PHAR-6126-01 Medical Microbiology Chicago State University School of Pharmacy
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Free PHAR-6126-01 Medical Microbiology Chicago State University School of Pharmacy Questions
Which of the following is true about Ureaplasma?
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Causes disease in the genitourinary tract
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Can be detected using microscopy
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Immunity to reinfection is lifelong
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Causes disease in the pulmonary system
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Causes disease in the genitourinary tract
Ureaplasma (particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum) is a well-established cause of genitourinary tract infections, including urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as chorioamnionitis and preterm birth.
It cannot be detected by standard microscopy because, as a mycoplasma, it lacks a cell wall and is too small to be visualized with light microscopy — it requires special culture techniques. Immunity following infection is not lifelong, as reinfection can and does occur. While Ureaplasma has been associated with neonatal pulmonary infections in premature infants, the genitourinary tract remains its primary and most clinically significant site of disease in adults.
Which patients are NOT at greatest risk for H. influenzae-caused disease?
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Have had FLU vaccine
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Having inadequate levels of protective antibodies
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Having depleted complement
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Undergone splenectomy
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Have had FLU vaccine
Patients who have received the Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccine are NOT at greatest risk — they are protected. It is important to note that the flu (influenza) vaccine does not protect against H. influenzae, but the Hib vaccine specifically does. The question implies prior vaccination as a protective factor, placing this group at lowest risk.
Patients with inadequate protective antibodies, depleted complement, and those who have undergone splenectomy are all at significantly increased risk. H. influenzae is an encapsulated organism, and the body's primary defense against encapsulated bacteria relies on opsonization via antibodies and complement, and clearance by the spleen — deficiency in any of these leaves the patient highly vulnerable to invasive disease.
Select the INCORRECT statement about mycobacterial cell wall:
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Lipids, glycolipids, and peptide-glycolipids are present
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Transport protein and porins constitute 15% of the weight
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There is no outer membrane
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Basic structure is typical of gram-negative bacteria
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Lipid components comprise 60% of the weight
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Basic structure is typical of gram-negative bacteria
This statement is incorrect. The mycobacterial cell wall is unique and does not follow a typical gram-negative pattern. While mycobacteria do not stain well with the Gram stain and have a complex outer layer, their cell wall architecture — built around a peptidoglycan core covalently linked to arabinogalactan and an outer layer of mycolic acids — is distinctly different from gram-negative bacteria and constitutes its own structural category.
The other statements are correct: the mycobacterial cell wall is rich in lipids, glycolipids, and peptide-glycolipids; transport proteins and porins do constitute a smaller fraction of wall weight; there is no classical outer membrane like in gram-negatives; and the extraordinarily high lipid content (approximately 60% of cell wall weight), primarily mycolic acids, accounts for mycobacteria's acid-fastness, impermeability, and resistance to many antibiotics.
Laboratory diagnosis of syphilis includes which of the following?
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VDRL
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Darkfield microscopy
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TRUST
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Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA-TP)
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All of the above are correct
Explanation
Correct Answer: E) All of the above are correct
Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum is diagnosed through a combination of methods. VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and TRUST (Toluidine Red Unheated Serum Test) are both non-treponemal serological tests used for screening and monitoring treatment response. Darkfield microscopy allows direct visualization of the motile spirochetes from chancre exudate and is the gold standard for primary syphilis diagnosis. DFA-TP (Direct Fluorescent Antibody – T. pallidum) is a treponemal-specific test used to directly identify the organism in lesion specimens.
All four methods are established and recognized laboratory diagnostic tools for syphilis, making E the correct and complete answer.
Which of the following is NOT a gram-negative coccus?
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Neisseria gonorrhea
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Escherichia coli
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Hemophilus influenza
Explanation
Correct Answers: B) Escherichia coli and C) Haemophilus influenzae
E. coli is a gram-negative rod (bacillus), not a coccus. Haemophilus influenzae is also a gram-negative rod (coccobacillus), not a true coccus.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the only true gram-negative coccus among the options, characteristically appearing as gram-negative diplococci (kidney bean-shaped pairs) on Gram stain.
The role of a Pharmacist in a bioterrorism attack is:
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Be prepared for expected
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Check mainstream media websites
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Hoard medicines
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Recognize patterns of outbreaks
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Maximize hysteria
Explanation
Correct Answers: A) Be prepared for expected and D) Recognize patterns of outbreaks
Pharmacists play a critical public health role in bioterrorism preparedness. Being prepared for anticipated threats and recognizing unusual patterns of outbreaks that may signal a bioterrorism event are core professional responsibilities. Pharmacists are often frontline healthcare providers who can identify suspicious clusters of illness early and coordinate with public health authorities.
Checking only mainstream media is insufficient and unreliable for professional response. Hoarding medicines would create shortages and undermine public health response. Maximizing hysteria is the complete opposite of the pharmacist's role, which is to provide calm, evidence-based guidance and support to the community.
The following bacteria escape phagocytosis by resistance to lysosomal enzymes EXCEPT:
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Ehrlichia
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Legionella
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Chlamydia
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Salmonella
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Coxiella
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Salmonella
Salmonella does not escape phagocytosis specifically by resisting lysosomal enzymes. Instead, Salmonella survives inside macrophages by preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion using its Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI) — a different mechanism from lysosomal enzyme resistance.
Ehrlichia, Legionella, Chlamydia, and Coxiella all survive intracellularly by actively resisting or evading lysosomal degradation — either by preventing phagolysosome formation or by being inherently resistant to lysosomal enzyme activity — making them true examples of lysosomal enzyme-resistant intracellular pathogens.
Which class of β-lactamases are primarily found in gram-negative rods?
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Class B
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Class D
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Class A
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Class C
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Class A
Class A β-lactamases are serine-based enzymes and are the most common β-lactamases found primarily in gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species. This class includes the clinically important extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase).
Class B are metallo-β-lactamases that use zinc as a cofactor and are less organism-specific. Class C (AmpC) are also found in gram-negatives but are chromosomally encoded and distinct from Class A. Class D (OXA-type) are primarily associated with Acinetobacter species rather than gram-negative rods broadly.
Select the INCORRECT statement about most bacterial cell walls.
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Basic structure is a chain of 10 to 15 disaccharide residues
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The building of peptidoglycan chains and crosslinks are catalyzed by serine proteases
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Major structural component is peptidoglycan layer
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Outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer constitute cell wall
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) The building of peptidoglycan chains and crosslinks are catalyzed by serine proteases
This statement is incorrect. Peptidoglycan chain synthesis and crosslinking are catalyzed by transpeptidases (also known as penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs), not serine proteases. Serine proteases are proteolytic enzymes involved in protein digestion, not cell wall construction. This distinction is clinically important because β-lactam antibiotics work by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting these transpeptidases.
The other statements are correct — the basic peptidoglycan structure is a chain of repeating disaccharide units (NAM-NAG), peptidoglycan is the major structural component of bacterial cell walls, and in gram-negative bacteria the cell wall consists of both the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer.
Which of the following bacterial STDs has the highest incidence?
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HPV
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Trichomonas
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Chlamydia
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Syphilis
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Gonorrhea
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Chlamydia
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) is the most commonly reported bacterial STD worldwide and consistently holds the highest incidence among all bacterial STDs. It is frequently asymptomatic, especially in women, which contributes to its widespread undetected transmission and high reported case numbers.
HPV and Trichomonas are not bacterial — HPV is a virus and Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite, making them incorrect answers to a question specifically asking about bacterial STDs. Gonorrhea and syphilis, while significant public health concerns with rising rates, have lower overall incidence compared to chlamydia.
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