PHAR-6126-01 Medical Microbiology Chicago State University School of Pharmacy
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Free PHAR-6126-01 Medical Microbiology Chicago State University School of Pharmacy Questions
1.
Select the incorrect statement about bacterial gene transfer:
- Conjugation typically occurs between bacteria of same species
- Transposon is the jumping gene
- The most efficient way to pass antibiotic resistance is transduction
- Bacteriophage is required for transduction
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) The most efficient way to pass antibiotic resistance is transduction
This statement is incorrect. The most efficient and clinically significant mechanism for transferring antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria is conjugation, not transduction. Conjugation allows direct cell-to-cell transfer of large plasmids carrying multiple resistance genes across even different species, making it the dominant driver of antibiotic resistance spread in clinical settings.
Conjugation commonly occurring between same-species bacteria, transposons being called "jumping genes," and bacteriophage being required for transduction are all correct statements about bacterial gene transfer.
Correct Answer: C) The most efficient way to pass antibiotic resistance is transduction
This statement is incorrect. The most efficient and clinically significant mechanism for transferring antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria is conjugation, not transduction. Conjugation allows direct cell-to-cell transfer of large plasmids carrying multiple resistance genes across even different species, making it the dominant driver of antibiotic resistance spread in clinical settings.
Conjugation commonly occurring between same-species bacteria, transposons being called "jumping genes," and bacteriophage being required for transduction are all correct statements about bacterial gene transfer.
2.
Which of the following bacteria has/have fungi-like appearance?
- Staphylococcus
- E. coli
- Actinomyces
- Nocardia
- Both C and D
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: E) Both C and D
Both Actinomyces and Nocardia are bacteria that display fungi-like (filamentous/branching) morphology. They form branching filaments resembling fungal hyphae, which is why they are sometimes mistaken for fungi. This characteristic distinguishes them from typical cocci or rod-shaped bacteria.
Staphylococcus is a gram-positive coccus arranged in grape-like clusters with no fungal-like appearance. E. coli is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with no resemblance to fungi whatsoever.
Correct Answer: E) Both C and D
Both Actinomyces and Nocardia are bacteria that display fungi-like (filamentous/branching) morphology. They form branching filaments resembling fungal hyphae, which is why they are sometimes mistaken for fungi. This characteristic distinguishes them from typical cocci or rod-shaped bacteria.
Staphylococcus is a gram-positive coccus arranged in grape-like clusters with no fungal-like appearance. E. coli is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium with no resemblance to fungi whatsoever.
3.
An ideal bioterrorism agent:
- Treatable by current medicine
- Spread through food
- Not easy to diagnose and treat
- Causes illness immediately
- Easy to detect
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Not easy to diagnose and treat
An ideal bioterrorism agent from the perspective of a perpetrator would be one that is difficult to diagnose and treat, maximizing harm and delaying medical response. Other ideal characteristics include being highly lethal, easily disseminated, capable of causing public panic, and resistant to available treatments.
Being treatable by current medicine and easy to detect are the opposite of what makes an agent ideal for bioterrorism — these features would minimize its impact. Spreading through food limits dissemination compared to aerosolized agents. Causing illness immediately could actually alert authorities faster, whereas agents with longer incubation periods allow wider spread before detection.
Correct Answer: C) Not easy to diagnose and treat
An ideal bioterrorism agent from the perspective of a perpetrator would be one that is difficult to diagnose and treat, maximizing harm and delaying medical response. Other ideal characteristics include being highly lethal, easily disseminated, capable of causing public panic, and resistant to available treatments.
Being treatable by current medicine and easy to detect are the opposite of what makes an agent ideal for bioterrorism — these features would minimize its impact. Spreading through food limits dissemination compared to aerosolized agents. Causing illness immediately could actually alert authorities faster, whereas agents with longer incubation periods allow wider spread before detection.
4.
Select the INCORRECT statement about mycobacterial cell wall:
- Lipids, glycolipids, and peptide-glycolipids are present
- Transport protein and porins constitute 15% of the weight
- There is no outer membrane
- Basic structure is typical of gram-negative bacteria
- Lipid components comprise 60% of the weight
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) Basic structure is typical of gram-negative bacteria
This statement is incorrect. The mycobacterial cell wall is unique and does not follow a typical gram-negative pattern. While mycobacteria do not stain well with the Gram stain and have a complex outer layer, their cell wall architecture — built around a peptidoglycan core covalently linked to arabinogalactan and an outer layer of mycolic acids — is distinctly different from gram-negative bacteria and constitutes its own structural category.
The other statements are correct: the mycobacterial cell wall is rich in lipids, glycolipids, and peptide-glycolipids; transport proteins and porins do constitute a smaller fraction of wall weight; there is no classical outer membrane like in gram-negatives; and the extraordinarily high lipid content (approximately 60% of cell wall weight), primarily mycolic acids, accounts for mycobacteria's acid-fastness, impermeability, and resistance to many antibiotics.
Correct Answer: D) Basic structure is typical of gram-negative bacteria
This statement is incorrect. The mycobacterial cell wall is unique and does not follow a typical gram-negative pattern. While mycobacteria do not stain well with the Gram stain and have a complex outer layer, their cell wall architecture — built around a peptidoglycan core covalently linked to arabinogalactan and an outer layer of mycolic acids — is distinctly different from gram-negative bacteria and constitutes its own structural category.
The other statements are correct: the mycobacterial cell wall is rich in lipids, glycolipids, and peptide-glycolipids; transport proteins and porins do constitute a smaller fraction of wall weight; there is no classical outer membrane like in gram-negatives; and the extraordinarily high lipid content (approximately 60% of cell wall weight), primarily mycolic acids, accounts for mycobacteria's acid-fastness, impermeability, and resistance to many antibiotics.
5.
Which of the following is atypical bacteria?
- Staph
- Mycobacteria
- Chlamydia
- Strep
- Nocardia
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Chlamydia
Chlamydia is the classic example of an atypical bacterium. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen that cannot synthesize its own ATP (energy parasite), does not Gram stain reliably, cannot be cultured on standard bacteriological media, and has a unique biphasic life cycle (elementary body and reticulate body). These features place it firmly in the "atypical" category alongside Mycoplasma and Rickettsia.
Staph and Strep are typical gram-positive cocci that culture readily on standard media. Mycobacteria, while having an unusual waxy cell wall, are classified separately as acid-fast bacteria, not atypical in the same clinical sense. Nocardia is a gram-positive filamentous bacterium, also not classified as atypical.
Correct Answer: C) Chlamydia
Chlamydia is the classic example of an atypical bacterium. It is an obligate intracellular pathogen that cannot synthesize its own ATP (energy parasite), does not Gram stain reliably, cannot be cultured on standard bacteriological media, and has a unique biphasic life cycle (elementary body and reticulate body). These features place it firmly in the "atypical" category alongside Mycoplasma and Rickettsia.
Staph and Strep are typical gram-positive cocci that culture readily on standard media. Mycobacteria, while having an unusual waxy cell wall, are classified separately as acid-fast bacteria, not atypical in the same clinical sense. Nocardia is a gram-positive filamentous bacterium, also not classified as atypical.
6.
Which of the following is true about Ureaplasma?
- Causes disease in the genitourinary tract
- Can be detected using microscopy
- Immunity to reinfection is lifelong
- Causes disease in the pulmonary system
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) Causes disease in the genitourinary tract
Ureaplasma (particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum) is a well-established cause of genitourinary tract infections, including urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as chorioamnionitis and preterm birth.
It cannot be detected by standard microscopy because, as a mycoplasma, it lacks a cell wall and is too small to be visualized with light microscopy — it requires special culture techniques. Immunity following infection is not lifelong, as reinfection can and does occur. While Ureaplasma has been associated with neonatal pulmonary infections in premature infants, the genitourinary tract remains its primary and most clinically significant site of disease in adults.
Correct Answer: A) Causes disease in the genitourinary tract
Ureaplasma (particularly Ureaplasma urealyticum) is a well-established cause of genitourinary tract infections, including urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as chorioamnionitis and preterm birth.
It cannot be detected by standard microscopy because, as a mycoplasma, it lacks a cell wall and is too small to be visualized with light microscopy — it requires special culture techniques. Immunity following infection is not lifelong, as reinfection can and does occur. While Ureaplasma has been associated with neonatal pulmonary infections in premature infants, the genitourinary tract remains its primary and most clinically significant site of disease in adults.
7.
Bioterrorism is a _____ release of _____.
- Accidental, germ agents
- Deliberate, germ agents
- Spontaneous, radioactive agents
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Deliberate, germ agents
By definition, bioterrorism is the deliberate release of biological agents (germ agents) — including bacteria, viruses, or toxins — with the intent to harm people, animals, or plants and to instill fear or terror in a population. The intentional and purposeful nature of the release is what distinguishes bioterrorism from accidental or spontaneous events.
Accidental release describes laboratory accidents or industrial incidents, not terrorism. Spontaneous release and radioactive agents describe nuclear/radiological events, not bioterrorism.
Correct Answer: B) Deliberate, germ agents
By definition, bioterrorism is the deliberate release of biological agents (germ agents) — including bacteria, viruses, or toxins — with the intent to harm people, animals, or plants and to instill fear or terror in a population. The intentional and purposeful nature of the release is what distinguishes bioterrorism from accidental or spontaneous events.
Accidental release describes laboratory accidents or industrial incidents, not terrorism. Spontaneous release and radioactive agents describe nuclear/radiological events, not bioterrorism.
8.
When a patient is treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, what organism commonly overgrows the colon?
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Clostridium difficile
- Escherichia coli
- Candida albicans
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile (now reclassified as Clostridioides difficile) is the classic organism associated with antibiotic-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt the normal colonic flora, allowing C. difficile spores to germinate, overgrow, and produce toxins A and B that cause severe inflammation, diarrhea, and potentially life-threatening colitis.
While Candida albicans can also overgrow after antibiotic use, it primarily affects mucosal surfaces (oral, vaginal) rather than specifically overgrowing the colon. Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli are part of normal gut flora and are not the classic answer for antibiotic-associated colonic overgrowth.
Correct Answer: B) Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile (now reclassified as Clostridioides difficile) is the classic organism associated with antibiotic-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt the normal colonic flora, allowing C. difficile spores to germinate, overgrow, and produce toxins A and B that cause severe inflammation, diarrhea, and potentially life-threatening colitis.
While Candida albicans can also overgrow after antibiotic use, it primarily affects mucosal surfaces (oral, vaginal) rather than specifically overgrowing the colon. Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli are part of normal gut flora and are not the classic answer for antibiotic-associated colonic overgrowth.
9.
Which of the following is/are capable of taking exogenous DNA via the process of transformation?
- Neisseria
- Hemophilus influenza
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Bacillus
- All of the above
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: E) All of the above
All four organisms — Neisseria, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus — are naturally competent bacteria, meaning they possess the innate ability to take up exogenous (free) DNA from their environment through the process of natural transformation. This is a well-documented mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that contributes to antibiotic resistance spread and genetic diversity in these species.
No single organism listed is uniquely capable — all four are classic textbook examples of naturally transformable bacteria, making "All of the above" the correct and complete answer.
Correct Answer: E) All of the above
All four organisms — Neisseria, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus — are naturally competent bacteria, meaning they possess the innate ability to take up exogenous (free) DNA from their environment through the process of natural transformation. This is a well-documented mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that contributes to antibiotic resistance spread and genetic diversity in these species.
No single organism listed is uniquely capable — all four are classic textbook examples of naturally transformable bacteria, making "All of the above" the correct and complete answer.
10.
Which of the following bacterial STDs has the highest incidence?
- HPV
- Trichomonas
- Chlamydia
- Syphilis
- Gonorrhea
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) Chlamydia
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) is the most commonly reported bacterial STD worldwide and consistently holds the highest incidence among all bacterial STDs. It is frequently asymptomatic, especially in women, which contributes to its widespread undetected transmission and high reported case numbers.
HPV and Trichomonas are not bacterial — HPV is a virus and Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite, making them incorrect answers to a question specifically asking about bacterial STDs. Gonorrhea and syphilis, while significant public health concerns with rising rates, have lower overall incidence compared to chlamydia.
Correct Answer: C) Chlamydia
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) is the most commonly reported bacterial STD worldwide and consistently holds the highest incidence among all bacterial STDs. It is frequently asymptomatic, especially in women, which contributes to its widespread undetected transmission and high reported case numbers.
HPV and Trichomonas are not bacterial — HPV is a virus and Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite, making them incorrect answers to a question specifically asking about bacterial STDs. Gonorrhea and syphilis, while significant public health concerns with rising rates, have lower overall incidence compared to chlamydia.
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