NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University
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Free NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University Questions
What neurologic manifestation may occur when a person has a cardiac dysrhythmia?
- Dyspnea
- Chest pain
- Rapid breathing
- Dizziness
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Dizziness
Cardiac dysrhythmias can disrupt the normal pumping function of the heart, leading to decreased cardiac output. When cardiac output decreases, less blood and oxygen are delivered to the brain. Reduced cerebral perfusion can cause neurologic symptoms.
Dizziness occurs because the brain is not receiving an adequate blood supply during abnormal heart rhythms. Patients with dysrhythmias may also experience lightheadedness, confusion, syncope (fainting), or weakness due to this temporary reduction in cerebral blood flow. Therefore, dizziness is a neurologic manifestation that can occur with cardiac dysrhythmias.
Why does peripheral neuropathy occur in people with uncontrolled diabetes?
- Autoantibodies destroy nerve fibers in the lower extremities.
- Decreased blood sugar increases the sensitivity of nerves.
- Elevated blood sugar over time is toxic to nerve endings.
- Excess circulating insulin damages the body's vasculature.
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Elevated blood sugar over time is toxic to nerve endings.
Peripheral neuropathy in diabetes develops primarily because prolonged high blood glucose levels damage nerves and the small blood vessels that supply them. Chronic hyperglycemia leads to metabolic and vascular changes that impair nerve function.
Over time, excess glucose causes accumulation of toxic metabolic byproducts, oxidative stress, and reduced blood flow to nerve tissues. These processes injure nerve fibers, particularly in the peripheral nerves of the feet and hands, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, burning pain, and decreased sensation. Therefore, long-term elevated blood sugar is the main cause of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Which disease process can lead to coronary artery disease?
- Asthma
- Hypertension
- Pneumonia
- Heart failure
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Hypertension
Hypertension contributes to the development of coronary artery disease by placing continuous high pressure on the arterial walls. Over time, this pressure damages the endothelial lining of the coronary arteries, making them more susceptible to atherosclerosis. The damaged vessel walls allow lipids and inflammatory cells to accumulate, leading to plaque formation. As plaques build up, the coronary arteries become narrowed and blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease.
What manifestation is expected with an obstruction of the small intestine?
- Severe diarrhea
- Increased passage of gas
- Abdominal distension
- Decreased heart rate
Explanation
Correct answer: C. Abdominal distension
Small intestinal obstruction prevents the normal movement of intestinal contents. As fluid, gas, and intestinal secretions accumulate above the obstruction, the bowel becomes distended. This buildup leads to noticeable abdominal swelling and discomfort, making abdominal distension a common and expected manifestation of small intestinal obstruction.
The arterial blood gas result of pH 7.50, PaCO₂ 30 mmHg, HCO₃ 24 mEq/L align with which acid-base imbalance?
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Metabolic acidosis
Explanation
Correct answer: A. Respiratory alkalosis
The normal ranges for arterial blood gases are: pH 7.35–7.45, PaCO₂ 35–45 mmHg, and HCO₃⁻ 22–26 mEq/L. In this scenario, the pH is 7.50, which indicates alkalosis because it is above the normal range. The PaCO₂ is 30 mmHg, which is lower than normal, indicating that excessive carbon dioxide is being eliminated through the lungs. The bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) level is 24 mEq/L, which remains within the normal range.
Because the abnormal value causing the alkalosis is the low PaCO₂, the condition is identified as respiratory alkalosis. This imbalance commonly occurs when a person hyperventilates, causing excessive carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body. Conditions such as anxiety, pain, fever, or high altitude can lead to this type of acid–base disturbance.
Which statement describes a brain herniation?
-
A condition in which the brain swells and becomes enlarged.
-
A type of stroke that occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.
-
Pressure inside the skull pushes the brain stem through the foramen magnum.
-
The bones of the skull fuse together, putting pressure on the brain.
Explanation
Correct answer: C. Pressure inside the skull pushes the brain stem through the foramen magnum
Brain herniation occurs when increased intracranial pressure forces brain tissue to shift from its normal position. In severe cases, the brain stem is pushed downward through the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull. This condition is life-threatening because the brain stem controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Common causes include traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, hemorrhage, or severe cerebral edema.
Which chemical is involved in the inflammatory response, regulation of body temperature, and regulation of water balance?
- Acetylcholine
- Dopamine
- Histamine
- Serotonin
Explanation
Correct answer: C. Histamine
Histamine is an important chemical mediator released by mast cells and basophils during inflammatory and allergic reactions. It contributes to the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability. Histamine also plays a role in several physiological processes including regulation of body temperature and fluid balance through its actions in the hypothalamus and other body systems.
What term is described as the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole?
-
Stroke volume
-
Preload
-
Afterload
-
Cardiac reserve
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Preload
Preload refers to the amount of blood present in the ventricles at the end of diastole, just before the heart contracts. During diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood returning from the atria. The more blood that fills the ventricles, the greater the stretch of the ventricular muscle fibers.
This stretching of the heart muscle influences the strength of the next contraction according to the Frank–Starling law of the heart, which states that increased ventricular filling leads to a stronger contraction and greater stroke volume, up to a physiological limit. Therefore, preload is an important factor in determining cardiac output and overall heart performance.
Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each heartbeat, afterload refers to the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood into the arteries, and cardiac reserve refers to the heart’s ability to increase output during times of increased demand such as exercise.
Where is most potassium located in the body?
-
In the plasma
-
In the interstitial space
-
Inside the blood vessels
-
Inside the cell
Explanation
Correct answer: D. Inside the cell
Most potassium in the human body is located inside the cell, making potassium the primary intracellular electrolyte. About 98% of potassium is found inside body cells, particularly in muscle cells, while only about 2% exists in the extracellular fluid, such as blood plasma.This distribution is maintained by the sodium–potassium pump, a cellular transport system that moves potassium into the cell while moving sodium out. This mechanism helps maintain the electrical balance across cell membranes.
Which electrolyte imbalance will cause leg cramps, constipation, shallow respirations, and cardiac dysrhythmias?
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hypokalemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Hyponatremia
Explanation
Correct answer: B. Hypokalemia
Hypokalemia refers to low potassium levels in the blood. Potassium is essential for normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and cardiac electrical activity. When potassium levels fall below normal, muscles and nerves cannot function properly.
Common manifestations of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, leg cramps, constipation, shallow respirations, and cardiac dysrhythmias. The respiratory muscles may weaken, leading to shallow breathing. Reduced gastrointestinal muscle activity can cause constipation, and disturbances in cardiac electrical conduction can lead to irregular heart rhythms.
Hypomagnesemia may cause neuromuscular irritability and tremors, hypocalcemia typically causes tingling and muscle spasms, and hyponatremia primarily affects neurological function, causing confusion, headaches, or seizures rather than the symptoms described.
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