Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab (D313)
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Free Anatomy and Physiology II with Lab (D313) Questions
Where are lymph nodes primarily clustered in the body
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In the brain and spinal cord
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In the lower limbs exclusively
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In regions where major blood arteries meet
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In the abdominal cavity only
Explanation
Correct Answer C. In regions where major blood arteries meet
Explanation
Lymph nodes are primarily clustered in regions where major blood arteries meet, such as the neck, armpits, groin, and abdominal cavity. These locations are strategic for filtering lymph from different body regions and activating immune responses to pathogens that may enter the body through these pathways.
Why other options are wrong
A. In the brain and spinal cord
Lymph nodes are not found in the brain or spinal cord. The central nervous system has a distinct mechanism for waste removal through the cerebrospinal fluid, but it does not have lymph nodes.
B. In the lower limbs exclusively
While lymph nodes are found in the lower limbs (such as in the groin), they are not exclusively located there. Lymph nodes are distributed throughout the body, particularly near major blood vessels, including areas like the neck and armpits.
D. In the abdominal cavity only
Lymph nodes are not limited to the abdominal cavity. While they are present there, they are also found in other areas of the body, such as the neck, armpits, and groin, to filter lymph from various body regions.
What happens to the pressure inside the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts? What effect does this have on the lungs
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Decreases, air rushes into the lungs
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Increases, air is expelled from the lungs
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Remains constant
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Causes lung collapse
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Decreases, air rushes into the lungs
Explanation
When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This expansion causes the pressure inside the thoracic cavity to decrease relative to the atmospheric pressure. As a result, air rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure, a process known as inspiration.
Why other options are wrong
B. Increases, air is expelled from the lungs
This is incorrect because when the diaphragm contracts, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases, not increases. It is the relaxation of the diaphragm that causes the pressure to increase, pushing air out of the lungs.
C. Remains constant
This is incorrect because the pressure in the thoracic cavity does not remain constant. It decreases when the diaphragm contracts, allowing air to enter the lungs.
D. Causes lung collapse
This is incorrect because the contraction of the diaphragm actually aids in the expansion of the lungs by lowering the pressure in the thoracic cavity, not causing a collapse. Lung collapse would occur due to other factors, such as a punctured lung or pleural effusion.
Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average urine production rate
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Increase
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Decrease
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Not change
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Fluctuate
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Decrease
Explanation
Dehydration causes the body to conserve water, which results in a decrease in urine production. The kidneys will reabsorb more water to maintain hydration levels, reducing the amount of urine produced. This is a natural response to prevent excessive fluid loss when the body is dehydrated.
Why other options are wrong
A. Increase – Dehydration reduces urine production, not increases it. The body tries to conserve water, leading to less urine output.
C. Not change – Dehydration directly affects urine production, so it will change, not remain unchanged.
D. Fluctuate – Urine production does not fluctuate consistently in dehydration; it generally decreases as the body attempts to conserve water.
What technique was used to measure blood flow velocity in the lab
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Using a stethoscope only
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Using a sphygmomanometer
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Using the Doppler
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Using a thermometer
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Using the Doppler
Explanation
The Doppler technique is used to measure blood flow velocity. It uses sound waves to detect the movement of blood cells within blood vessels, allowing for the measurement of flow speed and detection of irregularities.
Why other options are wrong
A. Using a stethoscope only
A stethoscope is used to listen to heart sounds and detect abnormal sounds, but it does not measure blood flow velocity. It can aid in assessing the heartbeat but cannot measure the speed of blood flow.
B. Using a sphygmomanometer
A sphygmomanometer is used for measuring blood pressure, not blood flow velocity. While it assesses the pressure of blood in the arteries, it does not directly measure how fast the blood is moving.
D. Using a thermometer
A thermometer measures body temperature, not blood flow velocity. It is unrelated to the measurement of blood circulation speed or blood pressure.
What is the initial part of the large intestine called
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Rectum
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Colon
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Cecum
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Appendix
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Cecum
Explanation
The initial part of the large intestine is called the cecum. It is a pouch-like structure that receives undigested food from the small intestine and marks the beginning of the large intestine. It also connects to the appendix, which is a small, tubular structure attached to it.
Why other options are wrong
A. Rectum
The rectum is the last part of the large intestine, not the first. It is responsible for storing feces before they are expelled through the anus, but it does not connect directly to the small intestine.
B. Colon
The colon is a part of the large intestine, but it is not the first section. The cecum is the beginning of the large intestine, from which the colon extends.
D. Appendix
The appendix is a small organ attached to the cecum, but it is not the initial part of the large intestine. It serves no significant digestive function in most individuals and is considered a vestigial structure.
What is the purpose of mechanical digestion
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To store excess fat
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To absorb nutrients
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To produce bile
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To break down food physically
Explanation
Correct Answer D. To break down food physically
Explanation
Mechanical digestion involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces to facilitate chemical digestion. This process includes actions such as chewing in the mouth, churning in the stomach, and the mixing of food with digestive juices. The goal is to increase the surface area of the food to allow digestive enzymes to break it down more efficiently.
Why other options are wrong
A. To store excess fat – Mechanical digestion is not related to fat storage. Fat storage happens primarily in adipose tissue, not as part of the digestive breakdown process.
B. To absorb nutrients – Nutrient absorption happens mainly in the small intestine, not as part of mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion prepares food for chemical digestion and absorption, but it is not involved in nutrient absorption itself.
C. To produce bile – Bile production is carried out by the liver, not through mechanical digestion. Mechanical digestion helps break food into smaller pieces, while bile aids in the digestion of fats.
Why might exercise values differ between individuals with heart conditions and those with healthy hearts
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Due to the type of exercise being performed.
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Because individuals with heart conditions are always older.
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Because healthy individuals are always more motivated to exercise.
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Due to physiological limitations imposed by heart conditions.
Explanation
Correct Answer D. Due to physiological limitations imposed by heart conditions.
Explanation
Exercise values might differ between individuals with heart conditions and those with healthy hearts because individuals with heart conditions experience physiological limitations. These limitations can affect their ability to perform physical activities at the same intensity or duration as someone with a healthy heart, due to factors like reduced cardiac output, blood flow, and oxygen delivery.
Why other options are wrong
A. Due to the type of exercise being performed.
While the type of exercise might influence performance, this option does not directly address the underlying reasons for differences in exercise values between individuals with heart conditions and healthy individuals, which are primarily physiological.
B. Because individuals with heart conditions are always older.
This is incorrect because age alone does not explain the difference in exercise values. Although heart conditions may be more common with age, it is the condition itself, not the age, that imposes limitations on exercise performance.
C. Because healthy individuals are always more motivated to exercise.
This is incorrect as motivation is not the primary factor causing differences in exercise values. Physiological limitations caused by heart conditions are the main factor, not the motivation levels of individuals.
At what stage does spermatogenesis begin
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Adolescence
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In adulthood only
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Before birth
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At puberty only
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Adolescence
Explanation
Spermatogenesis begins at adolescence, which is marked by the onset of puberty. During this period, male reproductive organs mature, and sperm production begins. This process continues throughout adulthood, although sperm production rates may decrease with age.
Why other options are wrong
B. In adulthood only
This option is incorrect because spermatogenesis starts during adolescence, not adulthood. Although it continues throughout adult life, it does not begin at this stage.
C. Before birth
Spermatogenesis does not begin before birth. While males are born with a set number of spermatogonial stem cells, actual sperm production begins only during adolescence after puberty.
D. At puberty only
While puberty triggers the start of spermatogenesis, it is not the exclusive time it occurs. The process begins earlier in adolescence and continues beyond puberty, so the timing is not restricted solely to puberty.
What structural features of alveoli make them an ideal place for gas exchange
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Thin walls, large surface area, rich blood supply, moist environment
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Dry environment
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Low blood supply
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Thick walls, small surface area, poor blood supply
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Thin walls, large surface area, rich blood supply, moist environment
Explanation
Alveoli are specialized for gas exchange due to their thin walls, which allow gases to diffuse easily. They also have a large surface area, providing more space for gas exchange to occur. The rich blood supply ensures that oxygen is efficiently transported to the rest of the body, and the moist environment helps dissolve gases for easier exchange.
Why other options are wrong
B. Dry environment
This is incorrect because a dry environment would hinder the diffusion of gases across the alveolar membrane. The moist environment in the alveoli facilitates gas exchange.
C. Low blood supply
This is incorrect because a low blood supply would decrease the efficiency of gas exchange. Alveoli have a rich blood supply to maximize oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal.
D. Thick walls, small surface area, poor blood supply
This is incorrect because these characteristics would reduce the efficiency of gas exchange. Alveoli need thin walls, a large surface area, and a rich blood supply for optimal function.
What is the role of the thymus gland in the human body
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Filtration of lymph fluid
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Production of red blood cells
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Maturation of T lymphocytes
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Storage of fat cells
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Maturation of T lymphocytes
Explanation
The thymus gland plays a critical role in the development and maturation of T lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell essential for immune response. T lymphocytes mature in the thymus before being released into the bloodstream, where they help protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.
Why other options are wrong
A. Filtration of lymph fluid
Filtration of lymph fluid is performed by lymph nodes, not the thymus gland. The thymus is involved in immune cell development, not fluid filtration.
B. Production of red blood cells
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, not in the thymus. The thymus focuses on immune system function, specifically T-cell maturation.
D. Storage of fat cells
The thymus is not involved in fat cell storage. Its primary function is related to the immune system, particularly the maturation of T lymphocytes.
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