Global and Population Health (D224)
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Free Global and Population Health (D224) Questions
What global health organization is a government agency or not-for-profit organization that is based on a single country and provides funding to developing countries? Ex: USAID
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PVO
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Bilateral
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Multilateral
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NGO
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Bilateral|
Explanation:
A bilateral organization is a government agency or not-for-profit that is based in one country and provides funding or aid to developing countries. An example is USAID (United States Agency for International Development), which offers aid and support to developing nations directly.
Why other options are wrong:
A. PVO. This refers to a Private Voluntary Organization, which is usually a non-governmental, nonprofit organization that provides aid, often on a smaller scale, and can operate both domestically and internationally.
C. Multilateral. Multilateral organizations involve multiple countries and provide aid collectively, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), or the Global Fund.
D. NGO. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are nonprofit organizations that operate independently of government, often focusing on health, education, and development projects across the globe, but they are not government-based agencies.
How does the nurse address the concerns of a patient with chronic gastrointestinal issues regarding malnutrition at the clinic?
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Refers the patient to another facility
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Ignores the patient's concerns
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Advocates for patient, arranges outpatient dietician services at home
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Provides medication without collaboration
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. Advocates for patient, arranges outpatient dietician services at home
Explanation:
The nurse's role in addressing malnutrition in patients with chronic gastrointestinal issues involves advocating for the patient's needs and ensuring they have access to appropriate care. Arranging outpatient dietician services is a proactive approach to help the patient manage their nutrition and address concerns about malnutrition. This ensures the patient receives professional guidance on improving their diet and nutritional intake, which is vital for their overall health.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Refers the patient to another facility. This is incorrect. While referrals to specialists may be necessary, simply referring the patient without addressing the immediate concerns or arranging relevant services would not fully address the patient’s nutritional needs.
B. Ignores the patient's concerns. This is incorrect. Ignoring a patient's concerns, particularly about malnutrition, would be an inappropriate response and could negatively impact the patient’s care and well-being.
D. Provides medication without collaboration. This is incorrect. While medications may be part of the treatment plan, providing them without collaboration with a dietitian or other healthcare professionals could overlook the critical role of nutrition in managing the patient’s condition.
Global health refers to:
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The overall health status of the world population
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The study and practice of improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
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The provision of healthcare services to populations in low-income countries
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The control of infectious diseases that cross national borders
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The study of health systems in different countries
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. The study and practice of improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
Explanation:
Global health focuses on addressing health issues that transcend national boundaries and seek to improve health outcomes for people worldwide. It includes efforts to achieve health equity, address health disparities, and improve the quality of life for all populations, regardless of their socioeconomic status or geographical location. The goal of global health is not just to control disease but also to ensure that everyone has access to the resources and conditions necessary for good health.
Why other options are wrong:
A. The overall health status of the world population
While the overall health status of the world population is an important aspect of global health, the definition of global health goes beyond merely assessing health status. It involves action to improve health and ensure equitable access to care.
C. The provision of healthcare services to populations in low-income countries
Although global health does focus on improving health in low-income countries, it is not limited to this. It also includes high-income countries, as global health addresses health issues that impact the entire world population, including emerging diseases, environmental concerns, and health systems.
D. The control of infectious diseases that cross national borders
Infectious disease control is an important aspect of global health, but it is just one part of a broader agenda. Global health includes non-communicable diseases, mental health, maternal and child health, environmental health, and much more.
E. The study of health systems in different countries
While the study of health systems is an important element of global health, global health encompasses a much wider range of issues, including prevention, health equity, policy-making, and addressing the social determinants of health.
Which action exemplifies secondary prevention aimed at preventing the spread of communicable diseases?
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Isolating a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.
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Administering antibiotics to individuals exposed to meningitis.
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Providing education on proper hand hygiene techniques.
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Distributing condoms to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Administering antibiotics to individuals exposed to meningitis.
Explanation:
Secondary prevention involves actions taken to prevent the spread of disease once a person has been exposed or diagnosed with a communicable disease. Administering antibiotics to individuals exposed to meningitis is an example of secondary prevention, as it aims to prevent the development or further transmission of the disease in exposed individuals.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Isolating a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.
While isolating a patient is an important part of controlling the spread of tuberculosis (a form of secondary prevention), it is not directly aimed at preventing disease after exposure, but rather managing it in those who are already infected.
C. Providing education on proper hand hygiene techniques.
Education on hand hygiene is an example of primary prevention, as it aims to prevent the occurrence of disease by educating the public on measures to avoid infection in the first place.
D. Distributing condoms to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections.
Distributing condoms is also an example of primary prevention, as it helps prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) before exposure happens. It is not a secondary prevention measure.
What is one major health concern for those living in poverty in Colton?
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Increased access to medical facilities
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Excessive physical activity
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High levels of health insurance coverage
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Lack of health insurance
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. Lack of health insurance
Explanation:
One of the most significant health concerns for individuals living in poverty in Colton is the lack of health insurance, which limits their access to necessary medical care and services. This lack of coverage can lead to untreated health conditions and financial strain due to medical bills.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Increased access to medical facilities – People in poverty often have limited access to medical facilities, not increased access.
B. Excessive physical activity – While physical activity is generally beneficial, those in poverty may not have access to safe environments for exercise, and excessive physical activity is not a primary concern.
C. High levels of health insurance coverage – This is the opposite of the issue; those in poverty often lack health insurance coverage.
Which of the following better defines solidarity rights in the context of global health?
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The right to access healthcare services regardless of economic status
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The right to participate in cultural activities without discrimination
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The right to a healthy environment, sustainable development, and peace
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The right to freedom of expression and assembly
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. The right to a healthy environment, sustainable development, and peace
Explanation:
Solidarity rights are a category of human rights that focus on collective well-being, emphasizing the importance of cooperation and mutual responsibility among nations and individuals. In the context of global health, they include the right to a healthy environment, sustainable development, and peace, as these factors directly impact the health of populations worldwide.
Why other options are wrong:
A. The right to access healthcare services regardless of economic status.
While this is a significant human right in the context of health, it is more specific to the concept of economic, social, and cultural rights rather than solidarity rights, which focus more on collective action and global responsibilities.
B. The right to participate in cultural activities without discrimination.
This right falls under cultural rights, which focus on the individual's ability to engage in cultural practices, but it is not aligned with solidarity rights in the global health context.
D. The right to freedom of expression and assembly.
These are civil and political rights that emphasize personal freedoms rather than collective health and well-being, which are the focus of solidarity rights in the context of global health.
South Korea, as of 2018, has the lowest total fertility rate in the world at 1.1. Which of the following best explains a population policy South Korea could enact to promote higher birth rates?
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Decreasing the age of retirement so that older Koreans can work in childcare centers
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Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children
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Increasing social-security benefits so that retirees can financially support their grandchildren
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Decreasing health insurance so that parents pay more for the cost of childbirth
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Increasing educational costs for universities so that the government can spend more on preschool
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Decreasing the cost of childcare so that families can afford to have more children
Explanation:
One of the most effective ways to encourage higher birth rates is by reducing the financial burden on families, particularly the costs associated with raising children. Childcare costs can be a significant barrier for families when deciding to have more children. By making childcare more affordable, South Korea could support families in having more children, which is a common strategy used by countries with low fertility rates to reverse demographic trends.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Decreasing the age of retirement so that older Koreans can work in childcare centers – While this may increase the workforce, it is not directly related to addressing the primary issue of low fertility rates. It also does not solve the problem of high childcare costs for young families.
C. Increasing social-security benefits so that retirees can financially support their grandchildren – This could support families, but it doesn’t directly address the cost of raising children or encourage higher birth rates. Financial incentives for younger parents would be more effective.
D. Decreasing health insurance so that parents pay more for the cost of childbirth – This would likely have a negative effect, as it would increase the financial burden on families at a critical time (the birth of a child). Reducing costs, rather than increasing them, is the better policy.
E. Increasing educational costs for universities so that the government can spend more on preschool – This policy may not be effective in addressing the issue of low birth rates. Making university education more expensive would likely discourage families from having more children, especially those with young children. A better approach would be to increase support for early childhood education, not to reduce funding in other areas.
What type of patients does the transitional care service clinic primarily work with?
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Patients with mental health disorders
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Patients with chronic diseases
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Patients with acute illnesses
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Pediatric patients
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Patients with chronic diseases
Explanation:
The transitional care service clinic primarily focuses on patients with chronic diseases, helping them transition from hospital to home care or manage long-term health conditions. These patients often require ongoing care and management to avoid readmissions to the hospital.
Why other options are wrong:
A. Patients with mental health disorders – While mental health disorders can be part of a patient's care, transitional care primarily addresses chronic diseases, not specific mental health concerns.
C. Patients with acute illnesses – Acute illnesses typically require immediate care in hospitals, not the chronic management that transitional care provides.
D. Pediatric patients – Transitional care clinics are more focused on adults with chronic conditions rather than pediatric patients.
Fertility rate refers to the number of live births per females aged
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15 to 40
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15 to 42
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15 to 46
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15 to 44
Explanation
Correct Answer:
D. 15 to 44
Explanation:
The fertility rate is typically measured as the number of live births per women aged 15 to 44. This age range captures the majority of the reproductive years for women, providing a useful estimate of fertility levels in a population.
Why other options are wrong:
A. 15 to 40 – This is incorrect because the standard fertility rate measurement includes women up to 44 years of age, not just 40.
B. 15 to 42 – While this is close, the typical range used in fertility rate calculations is 15 to 44, not 15 to 42.
C. 15 to 46 – This is also incorrect, as the standard range is generally capped at 44 years, not 46.
Which organization provides low-interest loans to developing nations to improve infrastructure, education, and health?
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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The World Bank
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The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. The World Bank
Explanation:
The World Bank provides low-interest loans to developing nations to help improve their infrastructure, education, and health systems. These loans support a range of development projects aimed at fostering economic growth, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. The World Bank's financial support helps countries invest in critical sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, thereby improving the overall well-being of their populations.
Why other options are wrong:
A. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) – The IMF focuses on ensuring the stability of the global monetary system and provides financial assistance to countries facing balance of payments problems. While it does offer loans, it does not specifically target infrastructure, education, and health development like the World Bank does.
C. The World Trade Organization (WTO) – The WTO focuses on promoting international trade by regulating trade agreements and resolving trade disputes. It does not provide loans or financial assistance for development projects related to infrastructure, education, or health.
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NURS 3660 D224 Global and Population Health Study Notes
1. Introduction to Global and Population Health
- Definition: Global health focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. Population health examines the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes.
- Key Concepts:
- Health Equity: Ensuring everyone has a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential.
- Social Determinants of Health: Factors like income, education, and environment that influence health outcomes.
- Global Burden of Disease: A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries on populations.
- Example: In low-income countries, lack of access to clean water contributes to high rates of waterborne diseases like cholera.
Introduction to global health.
2. Global Health Challenges
- Infectious Diseases:
- HIV/AIDS: A global pandemic affecting millions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Malaria: A mosquito-borne disease prevalent in tropical regions.
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs):
- Diabetes: Rising globally due to lifestyle changes and urbanization.
- Cardiovascular Diseases: Leading cause of death worldwide.
- Maternal and Child Health:
- High maternal mortality rates in developing countries due to lack of access to healthcare.
- Example: In India, maternal mortality has decreased due to improved access to prenatal care and skilled birth attendants.
Grand challenges in global health governance.
3. Social Determinants of Health
- Economic Stability:
- Poverty limits access to healthcare and nutritious food.
- Education:
- Higher education levels correlate with better health outcomes.
- Healthcare Access:
- Rural areas often lack healthcare facilities.
- Example: In the U.S., individuals with lower incomes are more likely to experience chronic diseases like hypertension.
Social determinants of health.
4. Health Systems and Policies
- Types of Health Systems:
- Universal Healthcare: Found in countries like Canada and the UK.
- Private Healthcare: Common in the U.S., where access depends on insurance.
- Global Health Organizations:
- World Health Organization (WHO): Leads global health initiatives.
- UNICEF: Focuses on child health and nutrition.
- Example: The WHO’s vaccination campaigns have eradicated diseases like smallpox.
5. Epidemiology in Global Health
- Definition: The study of how diseases affect populations.
- Key Terms:
- Incidence: Number of new cases.
- Prevalence: Total number of cases in a population.
- Example: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of tracking incidence rates to implement public health measures.
Critical epidemiology and the people's health.
6. Cultural Competence in Healthcare
- Definition: The ability to provide care that respects patients’ cultural beliefs and practices.
- Strategies:
- Learn about patients’ cultural backgrounds.
- Avoid stereotypes and biases.
- Example: In some cultures, mental health issues are stigmatized, requiring sensitive communication from healthcare providers.
Cultural competence and health care disparities: key perspectives and trends.
7. Environmental Health
- Climate Change:
- Rising temperatures increase the spread of vector-borne diseases like malaria.
- Air Pollution:
- A major cause of respiratory diseases in urban areas.
- Example: In Beijing, China, air pollution has led to a rise in asthma cases among children.
8. Case Study 1: HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Background:
- Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally.
- Challenges:
- Stigma and discrimination prevent people from seeking treatment.
- Limited access to antiretroviral therapy (ART).
- Interventions:
- Education campaigns to reduce stigma.
- Distribution of free ART through global health programs.
- Analysis:
- Despite progress, socioeconomic barriers continue to hinder efforts to combat HIV/AIDS in the region.
HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges and prospects.
9. Case Study 2: Obesity in the United States
- Background:
- Obesity is a leading public health issue in the U.S., affecting over 40% of adults.
- Challenges:
- High consumption of processed foods and sedentary lifestyles.
- Disparities in access to healthy food options in low-income communities.
- Interventions:
- Public health campaigns promoting physical activity and healthy eating.
- Policies to improve access to affordable, nutritious food.
- Analysis:
- While awareness is growing, systemic changes are needed to address the root causes of obesity.
Prevalence of obesity in the United States.
10. Strategies for Improving Global Health
- Health Education:
- Empowering communities with knowledge about disease prevention.
- Vaccination Programs:
- Essential for controlling infectious diseases.
- Policy Advocacy:
- Encouraging governments to invest in healthcare infrastructure.
- Example: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reduced polio cases by over 99% since 1988.
11. Role of Nurses in Global Health
- Advocacy:
- Nurses advocate for policies that improve health equity.
- Education:
- Nurses educate patients and communities about health promotion.
- Example: Nurses in rural clinics often provide education on prenatal care to reduce maternal mortality.
Emerging global health issues: A nurse's role.
12. Ethical Considerations in Global Health
- Equity vs. Equality:
- Equity ensures resources are allocated based on need, while equality distributes resources evenly.
- Cultural Sensitivity:
- Respecting cultural differences in healthcare practices.
- Example: In some cultures, traditional healers play a significant role in healthcare, requiring collaboration with modern medical practices.
Global health needs and the short-term medical volunteer: ethical considerations.
13. Future Trends in Global Health
- Technology:
- Telemedicine improves access to healthcare in remote areas.
- Climate Change:
- Addressing the health impacts of climate change will be a priority.
- Example: Mobile health apps are being used in Africa to track vaccination schedules.
14. Study Tips for NURS 3660 D224
- Understand Key Concepts:
- Focus on social determinants of health and global health challenges.
- Use Case Studies:
- Apply theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios.
- Practice Questions:
- Test your understanding with Q&A formats.
Case Study Analysis
- Key Takeaways:
- Stigma and lack of access to treatment are major barriers.
- Global health initiatives have made progress but face ongoing challenges.
- Application:
- Nurses can play a role in education and advocacy to reduce stigma.
- Key Takeaways:
- Socioeconomic factors significantly influence obesity rates.
- Public health policies are essential for long-term change.
- Application:
- Nurses can promote healthy lifestyles and support policy changes.
Q&A Section
A. Treating individual patients in hospitals
B. Improving health and achieving equity for all people worldwide
C. Conducting laboratory research on infectious diseases
D. Promoting fitness and wellness programs in local communities
Correct Answer:
B. Improving health and achieving equity for all people worldwide
Explanation:
Global health focuses on improving health outcomes and ensuring health equity for populations across the world. It addresses disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This involves tackling social determinants of health, infectious diseases, and non-communicable diseases on a global scale.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Treating individual patients is the focus of clinical medicine, not global health, which looks at populations.
C: Laboratory research is a component of global health but not its primary focus.
D: Promoting fitness programs is a local public health initiative, not a global health priority.
A. Genetic predisposition to diabetes
B. Access to clean drinking water
C. Availability of advanced medical technology
D. Presence of infectious diseases in a community
Correct Answer:
B. Access to clean drinking water
Explanation:
Social determinants of health are external factors that influence health outcomes, such as socioeconomic status, education, and environment. Access to clean drinking water is a critical environmental factor that directly impacts health, particularly in low-income countries where waterborne diseases are prevalent.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Genetic predisposition is a biological factor, not a social determinant.
C: Advanced medical technology is a healthcare system factor, not a social determinant.
D: Infectious diseases are health outcomes influenced by social determinants, not determinants themselves.
A. Infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS
B. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases
C. Maternal and child health complications
D. Injuries and accidents
Correct Answer:
B. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases
Explanation:
Non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes, are the leading causes of death worldwide. These diseases are often linked to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS are significant but not the leading cause of death globally.
C: Maternal and child health complications are critical in low-income countries but not the leading cause globally.
D: Injuries and accidents contribute to mortality but are not the primary cause.
A. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
B. World Health Organization (WHO)
C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
D. Doctors Without Borders (MSF)
Correct Answer:
B. World Health Organization (WHO)
Explanation:
The WHO is the leading international organization responsible for directing and coordinating global health initiatives. It sets health standards, provides technical support to countries, and responds to health emergencies like pandemics.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: UNICEF focuses on child health and nutrition, not global health as a whole.
C: The CDC is a U.S.-based agency focused on domestic and international disease control but does not lead global health initiatives.
D: Doctors Without Borders provides medical care in crisis zones but does not coordinate global health policies.
A. To develop new medications for diseases
B. To study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations
C. To provide direct patient care in underserved areas
D. To promote healthy lifestyles through education
Correct Answer:
B. To study the distribution and determinants of health-related events in populations
Explanation:
Epidemiology is the study of how diseases and health-related events are distributed in populations and the factors that influence these patterns. This information is used to develop public health interventions and policies.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Developing medications is the role of pharmaceutical research, not epidemiology.
C: Providing direct patient care is the role of clinicians, not epidemiologists.
D: Promoting healthy lifestyles is a public health activity, not the primary goal of epidemiology.
A. A local gym offering free fitness classes
B. A nationwide campaign to reduce smoking rates
C. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
D. A hospital implementing electronic health records
Correct Answer:
C. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative
Explanation:
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is a worldwide effort to eliminate polio through vaccination campaigns and surveillance. It is a prime example of a global health intervention aimed at addressing a specific disease on a global scale.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: A local gym offering fitness classes is a community-level intervention, not global.
B: A nationwide campaign is a national public health effort, not global.
D: Implementing electronic health records is a healthcare system improvement, not a global health intervention.
A. Lack of advanced medical technology
B. Poor governance and corruption
C. Social determinants of health such as poverty and lack of education
D. High prevalence of infectious diseases
Correct Answer:
C. Social determinants of health such as poverty and lack of education
Explanation:
Health disparities in low-income countries are primarily driven by social determinants of health, including poverty, lack of education, and inadequate access to healthcare. These factors create barriers to achieving equitable health outcomes.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A: Lack of advanced technology is a contributing factor but not the primary cause.
B: Poor governance exacerbates health disparities but is not the root cause.
D: Infectious diseases are a consequence of health disparities, not the cause.
A. Increasing access to prenatal care and skilled birth attendants
B. Promoting weight loss programs for pregnant women
C. Providing free childcare services
D. Encouraging women to delay pregnancy until their 30s
Correct Answer:
A. Increasing access to prenatal care and skilled birth attendants
Explanation:
Improving maternal health requires ensuring access to prenatal care and skilled birth attendants, which reduces complications during pregnancy and childbirth. This is a proven strategy for lowering maternal mortality rates.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
B: Weight loss programs are not a primary strategy for improving maternal health.
C: Childcare services are unrelated to maternal health outcomes.
D: Delaying pregnancy may have individual benefits but is not a global health strategy.