C180-Introduction to Psychology
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Free C180-Introduction to Psychology Questions
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, which aspect of love is the emotional component that grows over the course of a romantic relationship?
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Proximity
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Passion
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Intimacy
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Commitment
Explanation
Explanation:
In Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, intimacy refers to the emotional component of love, encompassing feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness. Intimacy tends to develop and deepen gradually over the course of a romantic relationship. Passion represents physical attraction and sexual desire, commitment refers to the decision to maintain the relationship, and proximity is not one of the three components of Sternberg’s model.
Correct answer:
Intimacy
Immediately after taking an exam, Sally was not sure how she performed. However, upon receiving an A on the exam a few weeks later, she reported that she knew all along that she had done very well. Sally is exhibiting which of the following?
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Self-serving bias
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Hindsight bias
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Critical thinking
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Anchoring heuristic
Explanation
Explanation:
Hindsight bias occurs when people perceive events as having been more predictable after they have already happened. Sally initially did not know how she performed, but after receiving an A, she believed she “knew all along” that she would do well. This is a classic example of hindsight bias, which leads individuals to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome. Self-serving bias involves attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors, critical thinking is objective analysis, and anchoring heuristic refers to relying too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions.
Correct answer:
Hindsight bias
Dr. Liu is a therapist who uses techniques such as active listening, dream analysis, insight therapy, role-playing, and systematic desensitization, depending upon the needs of her clients. Dr. Liu is using which approach to counseling?
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Eclectic
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Rational-emotive behavior
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Person-centered
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Psychoanalytic
Explanation
Explanation:
An eclectic approach to counseling involves selecting and integrating techniques from different therapeutic methods based on the individual needs of the client. Dr. Liu uses a variety of strategies—ranging from psychoanalytic (dream analysis) to behavioral (systematic desensitization) and humanistic (active listening, role-playing)—demonstrating flexibility rather than adhering to a single therapeutic model. Rational-emotive behavior therapy focuses on changing irrational beliefs, person-centered therapy emphasizes client-led growth, and psychoanalytic therapy focuses primarily on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
Correct answer:
Eclectic
What is Dualism?
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Body and Spirit
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Brain and Mind
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Matter and Energy
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Classical and Operant Conditioning
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Body and Spirit
Explanation
Dualism is a philosophical concept, most famously proposed by René Descartes, which suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities. According to this view, the body is made of physical matter, while the mind or spirit is non-material and operates separately from the body. Dualism contrasts with monism, which argues that the mind and body are interconnected and cannot be separated.
Why other options are wrong
B. Brain and Mind
While this is a topic discussed in psychology, particularly in neuropsychology, it is not dualism in the traditional sense. The brain is a physical organ, and the mind refers to the processes of thought and consciousness. Dualism specifically refers to the separation of mind and body as separate, distinct substances.
C. Matter and Energy
This is a concept from physics and refers to the relationship between matter (the physical substance) and energy (the force that can move or change matter). It is unrelated to dualism, which concerns the separation of mind and body.
D. Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical and operant conditioning are concepts from behavioral psychology concerning how behaviors are learned and modified, but they are not related to dualism. These concepts do not involve the philosophical distinction between mind and body
An agonist drug acts to
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decrease the release of an excitatory neurotransmitter
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mimic the action of a neurotransmitter
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block the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron
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open the sodium channels in the presynaptic neuron
Explanation
Explanation
An agonist is a substance that enhances or mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter at its receptor, thereby stimulating the postsynaptic neuron. In contrast, an antagonist blocks or inhibits neurotransmitter action. Agonists can increase neurotransmitter release, bind to receptors to activate them, or prevent reuptake to amplify the signal.
Correct answer
Mimic the action of a neurotransmitter
The science of behavior and mental processes
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Psychology
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Anthropology
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Sociology
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Physiology
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Psychology
Explanation:
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It involves examining how individuals think, feel, and behave in various contexts, both individually and socially. Psychologists use scientific methods to explore cognitive processes, emotional responses, behaviors, and brain functions to understand and explain human and animal actions.
Why other options are wrong:
B. Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of human societies, cultures, and their development. While it may touch upon aspects of behavior, anthropology focuses more on cultural, social, and historical contexts rather than the scientific study of individual behavior and mental processes.
C. Sociology
Sociology focuses on the study of society, social institutions, and social behavior in a collective context. While sociology examines group dynamics and social behavior, it does not focus on individual mental processes in the way psychology does.
D. Physiology
Physiology is the study of the functions and mechanisms of living organisms, particularly at the biological and physiological levels. While it may overlap with psychology in studying the brain and nervous system, it is not primarily concerned with behavior and mental processes.
Which of the following statements about an experiment that measures anxiety levels after giving a medicine is true?
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None of the above statements are true.
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Anxiety levels are the dependent variable.
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Medication is the dependent variable
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Anxiety is the independent variable
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Anxiety levels are the dependent variable.
Explanation
In an experiment, the dependent variable is what the researcher is measuring to observe the effects of the independent variable. In this case, anxiety levels are being measured after the administration of the drug, making them the dependent variable.
Why other options are wrong
A. None of the above statements are true
This option is incorrect because option B is a correct statement, so it cannot be true.
C. Medication is the dependent variable
The medication is the independent variable because it is the factor being manipulated to see its effect on anxiety levels, not the variable being measured.
D. Anxiety is the independent variable
Anxiety is the dependent variable because it is the outcome being measured. The independent variable would be the medication being administered, which is what is hypothesized to cause changes in anxiety levels.
Match the following definition to its term: 'Diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems + disorders'
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Sociocultural psychology
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Developmental psychology
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Psychometrics
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Clinical psychology
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. Clinical psychology
Explanation:
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology focused on diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. Clinical psychologists assess and treat psychological issues ranging from anxiety and depression to more severe conditions like schizophrenia. They apply therapeutic techniques, psychological assessments, and sometimes work alongside psychiatrists for more complex cases requiring medication.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Sociocultural psychology
Sociocultural psychology focuses on understanding how cultural and social environments influence behavior and cognition. While it considers societal impacts, it is not specifically concerned with diagnosing or treating psychological problems or disorders.
B. Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology examines how individuals change and develop over their lifespan, addressing physical, cognitive, and emotional growth. While it may touch on developmental issues, it does not specialize in the diagnosis or treatment of psychological disorders.
C. Psychometrics
Psychometrics is the field focused on the measurement of psychological traits, such as intelligence, personality, and ability. While psychometrics plays a role in assessment, it does not encompass the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders, which is the core of clinical psychology.
Which of the following is an example of a positive correlation?
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The more I exercise, the less I weigh
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The more it rains, the fewer birds I see in my yard
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The more I study, the higher my exam score
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The more I sleep, the less tired I feel
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. The more I study, the higher my exam score
Explanation
A positive correlation occurs when two variables increase or decrease together in the same direction. In this case, the more a person studies, the higher their exam score tends to be, indicating a positive relationship between studying and exam performance.
Why other options are wrong
A. The more I exercise, the less I weigh
This represents a negative correlation, not a positive one, because while exercise may lead to weight loss, the relationship is not in the same direction for both variables. As one increases (exercise), the other decreases (weight).
B. The more it rains, the fewer birds I see in my yard
This also represents a negative correlation. The more it rains, the fewer birds are observed in the yard, showing an inverse relationship.
D. The more I sleep, the less tired I feel
This could be seen as a positive correlation in certain contexts, but it typically represents a negative relationship in which the more sleep, the less tired a person feels. However, the wording might suggest the relationship between sleep and tiredness is inverse.
Which of the following best describes the concept of self-actualization in psychology?
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The process of fulfilling one's potential and seeking personal growth
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The study of observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli
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The belief that psychological disorders are rooted in biological factors
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The exploration of unconscious motivations and childhood experiences
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. The process of fulfilling one's potential and seeking personal growth
Explanation:
Self-actualization is a concept introduced by Abraham Maslow in his hierarchy of needs. It refers to the process of realizing and fulfilling one’s potential, achieving personal growth, and becoming the best version of oneself. It is considered the highest level of need in Maslow’s theory, where individuals strive to grow and reach their fullest potential in life.
Why other options are wrong:
B. The study of observable behavior and its relationship to environmental stimuli
This describes the focus of behaviorism, a psychological approach that studies observable behaviors and their responses to environmental stimuli. Self-actualization, however, is a concept centered around personal growth and fulfilling one’s potential, not behavior or environmental stimuli.
C. The belief that psychological disorders are rooted in biological factors
This aligns more with the biological perspective of psychology, which focuses on the physiological and genetic factors that influence behavior and mental health. Self-actualization is unrelated to biological factors and instead focuses on personal development and the realization of one’s capabilities.
D. The exploration of unconscious motivations and childhood experiences
This is more reflective of psychoanalysis, particularly the work of Sigmund Freud, which emphasizes the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. Self-actualization, in contrast, is concerned with conscious growth and fulfillment in one’s life, not unconscious motives
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