PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy
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Free PHAR 6120 - Introduction to Pharmacy and Healthcare Systems at Chicago State University School of Pharmacy Questions
Pharmacy and medical education are similar in that they both require experiential training and post-graduate (residency) training.
- True
- False
Explanation
Explanation
While both pharmacy and medical education require experiential training during their academic programs (such as rotations or clinical placements), the need for post-graduate residency training differs. Medical education generally requires a residency program after medical school, which is a mandatory component of training to practice in a specialty. In contrast, pharmacy education does not require residency for all practitioners; a residency is optional for those who wish to specialize or advance their clinical expertise. Therefore, while experiential training is a common factor, post-graduate residency is not mandatory for all pharmacy professionals, making the statement false.
During this era, when a patient asked a question about a drug, they were to be referred to a qualified practitioner such as a physician or dentist to discuss the matter.
- Pharmaceutical care
- Clinical Pharmacy
- Count and Pour Pharmacy
Explanation
Explanation
"Count and Pour Pharmacy" refers to a historical era when pharmacists were primarily responsible for the preparation, counting, and dispensing of medications. During this period, pharmacists typically did not provide extensive counseling or engage in direct patient care. If a patient had questions about a drug, they were usually referred to a physician or dentist for further guidance. In contrast, modern pharmacy practices like pharmaceutical care and clinical pharmacy emphasize patient counseling, education, and direct involvement in managing drug therapy.
Which of the following is (are) TRUE about Medicare?
- Preventive services like mammograms, are covered under Part A
- Inpatient hospital care is covered under Part B
- Physician services are covered under Part A
- Both A and C
- None of the above
Explanation
Explanation
Each statement provided contains a fundamental error regarding Medicare coverage. Preventive services like mammograms are not covered under Medicare Part A (hospital insurance); they are covered under Medicare Part B (medical insurance). Inpatient hospital care is not covered under Part B; it is the core coverage of Part A. Physician services are not covered under Part A; they are covered under Part B. Since all individual statements (A, B, and C) are false, the compound option "Both A and C" is also false. Therefore, none of the statements listed are true, making "None of the above" the correct selection.
Medicare is also called:
- Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled
- Title XVIII of the Social Security Act
- Grants to the States for Medical Assistance Programs
- Both A and B
Explanation
Explanation
Medicare is formally known as the Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled and was established under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act. This federal program provides health coverage primarily to individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities and those with end-stage renal disease. The name reflects both its target population and its legislative foundation, distinguishing it from Medicaid, which is authorized under Title XIX and administered jointly by states and the federal government.
A little military formulary, called the Lititz Pharmacopoeia, best illustrates the choice of medicinal items used in the American Revolutionary War.
- True
- False
Explanation
Explanation
The Lititz Pharmacopoeia was a small military formulary compiled during the American Revolutionary War to guide the selection and preparation of medicines for the Continental Army. It reflects the limited but practical range of medicinal substances available at the time and was designed to standardize drug therapy for military use. The formulary provides historical insight into early American pharmacy practice, military medicine, and the reliance on botanical and chemical remedies during wartime conditions.
The Family Physician Program constitutes the backbone of the healthcare system in:
- Cuba
- Germany
- USA
- United Kingdom
Explanation
Explanation
In Cuba, the Family Physician Program is a key component of the country's healthcare system, emphasizing primary care and the role of family physicians in delivering comprehensive, community-based healthcare. Family doctors in Cuba are responsible for providing a wide range of services, including preventive care, health education, and management of chronic conditions, making them integral to the healthcare system. While primary care also plays an important role in other countries, Cuba's approach is particularly well-known for its emphasis on family physicians as the foundation of healthcare delivery.
A cost-sharing strategy that calls for the patient to pay a specified amount before the insurance provides coverage is called:
- Co-insurance
- Prior authorization
- Coverage limit
- Co-payment
- Deductible
Explanation
Explanation
A deductible is the amount of money a patient must pay out-of-pocket for healthcare services before their insurance plan begins to cover expenses. The deductible typically applies annually, and the patient is responsible for paying this amount before the insurance coverage kicks in. Co-insurance and co-payments are different forms of cost-sharing, where the patient pays a percentage or a fixed amount per service, but the deductible is the initial amount paid before those costs apply.
Insurance companies can avoid adverse selection through the use of group policies and exclusion of elective therapies.
- True
- False
Explanation
Explanation
Group insurance policies are an effective tool for reducing adverse selection because they spread risk across a broad population that includes both healthy and less healthy individuals. However, excluding elective therapies does not address adverse selection; instead, it is primarily a cost-containment or utilization-control strategy related to moral hazard. Adverse selection occurs before enrollment based on risk differences, and excluding certain services does not prevent higher-risk individuals from enrolling. Therefore, the statement as a whole is incorrect.
One of the major tasks of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK is:
- To determine a physician's salary in the UK
- To negotiate the drug price in the UK with manufacturers
- To determine the healthcare workforce requirements in the UK
- To determine the cost-effectiveness of medications in the UK
Explanation
Explanation
A primary role of NICE is to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of medications, medical devices, and health interventions before they are adopted by the National Health Service (NHS). NICE conducts health technology assessments that compare the benefits, risks, and costs of treatments, often using measures such as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). These evaluations help ensure that NHS resources are used efficiently and that patients receive treatments that provide meaningful health benefits relative to their cost.
In 1974, Hawaii passed the Prepaid Health Care Act that mandated employers to provide a health plan that offers at least a minimum standard, state-established package of services for all employees who work at least 20 hours per week.
- True
- False
Explanation
Explanation
Hawaii’s Prepaid Health Care Act of 1974 requires employers to provide health insurance coverage to employees who work at least 20 hours per week, making it the first state to mandate employer-sponsored health coverage. The law sets minimum benefit standards that health plans must meet, ensuring access to essential healthcare services. This legislation significantly reduced the uninsured rate in Hawaii and served as an early model for employer-based health insurance reform in the United States.
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