MSN 671 : Psychopathopharmacology I - NKU Module 4 quiz 6
Access The Exact Questions for MSN 671 : Psychopathopharmacology I - NKU Module 4 quiz 6
💯 100% Pass Rate guaranteed
🗓️ Unlock for 1 Month
Rated 4.8/5 from over 1000+ reviews
- Unlimited Exact Practice Test Questions
- Trusted By 200 Million Students and Professors
What’s Included:
- Unlock Actual Exam Questions and Answers for MSN 671 : Psychopathopharmacology I - NKU Module 4 quiz 6 on monthly basis
- Well-structured questions covering all topics, accompanied by organized images.
- Learn from mistakes with detailed answer explanations.
- Easy To understand explanations for all students.
Free MSN 671 : Psychopathopharmacology I - NKU Module 4 quiz 6 Questions
Sleep aids that enhance GABA activity (such as benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics) must be used with caution due to which risks?
-
Improved sleep architecture and enhanced memory consolidation
-
Addiction, rebound insomnia, and next-day drowsiness
-
Increased orexin activity and excessive wakefulness
-
Permanent increase in GABA production and tolerance-free effects
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Addiction, rebound insomnia, and next-day drowsiness
Explanation of Correct Answer
GABA-enhancing sleep aids (e.g., benzodiazepines, zolpidem, eszopiclone) potentiate inhibitory GABA activity, making it easier to fall asleep. However, they carry significant risks: dependence and addiction, rebound insomnia upon discontinuation, and next-day drowsiness or cognitive impairment due to residual effects. These risks limit their long-term use, and clinical guidelines recommend the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration.
The beta-blocker propranolol is not recommended for treating insomnia and is also ineffective in treating what condition related to sleep?
-
Narcolepsy
-
Restless legs syndrome
-
PTSD-related nightmares
-
REM sleep behavior disorder
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. PTSD-related nightmares
Explanation of Correct Answer
Propranolol is a nonselective beta-blocker primarily used for cardiovascular conditions and anxiety-related somatic symptoms. While it may blunt peripheral adrenergic responses, it does not effectively address PTSD-related nightmares or insomnia. In fact, propranolol may worsen sleep disturbances due to its tendency to suppress REM sleep, making it unsuitable for these indications.
............................................................. is one of the key neurotransmitters that regulates wakefulness and is the ultimate target of many wake-promoting drugs when enhanced and sleep-promoting drugs when blocked.
-
Prolactin
-
Histamine
-
Acetylcholine
-
Dopamine
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Histamine
Explanation of Correct Answer
Histamine, released from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus, plays a central role in promoting wakefulness. When histamine activity is enhanced, it stimulates arousal, which is why histamine agonists or stimulants support wakefulness. Conversely, blocking histamine receptors (as with many antihistamines) promotes drowsiness and sleep, making histamine the ultimate neurotransmitter target for both sleep- and wake-promoting drugs.
Which of the following is thought to be a hallmark of the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease, negatively impacting the effectiveness of cholinergic projection and potentially resulting in a "steady leak" of glutamate?
-
Amyloid Deposits and Neurofibrillary tangles
-
Iodine and Cystine Deposits
-
Tacrine Deposits and Neurocyanosis
-
Amylase Deposits and Neurofibrillary tangles
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Amyloid Deposits and Neurofibrillary tangles
Explanation of Correct Answer
Amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmark pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease. These abnormal protein accumulations impair cholinergic transmission and lead to excitotoxicity, including the “steady leak” of glutamate. Together, they cause progressive neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline, forming the biological basis for the disease.
Hypervigilance-related insomnia is most commonly seen in which of the following conditions?
-
Anxiety, PTSD, and stimulant overuse
-
Depression, dementia, and circadian rhythm disorder
-
Narcolepsy, epilepsy, and restless legs syndrome
-
Chronic pain, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Anxiety, PTSD, and stimulant overuse
Explanation of Correct Answer
Hypervigilance insomnia occurs when the brain remains in a heightened state of arousal, preventing normal sleep initiation and maintenance. This is commonly seen in anxiety disorders, where worry prevents relaxation, PTSD, where trauma-related hyperarousal and nightmares disturb sleep, and stimulant overuse (e.g., caffeine, amphetamines), which directly activate wake-promoting systems. These conditions disrupt the brain’s ability to “switch off,” leading to persistent insomnia.
Donepezil (Aricept) is best described as which type of medication mechanism?
-
Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that works peripherally to increase ACh levels
-
Reversible selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that works centrally to increase ACh levels
-
Dopamine receptor agonist that restores mesolimbic function
-
NMDA receptor antagonist that reduces glutamate excitotoxicity
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Reversible selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor that works centrally to increase ACh levels
Explanation of Correct Answer
Donepezil (Aricept) is a reversible and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that acts centrally in the brain. By blocking the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, it prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh), thereby increasing synaptic ACh levels. This enhances cholinergic neurotransmission, which is critical in treating cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, where cholinergic deficits are a hallmark.
Why should the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant be used with caution or avoided in some patients?
-
It causes significant gastric acid secretion and peptic ulcers
-
It worsens motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease
-
It may cause next-day somnolence, impaired driving, and carries abuse potential
-
It blocks serotonin receptors, leading to severe depression
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. It may cause next-day somnolence, impaired driving, and carries abuse potential
Explanation of Correct Answer
Suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), is used for insomnia by suppressing wake-promoting orexin signals. However, it can cause residual next-day drowsiness, impaired alertness, and driving difficulty, especially if taken late at night or with insufficient sleep opportunity. Additionally, as a controlled substance, suvorexant carries some abuse and dependence potential, requiring careful monitoring. These risks make it unsuitable for some patients, particularly those with safety-sensitive jobs.
Too much dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway, as seen in schizophrenia, leads to __________.
-
Hallucinations
-
Parkinsonian tremors
-
Memory enhancement
-
Increased REM sleep
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Hallucinations
Explanation of Correct Answer
Excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway is strongly linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thought. The overstimulation of dopamine receptors in this pathway disrupts normal perception and reality testing, leading to sensory misinterpretations such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not present. This is why dopamine-blocking antipsychotics target this pathway
Without —-------, the VLPO takes charge and suppresses all the arousal neurotransmitters. GABA levels rapidly decline during the first hour of sleep, plateau, then steadily rise before awakening.
-
Histamine
-
Orexin
-
Acetylcholine
-
Dopamine
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Orexin
Explanation of Correct Answer
Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus that plays a critical role in maintaining wakefulness and stabilizing the sleep–wake cycle. Without orexin, the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) gains dominance. The VLPO uses GABA to inhibit arousal neurotransmitter systems, including histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, leading to sleep initiation. In this process, GABA levels show a distinct pattern: they drop rapidly during the first hour of sleep, plateau through the middle of the sleep cycle, and then rise steadily before awakening, setting the stage for the return of arousal neurotransmitters. A deficiency of orexin leads to instability of wakefulness, as seen in narcolepsy.
_______, produced in the lateral hypothalamus, plays a key role in stabilizing wakefulness by activating multiple arousal systems. Deficiency in ______ is linked to narcolepsy.
-
Dopamine
-
Orexin
-
Serotonin
-
Melatonin
Explanation
Correct Answer:
2. Orexin
Explanation of Correct Answer
Orexin, also called hypocretin, is produced in the lateral hypothalamus and is crucial for maintaining stable wakefulness. It activates multiple arousal pathways, including histamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, to prevent sudden transitions into sleep. Deficiency in orexin is directly linked to narcolepsy, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep attacks due to instability of the sleep–wake cycle.
How to Order
Select Your Exam
Click on your desired exam to open its dedicated page with resources like practice questions, flashcards, and study guides.Choose what to focus on, Your selected exam is saved for quick access Once you log in.
Subscribe
Hit the Subscribe button on the platform. With your subscription, you will enjoy unlimited access to all practice questions and resources for a full 1-month period. After the month has elapsed, you can choose to resubscribe to continue benefiting from our comprehensive exam preparation tools and resources.
Pay and unlock the practice Questions
Once your payment is processed, you’ll immediately unlock access to all practice questions tailored to your selected exam for 1 month .