NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University
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Free NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University Questions
Which pathophysiological process best describes Alzheimer’s disease?
- A. Repeated traumatic brain injuries causing encephalopathy.
- B. Blood vessels become damaged in the brain and interrupt blood flow.
- C. Amyloid plaques and tau tangles that damage the hippocampus.
- D. Abnormal tau proteins that damage the frontal lobe.
Explanation
Correct answer: (C. Amyloid plaques and tau tangles that damage the hippocampus.)
Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques outside neurons and neurofibrillary tangles made of tau protein inside neurons. These abnormal protein deposits disrupt communication between neurons and eventually lead to neuronal death. The hippocampus, which is responsible for memory formation, is among the earliest brain regions affected, which explains why memory loss is often the first symptom observed in Alzheimer’s disease
What condition results in edema due to increased capillary permeability?
- A) Hyponatremia
- B) Lymph node obstruction
- C) Heart failure
- D) Anaphylactic reaction
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Anaphylactic reaction
Edema caused by increased capillary permeability occurs when the walls of the capillaries become more permeable, allowing fluid and proteins to leak from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues. This process commonly occurs during inflammatory or allergic reactions.
Anaphylactic reactions trigger the release of substances such as histamine and other inflammatory mediators. These chemicals cause the capillary walls to become more permeable, allowing plasma to move into the interstitial spaces. This leads to rapid swelling and edema, which are characteristic features of severe allergic reactions.
In contrast, lymph node obstruction causes edema due to impaired lymphatic drainage, heart failure causes edema due to increased hydrostatic pressure, and hyponatremia is related to electrolyte imbalance rather than increased capillary permeability.
What type of pain is described as arising from the skin, muscles, and joints?
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A. Ischemic pain
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B. Somatic pain
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C. Visceral pain
-
D. Phantom pain
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Somatic pain
Somatic pain originates from structures such as the skin, muscles, bones, ligaments, and joints. It is typically well localized and described as sharp or aching. This type of pain results from stimulation of pain receptors in the musculoskeletal or superficial tissues.
During which stage of a seizure do vague manifestations such as nausea and irritability occur, usually several hours before the seizure starts?
- A. Postictal stage
- B. Tonic stage
- C. Prodromal stage
- D. Aural stage
Explanation
Correct answer: C. Prodromal stage
The prodromal stage occurs hours or even days before a seizure begins and is characterized by vague, nonspecific symptoms. Individuals may experience nausea, irritability, mood changes, anxiety, headache, or a general sense that something is not right. These symptoms act as an early warning that a seizure may occur later.
This stage differs from the aura stage, which happens immediately before the seizure and involves more specific neurological sensations such as unusual smells, visual disturbances, or strange feelings. The tonic stage occurs during the seizure and involves muscle stiffening, while the postictal stage occurs after the seizure and is marked by confusion, fatigue, and drowsiness.
Which electrolyte imbalance will cause leg cramps, constipation, shallow respirations, and cardiac dysrhythmias?
- A. Hypomagnesemia
- B. Hypokalemia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hyponatremia
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia refers to low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium is essential for normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and cardiac electrical activity. When potassium levels fall below normal, muscles and nerves cannot function properly.
Common manifestations of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, leg cramps, constipation, shallow respirations, and cardiac dysrhythmias. The respiratory muscles may weaken, leading to shallow breathing. Reduced gastrointestinal muscle activity can cause constipation, and disturbances in cardiac electrical conduction can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
Hypomagnesemia may cause neuromuscular irritability and tremors, hypocalcemia typically causes tingling and muscle spasms, and hyponatremia primarily affects neurological function, causing confusion, headaches, or seizures rather than the symptoms described.
What condition may cause hypervolemia?
- A. Renal failure
- B. Diarrhea
- C. Extensive burns
- D. Anaphylaxis
Explanation
Correct answer: A. Renal failure
Hypervolemia refers to an excess of fluid in the bloodstream or body. Renal failure can cause hypervolemia because the kidneys cannot effectively excrete sodium and water. This leads to fluid retention and increased blood volume. As fluid accumulates, patients may develop edema, hypertension, and shortness of breath due to fluid overload.
What action should an older adult take to improve safety and prevent increased intracranial pressure?
- A) Discontinue blood thinning medications.
- B) Monitor blood glucose levels several times a day.
- C) Use an assistive device if experiencing problems with balance.
- D) Take all medications at the same time every day.
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Use an assistive device if experiencing problems with balance.
Older adults are at increased risk for falls due to changes in balance, vision, muscle strength, and coordination. Falls can lead to head injuries, which may result in bleeding within the skull and increased intracranial pressure. Preventing falls is therefore an important safety measure.
Using an assistive device such as a cane or walker helps improve stability and balance while walking. This reduces the risk of falling and decreases the likelihood of head trauma that could cause increased intracranial pressure. Therefore, using an assistive device when balance problems occur is an important preventive action.
What neurologic manifestation may occur when a person has a cardiac dysrhythmia?
- A) Dyspnea
- B) Chest pain
- C) Rapid breathing
- D) Dizziness
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Dizziness
Cardiac dysrhythmias can disrupt the normal pumping function of the heart, leading to decreased cardiac output. When cardiac output decreases, less blood and oxygen are delivered to the brain. Reduced cerebral perfusion can cause neurologic symptoms.
Dizziness occurs because the brain is not receiving an adequate blood supply during abnormal heart rhythms. Patients with dysrhythmias may also experience lightheadedness, confusion, syncope (fainting), or weakness due to this temporary reduction in cerebral blood flow. Therefore, dizziness is a neurologic manifestation that can occur with cardiac dysrhythmias.
Which will typically start the clotting process?
- A. Decreased vitamin K
- B. Blood vessel damage
- C. Fibrinolysis
- D. Hypocoagulation
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Blood vessel damage
The clotting process, also called hemostasis, typically begins when a blood vessel is damaged. Injury to the vessel wall exposes collagen and tissue factors beneath the endothelium. This exposure triggers platelet adhesion and activation, which leads to platelet aggregation and formation of a temporary platelet plug.
At the same time, the coagulation cascade is activated, resulting in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin forms a stable mesh that strengthens the clot and stops bleeding.
Decreased vitamin K impairs clotting factor production and slows clot formation, fibrinolysis refers to the breakdown of clots after healing begins, and hypocoagulation refers to reduced clotting ability rather than initiation of clotting.
What condition may cause poor myocardial perfusion?
- A. Deep vein thrombosis
- B. Coronary artery vasospasm
- C. Peripheral vascular disease
- D. Rheumatoid arthritis
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Coronary artery vasospasm
Poor myocardial perfusion occurs when blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle is reduced. Coronary artery vasospasm causes sudden narrowing of the coronary arteries due to contraction of the vascular smooth muscle. This temporary constriction decreases blood flow to the myocardium and can result in myocardial ischemia and chest pain, even when no permanent blockage is present in the artery.
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