Human Growth and Development (D202)
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Free Human Growth and Development (D202) Questions
In the context of the conservation experiment, explain why a child might believe there is more water in the taller beaker after the transfer
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They have not yet developed the ability to understand that volume remains constant despite changes in shape.
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They are confused by the color of the water in the beakers.
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They are influenced by the height of the beaker rather than the amount of liquid.
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They have a strong attachment to the original beaker.
Explanation
Correct Answer C. They are influenced by the height of the beaker rather than the amount of liquid.
Explanation
Children in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, typically ages 2–7, often judge quantity based on appearance rather than logical reasoning. When water is poured into a taller, narrower beaker, the increased height leads them to believe there is more water, even though the volume remains the same. This reflects a lack of understanding of the concept of conservation, a skill that develops later in the concrete operational stage.
Why other options are wrong
A. They have not yet developed the ability to understand that volume remains constant despite changes in shape.
While this statement is generally true, it is too broad and does not specifically address why the child chooses the taller beaker. Option C is more precise in explaining the perceptual cue—height—that influences the child's judgment.
B. They are confused by the color of the water in the beakers.
There is no indication in the conservation experiment that color plays any role. The standard experiment uses identical water, so color is irrelevant and not a factor in the child's decision-making process.
D. They have a strong attachment to the original beaker.
Attachment to a particular beaker is not a factor observed in conservation tasks. The child’s reasoning is based on perceptual attributes like height, not emotional attachment. The error is cognitive, not emotional.
The Ainsworth Strange Situation experimental technique is a sequence of staged episodes intended to measure _______
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stranger wariness
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separation anxiety
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nonverbal decoding
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attachment
Explanation
Correct Answer D. attachment
Explanation
The Ainsworth Strange Situation is an experimental technique designed to assess the nature of attachment in infants. It involves observing how infants respond to separations and reunions with their caregivers, which helps determine the child’s attachment style (secure, insecure-avoidant, or insecure-ambivalent). This technique is crucial in understanding the emotional bonds between infants and their caregivers.
Why other options are wrong
A. stranger wariness
Stranger wariness refers to the fear or caution infants display around unfamiliar people, but the Ainsworth Strange Situation is focused on attachment behaviors in response to separations and reunions with caregivers, rather than reactions to strangers.
B. separation anxiety
While separation anxiety is related to the Strange Situation, it specifically refers to the distress children feel when separated from their caregiver. The Ainsworth technique measures broader attachment patterns, which encompass more than just separation anxiety.
C. nonverbal decoding
Nonverbal decoding refers to the ability to interpret nonverbal cues such as facial expressions and body language, which is not the focus of the Ainsworth Strange Situation. The experiment is focused on attachment behaviors, not the decoding of nonverbal signals.
What is neuroplasticity of the brain?
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Reduction of neural connections in the brain
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Process of localization of functions to one side of the brain
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Formation of connections between neurons
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Differentiation of neural stem cells in the brain
Explanation
Explanation:
Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life by reorganizing its structure, functions, and neural connections. This occurs when neurons form new connections with each other, allowing the brain to learn new information, recover from injuries, and adapt to new experiences or environments. While other processes like reduction of connections or cell differentiation may occur in the brain, neuroplasticity specifically emphasizes the brain’s capacity to create and reorganize neural pathways.
Correct answer:
Formation of connections between neurons
What is the initial cell that contains the genetic information of both parents?
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Embryo
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Trophoblast
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Blastocyst
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Zygote
Explanation
Explanation:
A zygote is the first cell formed when a sperm cell from the father fertilizes an egg cell from the mother. It contains a complete set of genetic information from both parents, combining DNA from each to form a unique genetic blueprint. The embryo develops from the zygote after several rounds of cell division. The blastocyst is a later stage of development, and the trophoblast is the outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that contributes to placenta formation.
Correct answer:
Zygote
The age range of Early Adulthood consists of which of the following age classes
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6 to 12 months of age
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19 to 40 years of age
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Birth to 12 months of age
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3 to 5 years of age
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12 to 36 months of age
Explanation
Correct Answer B. 19 to 40 years of age
Explanation
Early adulthood is typically defined as the period between the ages of 19 and 40. This stage marks a time of significant physical and cognitive development, where individuals often establish their careers, relationships, and begin to form families. During this stage, individuals experience peak physical health and are focused on building independence and achieving personal and professional goals.
Why other options are wrong
A. 6 to 12 months of age
This is incorrect because 6 to 12 months falls under infancy, not early adulthood. During this time, infants develop fundamental motor skills and begin to form attachments.
C. Birth to 12 months of age
This is incorrect because the age range of birth to 12 months is part of infancy, not early adulthood. Infancy focuses on rapid growth and development, including physical, emotional, and cognitive milestones.
D. 3 to 5 years of age
This is incorrect because 3 to 5 years of age is part of early childhood, a stage where children develop language skills, social behaviors, and basic motor skills.
E. 12 to 36 months of age
This is incorrect because this age range falls under the toddler stage, which is characterized by the development of language, motor skills, and independence, rather than early adulthood.
Which form of child abuse is incest considered to be?
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Psychological abuse
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Physical abuse
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Verbal abuse
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Sexual abuse
Explanation
Explanation:
Incest is classified as sexual abuse because it involves sexual activity or exploitation of a child by a family member or close relative. This form of abuse can have severe and long-lasting effects on the child’s psychological, emotional, and social development. While psychological and verbal abuse can accompany sexual abuse, the defining characteristic of incest is the sexual nature of the act, not merely emotional or physical harm.
Correct answer:
Sexual abuse
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between height and weight in average female and male adolescents from approximately 10 to 14 years old?
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An average male adolescent is taller and heavier than an average female adolescent.
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An average female adolescent is taller and heavier than an average male adolescent.
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An average female adolescent is taller but not heavier than an average male adolescent.
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An average male adolescent is taller but not heavier than an average female adolescent.
Explanation
Explanation:
During early adolescence (approximately ages 10–14), girls typically experience their growth spurt earlier than boys, often making them taller and heavier than boys of the same age during this period. Boys generally begin their rapid growth spurt slightly later, around ages 12–14, and eventually surpass girls in height and weight. Therefore, in this age range, the average female adolescent tends to be taller and heavier than the average male adolescent.
Correct answer:
An average female adolescent is taller and heavier than an average male adolescent.
What is one way that culture affects cognition in adults?
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Culture enables crystallized intelligence.
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Culture enables fluid intelligence.
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Culture enables pragmatics of intelligence.
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Culture enables mechanics of intelligence.
Explanation
Explanation:
Culture has a strong influence on crystallized intelligence, which refers to the accumulation of knowledge, skills, and experience that are acquired through education and socialization within a cultural context. Unlike fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and reasoning independent of prior knowledge, crystallized intelligence grows as adults engage with cultural practices, language, traditions, and learning opportunities. The pragmatics of intelligence also relate to applying knowledge in practical contexts, but crystallized intelligence is the core aspect directly shaped by culture.
Correct answer:
Culture enables crystallized intelligence.
What is an example of a basic emotion of fear in infants?
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Social referencing
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Stranger wariness
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Self-awareness
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Emotional self-regulation
Explanation
Explanation:
Basic emotions such as fear, joy, anger, and sadness appear early in infancy and are expressed through observable behaviors. Stranger wariness is a common example of fear in infants. It occurs when an infant shows distress, hesitation, or anxiety around unfamiliar people. This reaction typically develops around the latter half of the first year as infants become more aware of familiar caregivers versus strangers. The other options refer to different developmental processes, such as using others’ emotional cues (social referencing), recognizing oneself (self-awareness), or managing emotions (emotional self-regulation), rather than directly expressing fear.
Correct answer:
Stranger wariness
Chomsky believed that language is biologically programmed for humans. Chomsky's term for the hypothetical brain structure that allows humans to learn language is the _____ device
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programmed acquisition
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biological communication
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information processing
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language acquisition
Explanation
Correct Answer D. language acquisition
Explanation
Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition posits that humans are biologically predisposed to learn language. He referred to the hypothetical brain structure that facilitates language learning as the "Language Acquisition Device" (LAD). This concept suggests that humans are born with an innate ability to acquire language, which is triggered by exposure to linguistic input.
Why other options are wrong
A. programmed acquisition
This term is not part of Chomsky's theory. While the idea of innate language learning aligns with the concept of programming, Chomsky specifically coined the term "language acquisition device" to describe the brain's structure for language learning.
B. biological communication
This term refers generally to the biological processes involved in communication, not specifically to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition. It does not capture the unique concept of the brain's innate mechanisms for learning language.
C. information processing
Information processing refers to the cognitive theory that explains how humans process and use information, but it is distinct from Chomsky’s theory of an innate, biologically programmed mechanism for language learning.
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