Bio 161: Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1
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Free Bio 161: Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Questions
The posterior cervical region corresponds to the area of the neck covered by the skin
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overlying the trapezius
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between the trapezius and the SCM
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overlying the SCM
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anterior to the SCM
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. between the trapezius and the SCM
Explanation
The posterior cervical region refers to the area of the neck located between the trapezius muscle (on the back and side of the neck) and the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle (running along the side of the neck). This region forms the posterior cervical triangle, an important anatomical landmark containing nerves, lymph nodes, and blood vessels.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. overlying the trapezius
The area directly over the trapezius muscle is considered part of the back (upper dorsal region), not the posterior cervical region specifically.
C. overlying the SCM
The region directly over the SCM muscle belongs to the lateral cervical region, not the posterior cervical region, making this option incorrect.
D. anterior to the SCM
The area in front of the SCM is known as the anterior cervical region, which includes structures like the thyroid gland and trachea, so this does not describe the posterior cervical region.
The neck area of the body is referred to as the ___________ region.
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cervical
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femoral
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brachial
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Lumbar
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. cervical
Explanation
The cervical region refers to the neck area, located between the head and the thorax. It contains seven cervical vertebrae, major blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and structures such as the trachea and esophagus. This region supports the head, allows neck movement, and plays a vital role in protecting essential pathways for circulation and respiration.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
B. Femoral
The femoral region refers to the thigh area, located between the hip and the knee. It does not relate to the neck, making this option incorrect.
C. Brachial
The brachial region pertains to the upper arm, specifically the area between the shoulder and the elbow. Since the question focuses on the neck, this is not the correct term.
D. Lumbar
The lumbar region refers to the lower back, located between the thoracic spine and the sacrum. It is unrelated to the neck area, so this option is incorrect.
What is the effect on a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution?
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The cell shrinks and loses water
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The cell remains unchanged
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The cell swells and may burst
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The cell becomes rigid and stops functioning
Explanation
Correct Answer:
The cell swells and may burst
Explanation:
In a hypotonic solution, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than inside. Water moves into the cell via osmosis, leading to swelling. If too much water enters, the cell can burst—a condition known as lysis. This is particularly important in medical settings, as intravenous solutions must be carefully matched to cellular osmolarity.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
The cell shrinks and loses water
This would occur in a hypertonic solution, not a hypotonic one. In a hypotonic environment, water enters the cell, not exits.
The cell remains unchanged
Cells only remain unchanged in isotonic solutions, where solute concentrations are equal inside and out. A hypotonic solution causes water movement into the cell.
The cell becomes rigid and stops functioning
While swelling may impair function, rigidity is not a typical result. Cells become rigid from structural changes or cell wall presence—not from osmotic swelling.
Cephalic refers to the..
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head
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neck
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trunk
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brain
Explanation
Correct Answer:
head
Explanation:
The term cephalic refers to the head region of the body. It encompasses structures such as the skull, face, and brain cavity. The word derives from the Greek "kephalē," meaning head, and is used frequently in anatomy and medicine to indicate location or orientation related to the head.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
neck
The neck is described by the cervical region, not the cephalic. While the neck connects the head to the body, cephalic refers specifically to the head itself.
trunk
The trunk, or torso, includes the thoracic and abdominal regions. It does not fall under the cephalic designation.
brain
The brain is an organ located within the cephalic region, but the term cephalic refers to the entire head, not just the brain.
Which anatomical plane separates the body into superior and inferior sections?
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Sagittal plane
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Coronal plane
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Transverse plane
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Frontal plane
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Transverse plane
Explanation:
The transverse plane, also called the horizontal plane, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections. It runs horizontally across the body, providing cross-sectional views often used in medical imaging such as CT scans. This division is essential for describing relative locations of body parts.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions, not superior and inferior.
Coronal plane
The coronal (or frontal) plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Frontal plane
Another name for the coronal plane, it separates the body into front and back, not top and bottom.
What is the term used to describe the molecule that an enzyme interacts with during a biochemical reaction?
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Catalyst
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Substrate
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Product
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Inhibitor
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Substrate
Explanation:
A substrate is the specific molecule upon which an enzyme acts during a biochemical reaction. The enzyme binds to the substrate at its active site, facilitating a transformation that results in a product. This interaction is highly specific, much like a lock and key, allowing enzymes to speed up metabolic processes without being consumed in the reaction.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Catalyst
A catalyst is a general term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up. While enzymes are biological catalysts, "catalyst" does not refer to the molecule the enzyme acts on—it refers to the enzyme itself.
Product
The product is the end result of the enzymatic reaction, not the molecule the enzyme initially interacts with. The enzyme binds to the substrate to form the product.
Inhibitor
An inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. It is not the usual participant in the reaction but rather a regulator that slows or stops the enzyme's function.
The area of the vertebral column that contains attachments to the ribs is called the
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cervical region
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lumbar region
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sacral region
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thoracic region
Explanation
Correct Answer:
thoracic region
Explanation:
The thoracic region of the vertebral column consists of twelve thoracic vertebrae, each of which articulates with a pair of ribs. This region forms the posterior portion of the rib cage, providing support and protection for vital organs such as the heart and lungs. It is the only spinal region with rib attachments, making thoracic the correct answer.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
cervical region
The cervical region refers to the neck and contains seven vertebrae. These vertebrae support the head but do not connect to ribs.
lumbar region
The lumbar region consists of five vertebrae located in the lower back. They provide support for body weight but have no rib attachments.
sacral region
The sacral region is formed by fused vertebrae at the base of the spine. It connects the spine to the pelvis and does not contain rib attachments.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the abdominopelvic cavity?
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It is the smallest body cavity, primarily housing the heart.
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It is the largest body cavity, encompassing both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
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It is a cavity located exclusively in the upper torso, containing the lungs.
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It is a cavity that only contains reproductive organs.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
It is the largest body cavity, encompassing both the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Explanation:
The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest body cavity, extending from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor. It contains the abdominal cavity, which houses organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines, and the pelvic cavity, which holds organs such as the bladder and reproductive organs. This makes it the most expansive cavity in the body, both in size and in the variety of organs it contains.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
It is the smallest body cavity, primarily housing the heart.
This is incorrect because the heart is found in the pericardial cavity, which is much smaller than the abdominopelvic cavity.
It is a cavity located exclusively in the upper torso, containing the lungs.
This describes the thoracic cavity, not the abdominopelvic cavity. The lungs are part of the respiratory system located above the diaphragm.
It is a cavity that only contains reproductive organs.
This oversimplifies the pelvic cavity, which is just one portion of the abdominopelvic cavity. The cavity also includes digestive and urinary system organs.
Which of the following is NOT considered a key property of water?
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High specific heat
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Cohesion
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Solvent capabilities
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Density
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Density
Explanation:
While water’s density plays a role in how it behaves, especially in solid form (ice), it is not typically listed as one of its key properties in biological or chemical contexts. Core properties like high specific heat, cohesion, and solvent capabilities are directly responsible for supporting life, facilitating biochemical reactions, and maintaining environmental stability.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
High specific heat
This is a key property that enables water to absorb and release large amounts of heat with little temperature change, helping organisms and ecosystems maintain stable temperatures.
Cohesion
Cohesion is vital for processes like water transport in plants. It refers to the attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding and is a fundamental water property.
Solvent capabilities
Water’s role as a universal solvent is critical in biological systems. It allows ions and molecules to dissolve and interact, enabling essential reactions within living cells.
Which of the following terms refers to the region of the body that is associated with the head?
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Cervical
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Cephalic
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Thoracic
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Lumbar
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Cephalic
Explanation
The cephalic region refers to the area of the body associated with the head. It includes the skull, face, jaw, and related structures. In anatomical terminology, "cephalic" is often used to describe positions or movements directed toward the head.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Cervical
The cervical region refers to the neck area, located just below the head. While closely related, it is not the correct term for the head region.
C. Thoracic
The thoracic region refers to the chest area, which houses the heart and lungs. It is located below the neck, making this option incorrect.
D. Lumbar
The lumbar region refers to the lower back, between the thoracic area and the sacrum. It is far from the head region, so this choice is incorrect.
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