BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College
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Free BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College Questions
Glucagon is a hormone synthesized by the pancreas. This hormone causes:
- growth and development during gestation
- suppression of appetite
- muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood
- the liver to release glucose to the blood
Explanation
Explanation
Glucagon is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. Its primary function is to stimulate the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood glucose levels. This is an important response to maintain energy balance, especially between meals. Glucagon does not suppress appetite, promote growth, or cause muscle and fat cells to take up glucose—those are functions of insulin.Correct Answer Is:
D. the liver to release glucose to the bloodIf blood calcium levels are low, the parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormones to activate osteoclasts. This is an example of negative feedback because:
- the low blood levels of calcium directly caused osteoblasts to build more bone
- the low blood level of calcium was maintained by osteoclasts breaking down bone
- the low blood level of calcium was increased by osteoclasts breaking down bone
- the low blood level of calcium was made even lower by osteoclasts breaking down bone
Explanation
Explanation
When blood calcium levels drop, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released to stimulate osteoclasts, which break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This process increases blood calcium levels, counteracting the deficiency. Negative feedback occurs because the response (bone breakdown and calcium release) works to bring the body back to a balanced state, increasing calcium levels to the normal range.Correct Answer Is:
C. the low blood level of calcium was increased by osteoclasts breaking down boneWhich of these is true of an action potential?
-
Options:
A. fades out as it moves along the membrane - can travel to the dendrites
- it moves from the axon hillock to the axon terminal
- can be a depolarization or hyperpolarization
Explanation
Explanation
An action potential is a brief, all-or-nothing electrical signal that is initiated at the axon hillock when the membrane potential reaches threshold. It then propagates in one direction along the axon toward the axon terminal without fading due to regenerative voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels. Action potentials do not travel backward into the dendrites (B), do not fade out (A), and are specifically a depolarization event followed by repolarization; they are not hyperpolarizations (D), though hyperpolarization can occur during the after-hyperpolarization phase but is part of the same event.Correct Answer Is:
C. it moves from the axon hillock to the axon terminalAll of the following are true about bone homeostasis except:
- woven bone is the precursor to lamellar bone
- remodeling allows bone to serve as the body's reservoir for calcium
- bone constantly remodels its matrix along lines of stress
- osteogenesis begins after birth
Explanation
Explanation
Osteogenesis, or the formation of bone, begins during fetal development, not after birth. During embryonic development, bone is formed through either intramembranous ossification (direct formation of bone from mesenchymal tissue) or endochondral ossification (formation of bone from a cartilage template). The other statements are true: woven bone is indeed a temporary precursor to lamellar bone, bone remodeling allows for calcium storage and release, and bone remodeling occurs along lines of stress, as described by Wolff’s law.Correct Answer Is:
D. osteogenesis begins after birthThe fastest way for a muscle cell to generate ATP is through:
- anaerobic glycolysis
- oxidative respiration
- direct phosphorylation
Explanation
Explanation
Direct phosphorylation is the fastest method for generating ATP in muscle cells. This process involves the transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP, forming ATP. This reaction occurs very quickly and provides immediate energy for short bursts of intense activity, but it only lasts for a short period.Correct Answer Is:
C. direct phosphorylationThe inside of a muscle fiber membrane has a/n ______ charge compared to the outside.
- positive
- equal
- negative
Explanation
Explanation
In a resting muscle fiber (or any resting cell), the inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside. This difference in charge is known as the resting membrane potential and is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. This creates a negative charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside.Correct Answer Is:
C. negativeBinding of a ligand to a receptor directly causes a change in membrane permeability to a specific ion. This type of receptor is a/n:
- cytoplasmic receptor
- ligand-gated ion channel
- catalytic protein receptor
- G-protein coupled receptor
Explanation
Explanation
A ligand-gated ion channel is a type of receptor that opens or closes in response to the binding of a specific ligand, allowing ions to flow across the membrane. This directly alters the membrane's permeability to the ion it controls. In contrast, G-protein coupled receptors and catalytic protein receptors initiate signaling cascades but do not directly change ion permeability. Cytoplasmic receptors are involved in regulating gene expression but are not located on the membrane.Correct Answer Is:
B. ligand-gated ion channelDamage to the semicircular canals would cause abnormalities in:
- Hearing quiet sounds
- Sensing movement or rotation of the head
- Sensing position/orientation of the head
Explanation
The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear and are responsible for detecting rotational movements of the head. They contain fluid and sensory hair cells that respond to changes in the head’s position and motion. Damage to these canals would impair the ability to sense head rotation, leading to balance problems and dizziness (vertigo).
The strength of a muscle contraction can be increased by:
- shorter starting length of sarcomeres
- decrease in the strength of the stimulus
- increasing the frequency of the stimulus
Explanation
Explanation
The strength of a muscle contraction can be increased by increasing the frequency of the stimulus, a phenomenon known as summation. When stimuli are applied at a higher frequency, the muscle doesn't have time to relax between stimuli, leading to a stronger contraction (tetanic contraction).Correct Answer Is:
C. increasing the frequency of the stimulusThe somatic division of the peripheral nervous system controls:
- Involuntary motor functions
- Voluntary motor functions
- Visceral reflexes
Explanation
The somatic division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary motor functions. This includes the movement of skeletal muscles, which can be consciously controlled, such as walking, talking, and any other voluntary physical activities. The motor neurons of the somatic nervous system carry signals from the brain to the skeletal muscles.
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