NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University
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Free NR283 student Practise Exam Chamberlain University Questions
The nurse is teaching a client about immunity. Which statement accurately describes the complement system?
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It is a group of inactive proteins that become activated to support immune defense.
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It is a system that creates memory cells after every exposure to external pathogens.
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It is a network of lymphocytes that produces all of the body's inflammatory mediators.
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It is a process that generates red blood cells in response to an infection in the body.
Explanation
The complement system is a group of plasma proteins that circulate in an inactive form. When activated by pathogens or antibodies, they work in a chain reaction to destroy microorganisms, mark them for phagocytosis (opsonization), attract white blood cells, and promote inflammation.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. It is a system that creates memory cells after every exposure to external pathogens: Memory cells are produced by B and T lymphocytes during the adaptive immune response, not by the complement system.
C. It is a network of lymphocytes that produces all of the body's inflammatory mediators: The complement system is made of proteins, not lymphocytes. Inflammatory mediators come from many sources, including mast cells and white blood cells.
D. It is a process that generates red blood cells in response to an infection in the body: Red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) takes place in the bone marrow and is not part of the complement system.
The nurse is assessing a client. Which manifestation(s) should the nurse identify as subjective symptoms? Select all that apply.
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Nausea
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Skin rash
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High blood pressure
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Fever
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Headache
Explanation
Subjective symptoms are experienced and reported by the client and cannot be directly observed or measured by the nurse. Nausea and headache are sensations that only the client can feel and describe.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Skin rash: A rash can be seen and examined by the nurse, making it an objective sign.
C. High blood pressure: Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer, making it an objective sign.
D. Fever: Body temperature is measured with a thermometer, making fever an objective sign.
A nurse is caring for a client who is dehydrated. The nurse is aware that which finding indicates the client's body is trying to compensate for fluid loss?
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Decreased thirst
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Decreased urine production
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Decreased mental function
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Decreased heart rate
Explanation
When fluid volume falls, the body activates compensatory mechanisms to conserve water and maintain blood pressure. Rising serum osmolality stimulates the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and reduced renal perfusion activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Together these cause the kidneys to retain water and sodium, so urine output falls and the urine becomes dark and concentrated. The nurse should monitor intake and output, urine color and specific gravity, vital signs, and daily weights, and report urine output below 30 mL/hr.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Decreased thirst — Dehydration increases thirst, because the hypothalamic thirst center responds to higher osmolality. Thirst is a compensatory response, but decreased thirst is not.
C. Decreased mental function — Confusion and lethargy result from reduced cerebral perfusion and electrolyte changes. This is a sign of worsening dehydration, not a compensatory mechanism.
D. Decreased heart rate — The heart rate increases (tachycardia) as the sympathetic nervous system compensates for low circulating volume. A decreased heart rate is not an expected compensation.
A person who involuntarily leaks urine when coughing or sneezing is experiencing what type of incontinence?
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Functional incontinence
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Urge incontinence
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Overflow incontinence
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Stress incontinence
Explanation
Correct answer: D. Stress incontinence
Stress incontinence occurs when physical activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure—such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or lifting—cause involuntary leakage of urine. The increased pressure places stress on the bladder and urethra. If the pelvic floor muscles or urethral sphincter are weakened, they cannot maintain closure of the urethra, leading to urine leakage during these activities.
Why does a person with liver disease develop esophageal varices?
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Decreased storage of iron
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Increased ammonia levels
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Increased portal pressure
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Decreased bile production
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Increased portal pressure
In liver disease, particularly cirrhosis, scar tissue replaces healthy liver cells and obstructs blood flow through the liver. This causes blood to back up in the portal venous system, raising portal pressure — a condition called portal hypertension. As blood seeks alternative routes, it is diverted into smaller collateral vessels including those in the esophagus. These vessels become engorged and dilated, forming esophageal varices that are highly prone to rupture and life-threatening bleeding.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Decreased storage of iron — Iron storage is a liver function, and its impairment in liver disease contributes to anemia, not esophageal varices. Varices are a vascular consequence of portal hypertension.
B. Increased ammonia levels — Elevated ammonia in liver disease results from impaired detoxification and leads to hepatic encephalopathy. While it is a serious complication of liver disease, it does not cause esophageal varices.
D. Decreased bile production — Reduced bile production affects fat digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, but it does not contribute to the development of esophageal varices.
What is cognition?
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The ability to release hormones in response to stress
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A problem with maintaining and regulating temperature
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A state of awareness and the ability to perform tasks
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The physical coordination of muscle groups in the body
Explanation
Correct answer: C. A state of awareness and the ability to perform tasks
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. It includes functions such as thinking, memory, attention, reasoning, perception, and problem-solving. These processes allow a person to be aware of their environment, process information, make decisions, and perform purposeful tasks. Cognition is an essential aspect of normal brain function and is commonly assessed when evaluating neurological status.
What type of diarrhea is described as greasy and foul-smelling, and often occurs in people with malabsorption disorders?
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Small-volume diarrhea
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Melena
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Steatorrhea
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Osmotic diarrhea
Explanation
Correct answer: C. Steatorrhea
Steatorrhea refers to diarrhea that contains excess fat in the stool, causing stools to appear greasy, bulky, pale, and foul-smelling. This condition commonly occurs when the body cannot properly digest or absorb fats, which is typical in malabsorption disorders such as celiac disease, pancreatic insufficiency, cystic fibrosis, or chronic pancreatitis.
Because fat is not properly absorbed in the small intestine, it passes into the stool, giving it an oily appearance and causing it to float in water. Individuals with steatorrhea may also experience weight loss, nutrient deficiencies, bloating, and abdominal discomfort due to impaired digestion and absorption of dietary fats.
What statement describes the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
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An increase in fluid or mass in the brain causes pressure to decrease in the skull
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A decrease in fluid or mass in the brain causes pressure to decrease in the skull
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A decrease in fluid or mass in the brain causes pressure to increase in the skull
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An increase in fluid or mass in the brain causes pressure to increase in the skull
Explanation
The skull is a rigid, fixed structure with a limited volume. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, the total volume of brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood within the skull must remain constant. When any component increases — such as a tumor, hematoma, or cerebral edema — the pressure within the skull rises because there is no room for expansion, resulting in increased intracranial pressure.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. An increase in fluid or mass causes pressure to decrease — This is physiologically incorrect. An increase in volume within a fixed space always raises pressure.
B. A decrease in fluid or mass causes pressure to decrease — While a decrease in volume can lower ICP, this describes normal compensation, not the pathophysiology of increased ICP.
C. A decrease in fluid or mass causes pressure to increase — This is the opposite of what occurs. Decreased volume within the skull would reduce, not increase, intracranial pressure.
A nurse is teaching a client about the effects of tumors on the body. Which information should the nurse include about how tumors can cause pain?
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Tumors cause pain due to nerve irritation by inflammatory mediators.
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Tumors cause pain due to a reduction of the body's core temperature.
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Tumors cause pain due to parasympathetic nervous system activation.
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Tumors cause pain due to the body producing increased erythrocytes.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A
Tumors can cause pain as they grow and invade surrounding tissues, triggering the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and bradykinin that irritate and sensitize nerve endings. Tumors may also cause pain by compressing nerves, obstructing organs, stretching visceral structures, or reducing blood flow to tissues.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Tumors cause pain due to a reduction of the body's core temperature: Tumors do not typically lower core body temperature, and body temperature changes are not a mechanism of tumor-related pain. Some cancers may actually cause fever.
C. Tumors cause pain due to parasympathetic nervous system activation: Pain transmission occurs through sensory nerve pathways (nociceptors), not through parasympathetic activation.
D. Tumors cause pain due to the body producing increased erythrocytes: Tumors more commonly cause anemia rather than increased red blood cell production, and erythrocyte production is not a cause of pain.
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help maintain fluid balance in the body?
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ADH promotes the excretion of potassium
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ADH promotes the excretion of urine
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ADH promotes the reabsorption of water
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ADH promotes the reabsorption of sodium
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) ADH promotes the reabsorption of water
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland when the body detects increased plasma osmolarity or decreased blood volume. It acts on the collecting ducts and distal tubules of the kidneys, increasing their permeability to water, which allows water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, concentrating the urine and restoring fluid balance.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. ADH promotes the excretion of potassium — ADH does not directly influence potassium excretion; that is primarily regulated by aldosterone.
B. ADH promotes the excretion of urine — This is the opposite of ADH's function. ADH reduces urine output by promoting water retention.
D. ADH promotes the reabsorption of sodium — Sodium reabsorption is primarily regulated by aldosterone, not ADH. ADH's primary target is water, not sodium.
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