Introduction to Psychology (C180)
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Free Introduction to Psychology (C180) Questions
What is the part of the neuron that houses the nucleus?
-
Dendrite
-
Terminal button
-
Axon
-
Cell body
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. Cell body
Explanation
The cell body of the neuron, also known as the soma, contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's functioning. The cell body is responsible for maintaining the health of the neuron and coordinating the cell's activities. The nucleus within the cell body contains the genetic material and is crucial for the neuron's metabolic functions.
Why other options are wrong
A. Dendrite
Dendrites are the branching structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. They do not house the nucleus.
B. Terminal button
The terminal button, also known as the axon terminal, is where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with other neurons. It does not contain the nucleus.
C. Axon
The axon is the long, slender projection that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles. It does not contain the nucleus.
Individuals with severe phobias can be exposed in virtual reality therapy to a three-dimensional computer simulation that allows them to experience stimuli related to their fears. After creating a hierarchy of anxiety-producing experiences, the person can encounter each in a controlled environment, repeating the exposure to reduce the anxiety created by each situation. This therapeutic technique is based upon
- latent learning
- classical conditioning
- modeling
- Premack's principle
Explanation
Explanation
This technique is an example of classical conditioning, specifically systematic desensitization, where a feared stimulus is paired with relaxation or controlled exposure to reduce anxiety. Through repeated exposure in a safe environment, the person learns to associate the previously feared stimulus with reduced anxiety. Latent learning involves learning that is not immediately expressed, modeling involves learning by observing others, and Premack's principle involves using a more probable behavior to reinforce a less probable behavior.
Correct answer
Classical conditioning
What part of the brain routes sensory signals to the appropriate area and aids in controlling sleep and attention?
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Hippocampus
-
Hypothalamus
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Amygdala
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Thalamus
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. Thalamus
Explanation
The thalamus acts as the brain's sensory relay station. It routes sensory information (such as sight, sound, and touch) to the appropriate cortical areas for processing. The thalamus also plays a role in regulating sleep and attention. It helps manage the flow of sensory data and is involved in sleep-wake cycles, facilitating attention and awareness.
Why other options are wrong
A. Hippocampus
The hippocampus is primarily involved in memory formation and spatial navigation. It does not serve as a relay station for sensory information nor is it directly involved in regulating attention or sleep.
B. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is crucial for regulating basic bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormonal balance. While it does play a role in sleep regulation, it does not route sensory signals like the thalamus.
C. Amygdala
The amygdala is primarily involved in processing emotions, especially fear and aggression. It is not responsible for routing sensory signals or regulating sleep and attention
The drive-reduction theory of motivation best explains the motivation behind which of the following situations?
- A baby smiling shortly after birth
- A person riding the tallest roller coaster
- A student studying hard for an exam
- A person drinking a glass of water after a long walk
Explanation
Explanation:
Drive-reduction theory suggests that motivation arises from biological needs that create an internal state of tension or drive, which the organism seeks to reduce. Drinking water after a long walk satisfies the physiological need for hydration, reducing the drive caused by thirst. Smiling, thrill-seeking on a roller coaster, and studying involve other motivational factors, such as social, cognitive, or incentive-based drives, rather than direct biological drive reduction.
Correct answer:
A person drinking a glass of water after a long walk
What is the master gland that controls all other glands in the endocrine system?
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Pituitary gland
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Pineal gland
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Hypothalamus
-
Pons
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Pituitary gland
Explanation:
The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates the activity of other endocrine glands, including the thyroid, adrenal glands, and gonads. It produces hormones that control vital functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It is controlled by the hypothalamus, but it itself plays the central role in regulating the body's endocrine system.
Why other options are wrong:
B. Pineal gland
The pineal gland primarily produces the hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles, but it does not control other glands in the endocrine system.
C. Hypothalamus
While the hypothalamus is crucial for regulating bodily functions such as hunger, thirst, and temperature regulation, it controls the pituitary gland rather than acting as the master gland itself. It influences the pituitary through releasing hormones that prompt the pituitary to release its hormones.
D. Pons
The pons is part of the brainstem and is involved in regulating vital functions such as breathing and sleep. It does not control the endocrine system and is not involved in glandular control.
Which of the following is the correct visual pathway in humans?
- Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve
- Optic nerve, rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
- Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
- Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve, rods and cones
Explanation
Explanation
In the human retina, light first strikes the photoreceptors (rods and cones), which convert light into neural signals. These signals are then transmitted to bipolar cells, which relay the information to ganglion cells. The axons of ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve, which carries visual information to the brain. This sequence accurately represents the flow of visual information from the eye to the brain.
Correct answer
Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
Which of the following is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism of denial?
- Kelly kicks her feet when she gets frustrated with her friend.
- Wayne thinks his best friend's cousin is in love with him.
- Wayne refuses to believe that his hard drive has really crashed.
- Amy is overly nice to her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend.
- Nicole takes out on her sister her anger at her teacher.
Explanation
Explanation:
Denial is a defense mechanism in which a person refuses to accept reality or facts, blocking external events from awareness because they are too threatening. Wayne’s refusal to believe that his hard drive has crashed is a clear example of denial, as he is rejecting an unpleasant reality. The other options illustrate different behaviors: kicking feet (A) could reflect acting out, thinking someone is in love (B) could be projection or wishful thinking, being overly nice (D) could be reaction formation, and taking out anger on someone else (E) is displacement.
Correct answer:
Wayne refuses to believe that his hard drive has really crashed.
Researchers have most consistently linked degeneration of nerve cells producing which of the following neurotransmitters to Parkinson's disease?
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Histamine
- Acetylcholine
Explanation
Explanation
Parkinson’s disease is primarily associated with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a part of the basal ganglia. Dopamine is critical for regulating movement and coordination, and its loss leads to the characteristic tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia seen in Parkinson’s patients. The other neurotransmitters listed are not the main contributors to Parkinson’s pathology.
Correct answer
Dopamine
An infant's emotional reactivity and intensity is referred to as its
- attitude
- emotionality
- heritability
- personality
- temperament
Explanation
Explanation:
Temperament refers to the biologically based patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation that appear early in life. It describes how intensely and how easily infants react to stimuli and how they manage their emotions, forming the foundation for later personality development. Emotionality is a component of temperament but does not encompass the broader, stable behavioral patterns. Attitude refers to beliefs and feelings, heritability refers to genetic influence, and personality is a broader construct that develops over time.
Correct answer:
temperament
A young man is convinced that his phone is being monitored by spies from another country, even though he has no ties to the country and has never visited it. His conviction leads him to tell his friends and family not to contact him by phone. Which of the following symptoms is he exhibiting?
- Obsession
- Hallucination
- Delusion
- Compulsion
Explanation
Explanation:
A delusion is a strongly held false belief that is resistant to reasoning or contradictory evidence. In this case, the young man believes his phone is being monitored despite there being no factual basis for this belief, which affects his behavior. An obsession refers to intrusive, unwanted thoughts, a hallucination involves perceiving things that are not present (e.g., hearing voices), and a compulsion is a repetitive behavior performed to reduce anxiety.
Correct answer:
Delusion
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