BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College
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Free BIOL-203-604 2025 FA Anatomy and Physiology I at Howard Community College Questions
Exocrine glands can be classified by how they secrete their products. The functional classes of glands include:
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holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine
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tubular and acinar
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columnar, cuboidal, and squamous
Explanation
Explanation
Exocrine glands are classified based on their secretion methods. Holocrine glands release entire cells filled with product (e.g., sebaceous glands), apocrine glands release a portion of the cell along with the secretion (e.g., mammary glands), and merocrine glands secrete their products via exocytosis without loss of cellular material (e.g., sweat glands). The terms tubular and acinar refer to the shapes of the gland's ducts, not the secretion method, while columnar, cuboidal, and squamous describe epithelial cell shapes, not gland secretion types.Correct Answer Is:
A. holocrine, apocrine, and merocrineWhich of the following can increase the conduction velocity of an action potential as it propagates along an axon? (Select all options that can increase the conduction velocity)
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Presence of chemically gated ion channels
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Presence of a myelin sheath
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Small diameter of the axon
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Decreasing internal body temperature
Explanation
The presence of a myelin sheath around an axon increases the conduction velocity of an action potential by allowing saltatory conduction. This process enables the action potential to "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next, significantly speeding up transmission. Myelin acts as an insulator, reducing the loss of electrical signal and allowing for faster propagation.
Both hair and nails are made of:
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sebum
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dense connective tissue
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keratin
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melanin
Explanation
Explanation
Hair and nails are primarily composed of keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that provides strength and protection. Sebum is an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands that helps lubricate the skin and hair, while dense connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin and hair color but is not a major structural component of hair and nails.Correct Answer Is:
C. keratinSome epithelial cells, like the cells lining the trachea, have specialized projections on the apical surface which can wave to move fluids around. These projections are called:
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microvilli
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cilia
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actin
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keratin
Explanation
Explanation
Cilia are hair-like projections on the apical surface of certain epithelial cells. They move in a coordinated, wave-like fashion to help move fluids, such as mucus, across the surface. This is important in areas like the trachea, where cilia help clear debris from the respiratory system. Microvilli, on the other hand, are smaller projections that increase surface area for absorption, like those in the intestines. Actin is a protein involved in cell movement but is not a projection, and keratin is a protein found in skin and hair, not involved in fluid movement.Correct Answer Is:
B. ciliaAll of the following describe symptoms of heat stroke except:
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loss of consciousness
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profuse sweating
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rapid heart rate
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body temperature above 104°F
Explanation
Explanation
Profuse sweating is typically seen in heat exhaustion, not heat stroke. In heat stroke, the body's cooling mechanisms (such as sweating) fail, and the individual may stop sweating altogether. Heat stroke is characterized by a high body temperature (above 104°F), rapid heart rate, and possible loss of consciousness, making it a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.Correct Answer Is:
B. profuse sweatingThe strength of a muscle contraction can be increased by:
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shorter starting length of sarcomeres
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decrease in the strength of the stimulus
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increasing the frequency of the stimulus
Explanation
Explanation
The strength of a muscle contraction can be increased by increasing the frequency of the stimulus, a phenomenon known as summation. When stimuli are applied at a higher frequency, the muscle doesn't have time to relax between stimuli, leading to a stronger contraction (tetanic contraction).Correct Answer Is:
C. increasing the frequency of the stimulusOpening of voltage-gated sodium channels results in:
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Depolarization
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No change in membrane potential
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Hyperpolarization
Explanation
When voltage-gated sodium channels open, sodium ions (Na+) rush into the neuron due to the electrochemical gradient. This influx of positively charged sodium ions causes the inside of the neuron to become more positive, which leads to depolarization. Depolarization is a critical step in generating an action potential in neurons.
Which of these cells provides the myelin sheath for neurons in the central nervous system?
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astrocytes
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Schwann cells
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oligodendrocytes
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ependymal cells
Explanation
Explanation
Oligodendrocytes are the cells responsible for producing the myelin sheath around neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is essential for increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission along the axons. Schwann cells perform a similar function in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Astrocytes are involved in supporting neurons and maintaining the blood-brain barrier, while ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).Correct Answer Is:
C. oligodendrocytesThe -------- spinal tracts carry afferent, sensory impulses to the brain.
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Ascending
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Peripheral
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Descending
Explanation
The ascending spinal tracts carry afferent sensory information from the body to the brain. These tracts transmit signals related to sensations such as pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception (body position). The sensory information is processed in the brain, allowing the body to perceive and respond to stimuli.
Which of the following would be the result of sympathetic stimulation?
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Increase in the secretion of saliva and tears
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Increase in digestive activity
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Decrease in blood pressure
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Increase in heart rate
Explanation
Sympathetic stimulation prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. One of its key effects is to increase heart rate (tachycardia) to pump more blood and oxygen to muscles and vital organs in preparation for physical exertion or stress. Sympathetic activation also typically raises blood pressure and inhibits non-essential functions such as digestion.
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