BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I
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Free BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I Questions
In reference to events at a chemical synapse, which of the following occurs on the post-synaptic cell?
- A. Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis
- B. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors
- C. The opening of voltage-gated calcium channels allows calcium into the cell
Explanation
At a chemical synapse, the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic cell binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell, which leads to changes in the post-synaptic cell’s membrane potential. This binding can open ion channels, causing either depolarization (excitatory) or hyperpolarization (inhibitory) of the post-synaptic cell.
In the autonomic nervous system, all preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter:
- A. Serotonin
- B. Acetylcholine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Dopamine
Explanation
In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), all preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. Preganglionic neurons, which are part of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, release ACh to activate postganglionic neurons. This is true for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, though the postganglionic neurotransmitters can differ. For example, in the sympathetic system, postganglionic fibers typically release norepinephrine, whereas in the parasympathetic system, postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine.
Which of the following statements concerning neurotransmitters is/are true? Select all answers that are true of neurotransmitters.
- A. Substance P suppresses the perception of pain
- B. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction
- C. Dopamine is a catecholamine
- D. Chronic depression is associated with high levels of serotonin in the brain
Explanation
B. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine is indeed the neurotransmitter released from motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction. This neurotransmitter is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses from the motor neurons to the muscle fibers, causing the muscle to contract. This process is essential for voluntary movement. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, binds to receptors on the muscle fibers, and triggers muscle contraction.
C. Dopamine is a catecholamine
Dopamine is classified as a catecholamine. Catecholamines are a group of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These neurotransmitters are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and play significant roles in the brain, particularly in regulating mood, movement, and reward pathways. Dopamine is involved in several essential functions, including motor control, motivation, and the reward system.
Where on a neuron would you find ligand-gated ion channels?
- A. Dendrites only
- B. Dendrites and cell body
- C. Cell body only
- D. Axon only
Explanation
Ligand-gated ion channels are primarily located on the dendrites and the cell body of a neuron. These channels are involved in synaptic transmission, where neurotransmitters (ligands) bind to the channels, causing them to open and allowing ions to flow across the membrane. This is a key part of the process of generating postsynaptic potentials and initiating action potentials.
A neuron has just produced an action potential. A second action potential cannot occur until:
- A. All the sodium ions have been pumped back into the cell
- B. All potassium ions have been pumped out of the cell
- C. The voltage-gated sodium channels have been reset
Explanation
After an action potential, the voltage-gated sodium channels enter an inactivated state. A second action potential cannot occur until these sodium channels return to their resting (closed) state, a process known as resetting. This ensures that the neuron can only generate one action potential at a time and that each action potential is unidirectional.
The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system controls:
- A. Involuntary motor functions
- B. Voluntary motor functions
- C. Visceral reflexes
Explanation
The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary motor functions. This includes the movement of skeletal muscles, which can be consciously controlled, such as walking, talking, and any other voluntary physical activities. The motor neurons of the somatic nervous system carry signals from the brain to the skeletal muscles.
The absolute refractory period for a neuron is the time:
- A. During which a very strong stimulus is needed to initiate a second action potential
- B. During which the membrane is hyperpolarized
- C. During which a second action potential cannot be initiated
Explanation
The absolute refractory period is the period of time during which a neuron cannot initiate a second action potential, no matter how strong the stimulus. This occurs because the voltage-gated sodium channels are either already open or inactivated, preventing the neuron from responding to additional stimuli. It ensures that action potentials propagate in one direction and that each action potential is distinct.
All of the following can increase the strength (amplitude) of a graded potential except:
- A. Spatial summation
- B. Presynaptic inhibition
- C. Temporal summation
- D. A starting membrane potential that is closer to zero than resting
Explanation
Presynaptic inhibition reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron, which leads to a weaker postsynaptic response and a smaller graded potential. This decreases the strength of the signal rather than increasing it.
The "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system is the:
- A. Parasympathetic division
- B. Sympathetic division
- C. Somatic division
Explanation
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. It prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, inhibiting digestion, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. These changes help the body respond quickly to perceived threats.
All of the following are functions of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) except:
- A. Cushioning of the CNS
- B. Circulation of blood
- C. Nourishment of brain cells
- D. Transporting hormones and waste through CNS
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves several critical functions in the central nervous system (CNS), but it does not circulate blood. Blood circulation is the responsibility of the cardiovascular system, particularly the heart and blood vessels. CSF primarily provides cushioning for the brain and spinal cord, nourishes brain cells by supplying nutrients and removing waste products, and helps in the transport of hormones and waste through the CNS.
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