Bio205 CCS SU26 Microbiology (202620785) Cochise College
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Free Bio205 CCS SU26 Microbiology (202620785) Cochise College Questions
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oxygen / 38 / an organic substance / 36
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oxygen / 38 / an inorganic substance other than oxygen / 36
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pyruvate / 36 / oxygen / 38
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an inorganic substance other than oxygen / 36 / oxygen / 38
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oxygen / 32 / an organic substance / 30
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Oxygen / 38 / an inorganic substance other than oxygen / 36
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O₂), which is reduced to water. The complete aerobic oxidation of one glucose molecule yields a maximum of approximately 36 to 38 ATP through the combined output of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is not oxygen but rather an inorganic substance other than oxygen, such as nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), or carbon dioxide (CO₂). Because these alternative acceptors are less electronegative than oxygen, less energy is released per electron pair transferred, resulting in a lower maximum ATP yield of up to 36 ATP depending on the electron acceptor used.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Oxygen / 38 / an organic substance / 36 — The final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration is an inorganic substance other than oxygen, not an organic substance. Organic substances such as pyruvate serve as electron acceptors in fermentation, not anaerobic respiration. These are distinct processes.
C. Pyruvate / 36 / oxygen / 38 — Pyruvate is the electron acceptor in fermentation, not in aerobic respiration. Oxygen is the aerobic electron acceptor and this option reverses the two processes entirely.
D. An inorganic substance other than oxygen / 36 / oxygen / 38 — This reverses the definitions. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor and anaerobic respiration uses an alternative inorganic acceptor, not the other way around.
E. Oxygen / 32 / an organic substance / 30 — While the first electron acceptor is correctly identified as oxygen, the ATP yields are lower than the accepted values and the anaerobic electron acceptor is incorrectly described as an organic substance rather than an inorganic substance other than oxygen.
Genus, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain, Class, Order, Family, Species
Explanation
Correct Answer (from most broad to most specific):
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
The taxonomic hierarchy in biological classification, from broadest to most specific, is Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. A helpful mnemonic to remember this order is: Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup. Each level becomes progressively more specific, with Domain encompassing the greatest diversity of life and Species representing the most precise and narrowly defined classification of an individual organism type.
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Simple diffusion
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Group translocation
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Active transport
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Osmosis
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) Simple diffusion
Simple diffusion is the passive movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, following the concentration gradient. This process requires no energy and no carrier proteins, relying entirely on the random kinetic motion of molecules until equilibrium is reached.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. Group translocation — Group translocation is a specialized active transport mechanism unique to prokaryotes in which the solute molecule is chemically modified as it is transported across the membrane. It requires energy and involves chemical change, distinguishing it from passive diffusion.
C. Active transport — Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, and requires energy in the form of ATP. This is the opposite direction from what is described.
D. Osmosis — Osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water, not solute, across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
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opportunistic microbiota
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normal microbiota
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transient microbiota
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pathogenic microorganisms
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virulent microorganisms
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Normal microbiota
Normal microbiota, also called normal flora or resident microbiota, refers to the communities of microorganisms that permanently and harmlessly colonize the human body in a mutualistic relationship. They provide significant benefits including competitive exclusion of pathogens, stimulation of immune development, and synthesis of essential vitamins such as vitamin K and certain B vitamins. These organisms are a natural and beneficial part of human physiology.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Opportunistic microbiota — Opportunistic microorganisms are normally harmless but can cause disease when the host's immune defenses are compromised. They do not describe the permanently beneficial resident community.
C. Transient microbiota — Transient microbiota are temporary colonizers that pass through the body without establishing permanent residence. They do not provide the consistent mutualistic benefits described in the question.
D. Pathogenic microorganisms — Pathogens cause disease and harm the host. This is the opposite of the mutualistic, protective role described.
E. Virulent microorganisms — Virulence refers to the degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism. Highly virulent organisms cause severe disease and are not the beneficial residents described.
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Methanogens
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Plants
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Fungi
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Protists
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Protists
Protists are a highly diverse and polyphyletic group of eukaryotic microorganisms that share similar ribosomal RNA sequences but exhibit enormous variation in morphology, motility, nutrition, and ecological roles. Historically, Kingdom Protista served as a catch-all classification for eukaryotes that did not fit neatly into the animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms. The group includes organisms as varied as amoebas, algae, slime molds, and protozoa.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Methanogens — Methanogens are Archaea, not eukaryotes. They are prokaryotic organisms that produce methane and belong to Domain Archaea, not to any eukaryotic kingdom.
B. Plants — Plants are a well-defined, coherent kingdom characterized by cellulose cell walls, photosynthesis, and multicellularity. They are not described as a catch-all group and show much less diversity in fundamental biology than protists.
C. Fungi — Fungi are a distinct and well-characterized kingdom defined by chitin cell walls, heterotrophic nutrition through absorption, and a defined reproductive biology. They are not used as a catch-all classification.
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A solute combines with a transporter protein and moves with its concentration gradient.
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A solute is changed chemically while being transported.
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A cell uses energy to move substances against the concentration gradient.
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Water moves across a membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (A) A solute combines with a transporter protein and moves with its concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport in which molecules that cannot freely cross the lipid bilayer, due to size or charge, are carried across the membrane by specific transport proteins such as channel proteins or carrier proteins. Movement occurs down the concentration gradient and requires no energy, but relies on protein assistance for membrane crossing.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B. A solute is changed chemically while being transported — Chemical modification during transport is the hallmark of group translocation, a prokaryotic active transport mechanism. Facilitated diffusion does not alter the transported molecule.
C. A cell uses energy to move substances against the concentration gradient — This describes active transport. Facilitated diffusion is passive and always moves substances down, not against, their concentration gradient.
D. Water moves across a membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration — This describes osmosis, which is a specific form of passive transport for water, not facilitated diffusion.
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They are multicellular.
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They have eukaryotic cells.
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They can photosynthesize.
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They have chitin cell walls.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) They have chitin cell walls.
Plants do not have chitin cell walls. Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, a polysaccharide made of glucose units. Chitin is the structural polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods. This is a defining difference between Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Fungi.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. They are multicellular — All members of Kingdom Plantae are multicellular organisms. This is a true statement.
B. They have eukaryotic cells — Plants are eukaryotes with membrane-bound nuclei and organelles including chloroplasts and mitochondria. This is a true statement.
C. They can photosynthesize — Photosynthesis is the defining metabolic process of plants, allowing them to convert light energy into chemical energy using chlorophyll. This is a true statement.
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protozoology
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virology
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parasitology
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bacteriology
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mycology
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C
Parasitology is the branch of biology and medicine that focuses on parasites and their relationships with host organisms. It encompasses the study of parasitic worms (helminths), protozoa, and ectoparasites. The study of parasitic worms, also known as helminthology, falls under the broader field of parasitology.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Protozoology — Protozoology is the study of protozoa, which are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms. It does not encompass parasitic worms.
B. Virology — Virology is the study of viruses, their structure, classification, and interactions with host organisms. It has no relation to parasitic worms.
D. Bacteriology — Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Parasitic worms are multicellular organisms in an entirely different biological category.
E. Mycology — Mycology is the study of fungi. It is unrelated to parasitic worm biology.
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species, genus
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domain, kingdom
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genus, species
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family, class
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kingdom, domain
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Genus, species
In binomial nomenclature, the naming convention established by Carolus Linnaeus, every organism is given a two-part Latin name. The first word, always capitalized, denotes the genus, and the second word, written in lowercase, denotes the species. Therefore in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus is the genus and aureus is the species epithet. This system allows for precise, universally recognized identification of organisms.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Species, genus — This reverses the correct order. The first name is always genus, not species.
B. Domain, kingdom — Domain and kingdom are broader taxonomic levels far above genus and species. They are not represented in a binomial name.
D. Family, class — These are also higher-level taxonomic classifications and are not components of a binomial scientific name.
E. Kingdom, domain — Like options B and D, these represent upper-level taxonomy and are not part of the two-part binomial naming system.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
Sites of protein synthesis — Ribosomes Ribosomes are the molecular machines responsible for translating mRNA into protein. They are found in all living cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and are the universal site of protein synthesis.
Responsible in ATP production (the powerhouse of the cell) — Mitochondria Mitochondria carry out oxidative phosphorylation through the electron transport chain to produce the majority of a cell's ATP. Their role in energy production earned them the well-known title of the powerhouse of the cell.
Folded transport network — Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive network of folded membranous cisternae involved in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER).
Viscous layer external to the cell wall, contributes to virulence — Glycocalyx The glycocalyx is the carbohydrate-rich coating exterior to the cell wall. When well-organized and firmly attached it forms a capsule, which is a major virulence factor protecting bacteria from phagocytosis and immune recognition.
Structure that houses the bacterial chromosome — Nucleoid The nucleoid is the region within a prokaryotic cell where the circular bacterial chromosome is located. Unlike the eukaryotic nucleus, it is not enclosed by a membrane.
Modifies and transfers proteins from the ER — Golgi complex The Golgi complex (Golgi apparatus) receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them through processes such as glycosylation, and packages them into vesicles for transport to their final destinations inside or outside the cell.
Location of photosynthesis — Chloroplast Chloroplasts are the membrane-bound organelles in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs. They contain chlorophyll and the thylakoid membranes where light reactions take place, as well as the stroma where the Calvin cycle proceeds.
Liquidy substance inside the plasma membrane — Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled interior of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane. In prokaryotes it contains the nucleoid, ribosomes, and inclusions. In eukaryotes it surrounds the organelles and contains the cytosol.
Phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm — Plasma membrane The plasma membrane is the selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that defines the boundary of the cell, regulates the passage of substances in and out, and maintains cellular integrity in all living organisms.
Protects the cell membrane, made of peptidoglycan, and prevents osmotic lysis — Cell wall The bacterial cell wall is composed primarily of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides structural rigidity, maintains cell shape, and prevents the cell from bursting due to osmotic pressure in hypotonic environments.
External appendage of the cell utilized for motility — Flagella Flagella are long, whip-like protein appendages that extend from the cell surface and rotate to propel the bacterium through its environment. They are the primary structure responsible for bacterial motility.
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