Theories of Personality D564
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Free Theories of Personality D564 Questions
Sarah is usually confident, but she becomes extremely anxious before giving a public presentation. Which type of trait does this describe?
- Central trait
- Cardinal trait
- Secondary trait
- None of the above
Explanation
Explanation
A secondary trait is a characteristic that is situational and less consistent, influencing behavior in specific contexts rather than across all aspects of life. Sarah’s anxiety appears only in the context of public speaking, making it a secondary trait rather than a central or cardinal trait, which are more pervasive and defining.Correct Answer Is:
Secondary traitDescribe how displacement functions as a defense mechanism in the context of emotional responses.
- Displacement involves reverting to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
- Displacement is attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.
- Displacement is the refusal to accept reality or facts.
- Displacement involves transferring feelings from the original source of distress to a safer target.
Explanation
Explanation
Displacement operates as a defense mechanism by allowing an individual to redirect emotional responses—most commonly anger, frustration, or anxiety—from a source that is perceived as threatening or unacceptable to a substitute target that feels safer. This redirection reduces psychological tension while avoiding direct confrontation with the true source of distress, even though the underlying issue remains unresolved.Correct Answer Is:
Displacement involves transferring feelings from the original source of distress to a safer target.What is the name of the developmental stage described by Erikson that involves a teenager's struggle for identity?
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
Explanation
Explanation
Erikson’s stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion occurs during adolescence and centers on the challenge of developing a clear sense of self and personal identity. Teenagers experiment with different roles, beliefs, and values to form a coherent sense of who they are. Failure to establish this identity can result in confusion about one’s place in society and future direction.Correct Answer Is:
Identity vs. Role ConfusionDescribe how the 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests in an individual's behavior according to Karen Horney's theory.
- The 'Need to Move Away from Others' results in seeking constant approval from peers.
- The 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests as avoidance of intimacy and relationships due to fear of rejection.
- The 'Need to Move Away from Others' leads to excessive dependence on others for validation.
- The 'Need to Move Away from Others' encourages forming deep emotional connections.
Explanation
Karen Horney described the neurotic need to “move away from others” as a coping strategy where individuals withdraw from social interactions to protect themselves from potential criticism, rejection, or emotional vulnerability. This manifests as avoidance of intimacy and limited engagement in relationships.
Correct Answer Is:
The 'Need to Move Away from Others' manifests as avoidance of intimacy and relationships due to fear of rejection.
What term describes the process of providing a reward to increase a desired behavior in psychology?
- Extinction
- Punishment
- Negative Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement
Explanation
Positive reinforcement occurs when a rewarding stimulus is presented following a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. This principle is a key concept in operant conditioning and is used to encourage adaptive behaviors.
Correct Answer Is:
Positive Reinforcement
Lina is very loud and gregarious, but only when gathered with her family. In her classes and at work, she keeps to herself and is relatively soft-spoken. In this case, being loud and gregarious are ________ traits.
- secondary
- central
- tertiary
- primary
Explanation
Explanation
Secondary traits are characteristics that are situational and less consistent across contexts. Lina’s loud and gregarious behavior occurs only in her family environment and not in other settings like work or school, making these behaviors secondary traits rather than central or primary traits, which are more pervasive and defining.Correct Answer Is:
secondaryWhat is the term used by Karen Horney to describe the neurotic need associated with avoiding closeness due to fear of rejection?
- Need for Prestige
- Need for Affection and Approval
- Need to Move Away from Others
- Need for a Partner
Explanation
Karen Horney described the neurotic need to “move away from people” as a coping strategy where individuals withdraw from social interactions to protect themselves from potential rejection or criticism. This reflects a desire for self-sufficiency and emotional distance as a defense against anxiety in relationships.
Correct Answer Is:
Need to Move Away from Others
According to Erikson, what "crisis" do people in their 30s and 40s usually experience?
- Ego integrity vs. Despair
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- None of above
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
Explanation
In Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, adults in their 30s and 40s face the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage. During this period, individuals focus on contributing to society, supporting the next generation, and creating a meaningful legacy. Failure to achieve generativity can result in stagnation and self-absorption.
Correct Answer Is:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What coping strategy does Karen Horney describe for individuals who avoid social situations due to anxiety?
- Moving Away from People
- Seeking Approval
- Moving Against People
- Moving Toward People
Explanation
Explanation
“Moving Away from People” is the strategy Horney identified for individuals who cope with anxiety by withdrawing from others. Rather than seeking approval or confronting others, these individuals distance themselves socially, emphasizing independence and self-sufficiency to manage their feelings of insecurity.Correct Answer Is:
Moving Away from PeopleHenry Robert's phenomenal contribution to the project was recognized by his boss. Appreciating Robert's contribution, his boss promoted him to the position of team leader for their upcoming project and vested upon him the responsibility of heading a team of 15 members. In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs of Robert's has been satisfied?
- esteem need
- physiological need
- security need
- social need
- psychological need
Explanation
Maslow’s esteem needs involve the desire for recognition, achievement, competence, and respect from others. By promoting Robert and acknowledging his contribution, his boss has satisfied his need for respect, status, and personal accomplishment, which aligns with the esteem level in Maslow’s hierarchy.
Correct Answer Is:
esteem need
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