Theories of Personality D564
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Describe how the need for perfection can manifest in an individual's behavior and decision-making.
- A. The need for perfection encourages spontaneity and risk-taking in social situations.
- B. The need for perfection can lead individuals to excessively organize their surroundings and avoid situations where they might be judged.
- C. The need for perfection results in a lack of concern for others' opinions.
- D. The need for perfection promotes a relaxed attitude towards personal responsibilities.
Explanation
A strong need for perfection often drives individuals to meticulously organize their tasks, set extremely high standards, and avoid situations where they fear making mistakes. This behavior is motivated by anxiety over imperfection and a desire to maintain control and avoid criticism.
Correct Answer Is:
The need for perfection can lead individuals to excessively organize their surroundings and avoid situations where they might be judged.
If a teenager is experiencing role confusion, what strategies might a psychologist suggest to help them navigate this Eriksonian stage?
- A. Focus solely on academic achievements to build self-esteem.
- B. Suggest they avoid discussing their feelings to prevent conflict.
- C. Advise them to conform to peer expectations to avoid confusion.
- D. Encourage exploration of different identities and provide a supportive environment for self-discovery.
Explanation
During Erikson’s Identity vs. Role Confusion stage, adolescents explore different roles, values, and beliefs to develop a coherent sense of self. Psychologists encourage supportive exploration, helping teens try out identities safely and reflect on their personal goals, rather than forcing conformity or avoiding self-reflection.
Correct Answer Is:
Encourage exploration of different identities and provide a supportive environment for self-discovery.
Which of the following accurately depicts neurotic needs?
- A. Disproportionate intensity
- B. Disregard for reality
- C. Intense anxiety when unsatisfied
- D. None of the above
- E. All of the above
Explanation
Explanation
Neurotic needs, as described by Karen Horney, are exaggerated or disproportionate desires that individuals rely on to cope with anxiety. They are characterized by intensity beyond normal levels, disregard for reality in their pursuit, and cause significant anxiety if unmet. Therefore, all listed characteristics accurately reflect neurotic needs.Correct Answer Is:
All of the aboveDescribe the concept of the Collective Unconscious as proposed by Carl Jung and its significance in psychology.
- A. The Collective Unconscious refers to the part of the unconscious mind that is shared among all humans, containing universal memories and archetypes.
- B. The Collective Unconscious is a defense mechanism used to cope with anxiety.
- C. The Collective Unconscious is a theory that explains the development of personality traits.
- D. The Collective Unconscious is a personal repository of individual memories and experiences.
Explanation
Explanation
Carl Jung proposed the concept of the collective unconscious as a level of the unconscious mind shared universally among all humans. It contains archetypes—innate, universal symbols and ideas—that shape human thought, behavior, and experiences across cultures. Unlike the personal unconscious, which stores individual memories, the collective unconscious explains patterns of behavior and recurring motifs in myths, dreams, and cultural narratives.Correct Answer Is:
The Collective Unconscious refers to the part of the unconscious mind that is shared among all humans, containing universal memories and archetypes.An older retired client tells the nurse about the great life he has lived and the activities that he enjoys at the senior center. According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which developmental conflict has the client resolved?
- A. Integrity versus despair
- B. Trust versus mistrust
- C. Generativity versus self-absorption
- D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Explanation
The client’s reflection on a fulfilling life and sense of satisfaction indicates successful resolution of Erikson’s Integrity versus Despair stage, which occurs in late adulthood. Resolving this stage involves evaluating one’s life with a sense of accomplishment and acceptance, rather than regret or despair.
Correct Answer Is:
Integrity versus despair
Ms. Rogers wants to offer extra credit points on the next quiz for students who participate in class. This is an example of...
- A. Negative Punishment
- B. Positive Reinforcement
- C. Negative Reinforcement
- D. Positive Punishment
Explanation
Offering extra credit points for participation is positive reinforcement. A desirable stimulus (extra credit) is added following a target behavior (class participation) to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Correct Answer Is:
Positive Reinforcement
Describe how taking aspirin for a headache exemplifies negative reinforcement.
- A. Taking aspirin has no effect on future headache occurrences.
- B. Taking aspirin removes the pain of a headache, which encourages the behavior of taking aspirin in the future.
- C. Taking aspirin is a reward for having a headache, reinforcing the headache behavior.
- D. Taking aspirin adds pain relief, which discourages future use of medication.
Explanation
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened because it removes or reduces an unpleasant stimulus. In this case, taking aspirin alleviates the headache (removes the unpleasant stimulus), which increases the likelihood that the person will take aspirin again in future similar situations.
Correct Answer Is:
Taking aspirin removes the pain of a headache, which encourages the behavior of taking aspirin in the future.
If an individual is actively pursuing creative projects and engaging in community service without seeking recognition, which stage of Maslow's hierarchy are they likely operating in?
- A. Physiological Needs
- B. Safety Needs
- C. Esteem Needs
- D. Self-Actualization
Explanation
Self-actualization, the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy, involves realizing one’s full potential, pursuing personal growth, creativity, and meaningful contributions to society. Individuals at this stage engage in activities for intrinsic satisfaction rather than external rewards or recognition.
Correct Answer Is:
Self-Actualization
Henry Robert's phenomenal contribution to the project was recognized by his boss. Appreciating Robert's contribution, his boss promoted him to the position of team leader for their upcoming project and vested upon him the responsibility of heading a team of 15 members. In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs of Robert's has been satisfied?
- A. esteem need
- B. physiological need
- C. security need
- D. social need
- E. psychological need
Explanation
Maslow’s esteem needs involve the desire for recognition, achievement, competence, and respect from others. By promoting Robert and acknowledging his contribution, his boss has satisfied his need for respect, status, and personal accomplishment, which aligns with the esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Correct Answer Is:
esteem need
Describe how the 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests in an individual's behavior according to Karen Horney's theory.
- A. The 'Need to Move Away from Others' results in seeking constant approval from peers.
- B. The 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests as avoidance of intimacy and relationships due to fear of rejection.
- C. The 'Need to Move Away from Others' leads to excessive dependence on others for validation.
- D. The 'Need to Move Away from Others' encourages forming deep emotional connections.
Explanation
Karen Horney described the neurotic need to “move away from others” as a coping strategy where individuals withdraw from social interactions to protect themselves from potential criticism, rejection, or emotional vulnerability. This manifests as avoidance of intimacy and limited engagement in relationships.
Correct Answer Is:
The 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests as avoidance of intimacy and relationships due to fear of rejection.
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