BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College
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Free BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College Questions
Afferent nerves conduct impulses from:
- A. central nervous system to receptors
- B. effectors to the central nervous system
- C. receptors to the central nervous system
- D. the central nervous system to effectors
Explanation
Explanation
Afferent nerves (also known as sensory nerves) carry sensory information from receptors (such as those in the skin, eyes, or other sensory organs) to the central nervous system (CNS), where the information is processed. In contrast, efferent nerves carry motor signals from the CNS to the effectors (muscles or glands).Correct Answer Is:
C. receptors to the central nervous systemA cluster of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a:
- A. Ganglion
- B. Nucleus
- C. Fasicle
- D. Tract
Explanation
A ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, in the peripheral nervous system. Ganglia are involved in transmitting signals between the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system.
Which of the following are basic taste sensations? (Select all options that are basic taste sensations)
- A. Bitter
- B. Sweet
- C. Spicy
- D. Salty
Explanation
A. Bitter
Bitter is one of the basic taste sensations. It is typically associated with substances that may be harmful or toxic, which is why we are particularly sensitive to bitter flavors. This sensitivity helps protect the body by prompting us to avoid potentially harmful foods.
B. Sweet
Sweet is another basic taste sensation that signals the presence of sugars, which are a source of energy for the body. Sweet taste receptors are important for detecting energy-rich foods, and this taste is often associated with a positive or rewarding sensation.
D. Salty
Salty is a basic taste sensation primarily triggered by sodium ions. Salt is essential for many bodily functions, including maintaining fluid balance and nerve transmission, so the salty taste helps us identify foods with essential electrolytes.
Which of these is true of an action potential?
-
Options:
A. fades out as it moves along the membrane - B. can travel to the dendrites
- C. it moves from the axon hillock to the axon terminal
- D. can be a depolarization or hyperpolarization
Explanation
Explanation
An action potential is a brief, all-or-nothing electrical signal that is initiated at the axon hillock when the membrane potential reaches threshold. It then propagates in one direction along the axon toward the axon terminal without fading due to regenerative voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. Action potentials do not travel backward into the dendrites (B), do not fade out (A), and are specifically a depolarization event followed by repolarization; they are not hyperpolarizations (D), though hyperpolarization can occur during the after-hyperpolarization phase but is part of the same event.Correct Answer Is:
C. it moves from the axon hillock to the axon terminalVitamin D is important for bone growth because:
- A. Vit D is necessary for calcium absorption
- B. Vit D stimulates chondroblasts to grow
- C. Vit D is part of the bone matrix
- D. Vit D inhibits osteoclasts
Explanation
Explanation
Vitamin D plays a critical role in bone health by promoting the absorption of calcium in the intestines. Calcium is essential for bone mineralization and strength. Without adequate vitamin D, the body cannot absorb enough calcium, leading to weak bones and conditions such as rickets or osteomalacia. Vitamin D does not directly stimulate chondroblasts, is not part of the bone matrix, nor does it inhibit osteoclasts in the way that would directly influence bone formation.Correct Answer Is:
A. Vit D is necessary for calcium absorptionWhich of the following organ systems is responsible for allowing movement, protection of internal organs, blood formation, and mineral storage?
- A. muscular system
- B. skeletal system
- C. cardiovascular system
- D. integumentary system
Explanation
Explanation
The skeletal system plays a crucial role in allowing movement (in partnership with the muscular system), protecting internal organs, storing minerals (like calcium and phosphorus), and producing blood cells in the bone marrow. The muscular system is involved in movement, but the skeletal system specifically handles these additional functions. The cardiovascular system is responsible for blood circulation, while the integumentary system protects the body and regulates temperature but doesn't handle blood formation or mineral storage.Correct Answer Is:
B. skeletal systemA neuron with many processes emerging from one soma is classified as a/n:
- A. multipolar neuron
- B. pseudounipolar neuron
- C. bipolar neuron
Explanation
Explanation
A multipolar neuron has many processes (dendrites and one axon) emerging from a single soma. This is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system, especially in motor neurons.Correct Answer Is:
A. multipolar neuronThe function of adrenocorticotropic hormone is to:
- A. Stimulate the adrenal gland to make cortisol
- B. Stimulate the adrenal gland to make epinephrine
- C. Stimulate the pancreas to make insulin
- D. Stimulate the thyroid gland to make calcitonin
Explanation
Explanation
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and primarily stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol is a key hormone in the body’s stress response and plays a role in regulating metabolism, immune function, and stress adaptation.Correct Answer Is:
A. Stimulate the adrenal gland to make cortisolDuring the onset of a fever, metabolic rate will:
- A. not change
- B. decrease
- C. increase
Explanation
Explanation
During the onset of a fever, the body's metabolic rate increases. This is part of the body's response to infection or other stimuli that trigger the immune system. The elevated temperature helps enhance immune function and the production of white blood cells to fight off pathogens. An increased metabolic rate generates more heat, which raises the body temperature as part of the fever response.Correct Answer Is:
C. increaseThe diencephalon includes the following structures:
- A. Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- B. Hypothalamus, epithalamus, and thalamus
- C. Thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata
- D. Cortex, cerebral nuclei, and cerebral white matter
Explanation
The diencephalon is a part of the brain located beneath the cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem. It includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. These structures are responsible for important functions like sensory relay (thalamus), regulation of autonomic functions (hypothalamus), and the regulation of circadian rhythms (epithalamus).
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