needs of students at different stages of their careers.
A cost-sharing strategy that calls for the patient to pay a specified amount before the insurance provides coverage is called:
- A. Co-insurance
- B. Prior authorization
- C. Coverage limit
- D. Co-payment
- E. Deductible
Explanation
Explanation
A deductible is the amount of money a patient must pay out-of-pocket for healthcare services before their insurance plan begins to cover expenses. The deductible typically applies annually, and the patient is responsible for paying this amount before the insurance coverage kicks in. Co-insurance and co-payments are different forms of cost-sharing, where the patient pays a percentage or a fixed amount per service, but the deductible is the initial amount paid before those costs apply.
Mr. Westin is 52 years old. Five years back he was diagnosed with End-stage renal disease (ESRD) and he is going on dialysis three times per week. Mr. Westin does not need to pay a monthly premium for Medicare Part A.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
Individuals under 65 who qualify for Medicare due to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) are generally eligible for premium-free Medicare Part A if they, their spouse, or (in some cases) a parent have enough work history (40 quarters) of Medicare-covered employment to qualify. Since Mr. Westin is 52 and has ESRD requiring regular dialysis, he is eligible for Medicare regardless of age. If he meets the work credit requirement (which the question implies by stating he does not need to pay a premium), then his Part A coverage is indeed premium-free. Therefore, the statement is true.
In 1974, Hawaii passed the Prepaid Health Care Act that mandated employers to provide a health plan that offers at least a minimum standard, state-established package of services for all employees who work at least 20 hours per week.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
Hawaii’s Prepaid Health Care Act of 1974 requires employers to provide health insurance coverage to employees who work at least 20 hours per week, making it the first state to mandate employer-sponsored health coverage. The law sets minimum benefit standards that health plans must meet, ensuring access to essential healthcare services. This legislation significantly reduced the uninsured rate in Hawaii and served as an early model for employer-based health insurance reform in the United States.
Medicare is also called:
- A. Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled
- B. Title XVIII of the Social Security Act
- C. Grants to the States for Medical Assistance Programs
- D. Both A and B
Explanation
Explanation
Medicare is formally known as the Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled and was established under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act. This federal program provides health coverage primarily to individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities and those with end-stage renal disease. The name reflects both its target population and its legislative foundation, distinguishing it from Medicaid, which is authorized under Title XIX and administered jointly by states and the federal government.
The current number of older adults in the USA is higher than at any other point in American history.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
The United States currently has more older adults than ever before, largely due to increased life expectancy and the aging of the Baby Boomer generation. Advances in medical care, public health, and chronic disease management have allowed people to live longer, while declining birth rates have increased the proportion of older individuals in the population. As a result, adults aged 65 and older now represent the largest older population cohort in U.S. history.
A copayment is a specified amount of money that is paid every time a patient receives a service.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
A copayment, or copay, is a fixed amount that a patient must pay for a specific healthcare service at the time of the visit. The amount is predetermined by the health insurance plan and is typically a flat fee for services like doctor visits, prescriptions, or hospital services. Copayments are designed to share the cost of healthcare between the insurer and the patient.
Which of the following can occur if culture is not considered when providing care?
- A. Better patient outcomes
- B. Increased patient follow-up
- C. Cultures will not have any effect on the provision of care
- D. Lack of trust in the provision of quality care
Explanation
Explanation
If cultural differences are not considered in the provision of care, it can lead to a lack of trust between healthcare providers and patients. Cultural misunderstandings or insensitivity can result in patients feeling disrespected, misunderstood, or uncomfortable, which may reduce their confidence in the healthcare system. This can lead to poor communication, decreased adherence to treatment plans, and ultimately worse health outcomes. It's crucial for healthcare providers to be culturally competent to build trust and improve the overall effectiveness of care.
The latest data shows that Canada has lower infant mortality rates than United States.
- A. True
- B. False
Explanation
Explanation
Consistently, international health statistics from sources such as the World Bank, OECD, and national public health agencies show that Canada's infant mortality rate is lower than that of the United States. For example, recent data (typically from around 2020-2023) indicates Canada's infant mortality rate is approximately 4-5 deaths per 1,000 live births, while the U.S. rate is higher, around 5-6 deaths per 1,000 live births. This disparity is attributed to factors such as Canada's universal healthcare system ensuring broader access to prenatal and infant care, lower rates of socioeconomic inequality, and differences in healthcare delivery and public health policies. Therefore, the statement is true based on the most recent available data.
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