Bio 161: Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1
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Free Bio 161: Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Questions
Explain why hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water, and provide two examples of such substances.
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They are charged; examples include salts and sugars.
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They are non-polar; examples include lipids and fats.
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They are polar; examples include alcohol and ammonia.
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They are ionic; examples include sodium and chloride.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
They are non-polar; examples include lipids and fats.
Explanation:
Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has partial positive and negative charges that allow it to interact strongly with other polar or charged molecules. Hydrophobic substances, however, are non-polar and lack charges, preventing them from forming hydrogen bonds with water. As a result, they do not dissolve but instead cluster together to minimize contact with water. Lipids and fats are classic examples of hydrophobic molecules that separate from water.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
They are charged; examples include salts and sugars. This is incorrect because charged and polar molecules like salts and sugars readily dissolve in water due to strong interactions with water’s polarity.
They are polar; examples include alcohol and ammonia. This is wrong because polar substances do dissolve in water. Alcohol and ammonia both mix well with water, unlike hydrophobic substances.
They are ionic; examples include sodium and chloride. This is inaccurate because ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissolve easily in water, as water stabilizes their charged ions. Hydrophobic molecules, by contrast, are non-polar.
What is the correct order of the levels of organization in biological systems from simplest to most complex?
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Cell, tissue, organ, organism, organ system, atom, molecule
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Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Molecule, atom, cell, organ, tissue, organism, organ system
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Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Explanation:
Biological organization begins with atoms, the smallest chemical units, which combine to form molecules. Molecules build up cells, the basic structural and functional units of life. Groups of similar cells form tissues, which work together to form organs. Organs collaborate within organ systems, and these systems collectively create a complete organism. This hierarchical arrangement shows increasing complexity from the chemical level up to the entire living being.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Cell, tissue, organ, organism, organ system, atom, molecule. This is incorrect because it places atoms and molecules after the organism, which does not reflect the progression from chemical to biological complexity.
Molecule, atom, cell, organ, tissue, organism, organ system. This is wrong because atoms should precede molecules, and the arrangement of organ and tissue is reversed. It disrupts the correct hierarchy.
Organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, molecule, atom. This is inaccurate because it lists the order in reverse, from most complex to simplest, instead of the intended progression from simplest to most complex.
In a laboratory experiment, you are tasked with dissolving a substance in water. If the substance is known to be hydrophilic, which of the following substances would you expect to dissolve easily in water?
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Sodium chloride (NaCl)
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Octane (C8H18)
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Cholesterol
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Triglycerides
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Explanation:
Hydrophilic substances are polar or ionic compounds that readily dissolve in water due to their ability to form interactions with water molecules. Sodium chloride is ionic, consisting of positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions, both of which are stabilized by water molecules during dissolution. This strong interaction explains why salt readily dissolves in water.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Octane (C8H18). This is incorrect because octane is a non-polar hydrocarbon, making it hydrophobic. It does not dissolve in water.
Cholesterol. This is wrong because cholesterol is largely non-polar, with only a small polar hydroxyl group. It is mostly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in water.
Triglycerides. This is inaccurate because triglycerides are non-polar fats, strongly hydrophobic, and do not dissolve in water.
Positive feedback loops are caused:
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when physiological changes no longer occur in the cell.
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when a physiological change in one direction leads to a change in the opposite direction.
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when the body responds to cold temperatures by shivering and constricting blood vessels near the skins surface.
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when a small physiological change leads to an amplified change in the same direction.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. when a small physiological change leads to an amplified change in the same direction
Explanation
A positive feedback loop occurs when a small physiological change triggers mechanisms that amplify or intensify the original change rather than reversing it. This process pushes the body further away from its normal state (homeostasis). Examples include childbirth, where uterine contractions release more oxytocin, increasing contraction strength, and blood clotting, where activated platelets trigger more platelet activation, accelerating clot formation. Positive feedback loops are less common than negative feedback loops because they can become unstable if uncontrolled.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. when physiological changes no longer occur in the cell
This describes a state of equilibrium or inactivity, not a feedback mechanism. Positive feedback involves active amplification of changes, not the absence of changes.
B. when a physiological change in one direction leads to a change in the opposite direction
This describes a negative feedback loop, not a positive one. In negative feedback, the body responds to a change by reversing or counteracting it to maintain balance, unlike positive feedback which amplifies changes.
C. when the body responds to cold temperatures by shivering and constricting blood vessels near the skin's surface
This example demonstrates a negative feedback mechanism because the body counters cold by generating heat (shivering) and conserving heat (vasoconstriction). It works to restore normal body temperature rather than amplifying the original condition.
Which of the following describes superficial and deep?
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Towards the head/away from the head
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Toward/away from the body surface
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Toward/away from the midline
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Towards the front/back of the body
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Toward/away from the body surface
Explanation
In anatomical terminology, superficial refers to structures closer to the surface of the body, while deep refers to structures further away from the surface and located internally. For example, the skin is superficial to the muscles, while the bones are deep to the muscles. These directional terms help describe the relative positions of body structures in relation to one another.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Towards the head/away from the head
This describes superior (toward the head) and inferior (away from the head) positions, not superficial and deep.
C. Toward/away from the midline
This describes medial (toward the body’s midline) and lateral (away from the midline) positions, not the relative depth of structures.
D. Towards the front/back of the body
This refers to anterior (toward the front) and posterior (toward the back) positions, which describe body orientation, not proximity to the surface.
The anatomical directional term "medial" means:
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Toward the midline of the body
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Lying face up
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Away from the midline of the body
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To the side
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Toward the midline of the body
Explanation:
Medial refers to a position closer to or toward the midline of the body. The midline is an imaginary vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right halves. For example, the nose is medial to the eyes because it lies nearer to the body’s midline.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Lying face up
This describes the supine position, not medial. Supine is a body position, while medial is a directional term.
Away from the midline of the body
This defines lateral, which is the opposite of medial. Lateral refers to structures farther from the midline.
To the side
This also describes lateral positioning. Medial specifically points toward the central midline, not the sides.
If a newly discovered compound contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which classification would it fall under, and why?
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Inorganic, because it contains oxygen
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Organic, because it contains carbon and hydrogen
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Inorganic, because it contains more than two elements
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Organic, because it is a biological molecule
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Organic, because it contains carbon and hydrogen
Explanation:
Compounds are considered organic if they contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, regardless of other elements present. The inclusion of oxygen along with carbon and hydrogen does not change this classification. Organic molecules are the basis of life, forming carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Therefore, a compound with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen fits the criteria for being organic, even if its biological role has not yet been identified.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Inorganic, because it contains oxygen.
This is incorrect because the presence of oxygen does not define a molecule as inorganic. Many organic compounds such as sugars and fatty acids also contain oxygen.
Inorganic, because it contains more than two elements.
This is wrong because the number of elements present is not the determining factor. What matters is the presence of carbon-hydrogen bonds, which makes it organic.
Organic, because it is a biological molecule.
This is inaccurate because while many organic compounds are biological molecules, not all have to be. The key determinant is the presence of carbon and hydrogen, not whether the compound has been identified as biological.
The scapular part of the body refers to the:
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spine.
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neck.
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breast bone.
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shoulder blade.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
shoulder blade
Explanation:
The scapular region refers to the shoulder blade, or scapula, located on the upper back. The scapula is a flat triangular bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collarbone). This region serves as an attachment site for multiple muscles that enable arm and shoulder movement.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
spine.
The spine refers to the vertebral column, not the scapula. While the scapula is near the back, it is distinct from the spinal column.
neck.
The neck corresponds to the cervical region, not the scapular. It connects the head to the torso and does not involve the shoulder blade.
breast bone.
The breast bone is the sternum, located in the center of the chest. It is on the anterior side, unlike the scapula, which is posterior.
Which of the following organs is primarily located in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) of the human body?
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Spleen
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Stomach
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Liver
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Appendix
Explanation
Correct Answer:
Liver
Explanation:
The liver is the largest internal organ and is primarily located in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen. It plays a vital role in metabolism, detoxification, and digestion through bile production. Although a small portion extends into the Left Upper Quadrant, the majority of the liver lies in the RUQ, making it the correct answer.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Spleen
The spleen is located in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen, not the RUQ. It functions in filtering blood and supporting the immune system.
Stomach
The stomach is mostly located in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ). While portions of it may extend slightly, it is not primarily in the RUQ.
Appendix
The appendix is located in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), near the junction of the small and large intestines. It is far from the RUQ where the liver resides.
If you have a sample of pure gold, which is made entirely of gold atoms, how would you classify this sample in terms of atomic structure and elements?
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It is a mixture of different elements.
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It is a compound made of multiple types of atoms.
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It is an element because it consists of only one type of atom.
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It is a molecule composed of gold atoms.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
It is an element because it consists of only one type of atom.
Explanation:
An element is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom, defined by its number of protons. Pure gold contains only gold atoms, all of which have 79 protons in their nuclei. Because it is composed of just one kind of atom, gold is classified as an element. Compounds and mixtures require more than one type of atom, which gold does not contain.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
It is a mixture of different elements. This is incorrect because a mixture must contain more than one type of atom or element, and pure gold only contains gold atoms.
It is a compound made of multiple types of atoms. This is wrong because compounds consist of two or more elements chemically combined. Pure gold is made of only one element.
It is a molecule composed of gold atoms. This is inaccurate because gold is not typically found as discrete molecules. Molecules are groups of atoms bonded together, while gold exists as a lattice of atoms in metallic form.
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