Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab (D313)
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Free Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab (D313) Questions
How do lymph nodes and the spleen differ in their functions
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Lymph nodes remove old red blood cells; the spleen filters lymph fluid.
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Both perform the same function of filtering lymph fluid.
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Lymph nodes focus on lymphatic surveillance; the spleen filters blood.
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Lymph nodes store platelets; the spleen activates immune cells.
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Lymph nodes focus on lymphatic surveillance; the spleen filters blood.
Explanation
Lymph nodes and the spleen have distinct roles in the immune system. Lymph nodes are primarily involved in lymphatic surveillance, filtering lymph fluid for pathogens, and housing immune cells such as lymphocytes. The spleen, on the other hand, filters blood, removing damaged red blood cells and pathogens while also storing platelets and immune cells to fight infection.
Why other options are wrong
A. Lymph nodes remove old red blood cells; the spleen filters lymph fluid.
This is incorrect because lymph nodes are responsible for filtering lymph fluid and monitoring it for pathogens, while the spleen filters blood, not lymph fluid. The removal of old red blood cells is a function of the spleen, not the lymph nodes.
B. Both perform the same function of filtering lymph fluid.
This is incorrect as the spleen does not filter lymph fluid. While the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, the spleen filters blood and performs a different set of functions related to blood cell maintenance and immune surveillance.
D. Lymph nodes store platelets; the spleen activates immune cells.
This is incorrect because while the spleen stores platelets, lymph nodes are not involved in platelet storage. Additionally, the spleen is more directly involved in the activation of immune cells during blood filtration.
Using the GTPAL system, what is the gravidity parity of a woman who has been pregnant three times previously, with all children from previous pregnancies still alive, and has a current pregnancy at 38 weeks gestation
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G3 P2 A0 L3
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G4 P3 A0 L3
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G3 P3 A0 L4
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G4 P2 A0 L3
Explanation
Correct Answer B. G4 P3 A0 L3
Explanation
In the GTPAL system:
G represents the total number of pregnancies, including the current one. The woman is currently pregnant, so G = 4.
P refers to the number of full-term pregnancies (after 37 weeks). She has had 3 previous pregnancies that reached full term, so P = 3.
A stands for the number of pregnancies that ended in abortion or miscarriage. She has no such history, so A = 0.
L refers to the number of living children. She has 3 living children, so L = 3.
Why other options are wrong
A. G3 P2 A0 L3
This is incorrect because the woman is currently pregnant, so G should be 4, not 3.
C. G3 P3 A0 L4
This is incorrect because although she has 3 living children, she is currently pregnant, and G should be 4, not 3.
D. G4 P2 A0 L3
This is incorrect because she has had 3 full-term pregnancies, not 2, so P should be 3, not 2.
State whether dehydration results in production of a concentrated or dilute urine
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Concentrated urine
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Dilute urine
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Normal urine
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Thick urine
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Concentrated urine
Explanation
During dehydration, the kidneys conserve water and produce concentrated urine. This means the urine will have a higher concentration of solutes (such as urea) and a lower volume of water. This mechanism helps the body retain as much water as possible during times of dehydration.
Why other options are wrong
B. Dilute urine – Dehydration leads to concentrated urine, not dilute urine, because the kidneys try to retain water.
C. Normal urine – Dehydration typically results in concentrated urine, not urine that would be considered normal in terms of water content and concentration.
D. Thick urine – While concentrated urine may appear darker or more yellow, the term "thick" is not accurate in describing urine production during dehydration. Concentrated urine refers to its high solute content.
What are eosinophils
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White blood cells involved in immune responses against bacterial infections
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Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues
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Cell fragments involved in blood clotting
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White blood cells involved in immune responses against parasitic infections
Explanation
Correct Answer D. White blood cells involved in immune responses against parasitic infections
Explanation
Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the body's defense against parasitic infections and in allergic reactions. They are particularly important in combating multicellular parasites and also contribute to inflammation in allergic responses. They do this by releasing toxic proteins and mediators that can damage the parasites or modulate immune responses.
Why other options are wrong
A. White blood cells involved in immune responses against bacterial infections – This is incorrect because eosinophils primarily target parasitic infections, not bacterial infections.
B. Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues – This is incorrect because red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen, not eosinophils, which are a type of white blood cell.
C. Cell fragments involved in blood clotting – This is incorrect as blood platelets, not eosinophils, are responsible for blood clotting.
What are the signs of preceding labor
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Vaginal discharge, backache, and weight gain
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Surge of energy, urinary frequency, and weight loss
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Fetal heart rate, contractions, and membrane rupture
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Bloody show, urinary frequency, and fetal heart tones
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Surge of energy, urinary frequency, and weight loss
Explanation
Signs of preceding labor include a surge of energy (often referred to as "nesting"), urinary frequency due to the baby descending into the pelvis, and weight loss (sometimes due to a loss of fluid retention). These signs can indicate that labor is near, and many women experience them as their body prepares for delivery.
Why other options are wrong
A. Vaginal discharge, backache, and weight gain
While vaginal discharge and backache can occur as labor approaches, weight gain is not typically a sign of impending labor. In fact, some women may experience weight loss, not gain, before labor begins.
C. Fetal heart rate, contractions, and membrane rupture
Fetal heart rate and contractions are signs during active labor, not preceding labor. Membrane rupture (water breaking) can occur before or during labor, but it is not a definitive sign of the onset of labor itself.
D. Bloody show, urinary frequency, and fetal heart tones
The bloody show can occur in preparation for labor, but fetal heart tones are not a sign of preceding labor. The fetus' heart rate is usually monitored during labor but is not an early indicator of labor.
How do heart conditions affect exercise responses in individuals
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They respond the same way as individuals with healthy hearts.
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They are unable to exercise at all due to their condition.
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They may have different physiological responses compared to healthy individuals.
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They have better endurance than healthy individuals.
Explanation
Correct Answer C. They may have different physiological responses compared to healthy individuals.
Explanation
Individuals with heart conditions may experience different physiological responses to exercise than those with healthy hearts. For example, they may have a reduced ability to increase their heart rate or blood flow to the muscles during physical activity. Their cardiovascular system may not be able to meet the increased demands of exercise as efficiently, leading to a higher risk of fatigue or complications. These individuals may require modifications to exercise intensity and duration to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Why other options are wrong
A. They respond the same way as individuals with healthy hearts. – This is incorrect because individuals with heart conditions often have altered responses to exercise. Their cardiovascular systems may be less efficient, which can result in different exercise responses compared to healthy individuals.
B. They are unable to exercise at all due to their condition. – While heart conditions can limit exercise capacity, most individuals with heart conditions can still exercise, although it may need to be adjusted in intensity or type to suit their condition. Exercise can often be beneficial under medical supervision.
D. They have better endurance than healthy individuals. – This is incorrect. Individuals with heart conditions typically have reduced endurance compared to healthy individuals because their heart and cardiovascular system cannot function as efficiently during exercise.
What type of epithelium is found in the prepared slide of the penis
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Columnar epithelium
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Transitional epithelium
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Stratified squamous epithelium
Explanation
The epithelium found in the prepared slide of the penis is stratified squamous epithelium. This type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flat cells, which serve as a protective barrier against physical stress and abrasion, especially in areas exposed to mechanical friction, such as the skin of the penis.
Why other options are wrong
B. Columnar epithelium
Columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of tall, column-like cells. It is typically found in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory passages, where absorption or secretion is key. It is not found in the skin or regions exposed to abrasion, like the penis.
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells and is typically found in glands and their ducts, as well as in some kidney structures. This type of epithelium is not suited for the protective function required in the penis.
D. Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium is specialized for stretching and is found in the urinary system, such as the bladder and ureters. It allows these organs to expand and contract but is not present in the penis.
What is a hypothesis in the context of scientific experiments
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A conclusion drawn from experimental results.
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A summary of background knowledge on the topic.
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A detailed description of the experimental procedure.
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A prediction about an event that has not yet occurred
Explanation
Correct Answer D. A prediction about an event that has not yet occurred.
Explanation
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through experimentation. It is an educated guess about the outcome of an experiment based on existing knowledge, and it is often framed as a statement that can be proven true or false.
Why other options are wrong
A. A conclusion drawn from experimental results
A conclusion is drawn after conducting experiments and analyzing the data. It is not a hypothesis, as the hypothesis is tested before the experiment begins.
B. A summary of background knowledge on the topic
Background knowledge provides context for the hypothesis, but it is not the same as the hypothesis itself. The hypothesis is a testable prediction, not a summary of what is already known.
C. A detailed description of the experimental procedure
The experimental procedure outlines the steps used to conduct the experiment but does not predict the outcome. The hypothesis specifically addresses what the experiment aims to prove or disprove.
What was the primary objective of the lab report on cardiovascular function during exercise
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To study the impact of sleep on exercise performance.
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To evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise equipment.
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To analyze the effects of diet on cardiovascular health.
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To observe how the body reacts during exercise, focusing on the cardiovascular system.
Explanation
Correct Answer D. To observe how the body reacts during exercise, focusing on the cardiovascular system.
Explanation
The primary objective of the lab report on cardiovascular function during exercise is to observe and analyze how the body, particularly the cardiovascular system, reacts during physical activity. This includes monitoring changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and other related physiological responses to exercise.
Why other options are wrong
A. To study the impact of sleep on exercise performance.
This is incorrect because the focus of the lab report was on cardiovascular function during exercise, not on sleep or its impact on exercise performance.
B. To evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise equipment.
This is incorrect because the lab report was concerned with the cardiovascular response to exercise, not with comparing or evaluating exercise equipment.
C. To analyze the effects of diet on cardiovascular health.
This is incorrect as the lab report focused specifically on exercise and its effects on the cardiovascular system, not on diet or nutrition.
Which of the following tissues is NOT typically found in the dermis layer of the skin
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Epithelial tissue
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Smooth muscle tissue
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Areolar connective tissue
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Epithelial tissue
Explanation
The dermis is made up of connective tissue, including dense irregular connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, and smooth muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue, however, is not found in the dermis; it is found in the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin.
Why other options are wrong
A. Dense irregular connective tissue
This is incorrect because dense irregular connective tissue is a major component of the dermis. It provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
C. Smooth muscle tissue
This is incorrect because smooth muscle tissue is found in the dermis, where it controls the movement of hair follicles (e.g., arrector pili muscles) and helps regulate blood flow through blood vessels.
D. Areolar connective tissue
This is incorrect because areolar connective tissue is also found in the dermis. It provides elasticity and flexibility to the skin.
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