Theories of Personality D564
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What is the term for the defense mechanism where an individual reverts to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development?
- Denial
- Regression
- Projection
- Repression
Explanation
Explanation
Regression is a defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development when faced with stress or anxiety. This may involve childish or immature actions as a way to cope with current pressures, providing temporary comfort or escape from difficult emotions.Correct Answer Is:
RegressionWhat is the neurotic need associated with valuing independence and avoiding reliance on others?
- Need for a Partner
- Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence
- Need for Affection and Approval
- Need for Perfection
Explanation
Explanation
The need for self-sufficiency and independence, as described by Karen Horney, is a neurotic need in which individuals prioritize autonomy and avoid depending on others. This need can lead to reluctance to seek help, difficulty forming close relationships, and a strong focus on personal control and self-reliance.Correct Answer Is:
Need for Self-Sufficiency and IndependenceHow does Adler describe the relationship between feelings of inferiority and the goal of superiority?
- They are temporary states that individuals eventually outgrow
- They are unrelated phenomena
- They are two dimensions of a single force
- They are mutually exclusive concepts
Explanation
Explanation
According to Alfred Adler’s theory of individual psychology, feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority are inherently connected. Inferiority feelings arise from perceived weaknesses or limitations, and these feelings motivate individuals to strive for growth, mastery, and improvement. Thus, the drive toward superiority emerges as a compensatory response to inferiority, making them interdependent aspects of the same motivational force.Correct Answer Is:
They are two dimensions of a single forceAccording to Carl Jung, what elements compose the collective unconscious?
- Thoughts and impulses that the person repressed because they were painful
- Symbols and images that have always been part of human experience
- Visual and auditory stimuli that were too brief or weak to perceive
- Procedural memories established early in life
Explanation
The collective unconscious, according to Carl Jung, consists of universal symbols, images, and archetypes shared among all humans. These elements are inherited and shape human behavior, myths, dreams, and cultural motifs, distinguishing them from the personal unconscious, which contains repressed or individual memories.
Correct Answer Is:
Symbols and images that have always been part of human experience
When Lisa received a paper with a D grade, she immediately told her friends (and herself) that it didn't matter because she had intended to drop the course all along. Which defense mechanism is Lisa using?
- identification
- projection
- rationalization
- repression
Explanation
Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which a person provides logical or socially acceptable explanations to justify behaviors or outcomes that might otherwise cause anxiety or guilt. By claiming she always intended to drop the course, Lisa is protecting her self-esteem and reducing feelings of failure.
Correct Answer Is:
rationalization
Lina is very loud and gregarious, but only when gathered with her family. In her classes and at work, she keeps to herself and is relatively soft-spoken. In this case, being loud and gregarious are ________ traits.
- secondary
- central
- tertiary
- primary
Explanation
Explanation
Secondary traits are characteristics that are situational and less consistent across contexts. Lina’s loud and gregarious behavior occurs only in her family environment and not in other settings like work or school, making these behaviors secondary traits rather than central or primary traits, which are more pervasive and defining.Correct Answer Is:
secondaryPenelope willfully broke her brother's favorite toy and made no attempt to conceal her actions. How would Carl Rogers apply unconditional positive regard to this situation?
- He would conclude that Penelope is a bad person, based on her behaviors
- He would treat Penelope and her actions with respect and kindness
- He would praise Penelope's behavior as an authentic expression of her desires
- He would value Penelope as a human being, but acknowledge that her behavior is unacceptable
Explanation
Explanation
Carl Rogers’ concept of unconditional positive regard involves valuing and respecting a person regardless of their actions, while still recognizing that certain behaviors may be unacceptable. In this case, he would separate Penelope’s inherent worth as a person from her specific behavior of breaking the toy, providing support and guidance without judgment of her character.Correct Answer Is:
He would value Penelope as a human being, but acknowledge that her behavior is unacceptableWhat is the term for redirecting emotions from one target to another in psychology?
- Regression
- Displacement
- Projection
- Denial
Explanation
Explanation
Displacement is a psychological defense mechanism in which an individual redirects emotions, typically negative ones such as anger or frustration, from the original source to a safer or more acceptable substitute target. This occurs when expressing feelings toward the real source is perceived as threatening or inappropriate, so the emotion is unconsciously shifted elsewhere.Correct Answer Is:
DisplacementYou get paid every two weeks. This is an example of:
- fixed ration reinforcement.
- fixed interval reinforcement.
- variable ratio reinforcement.
- variable interval reinforcement.
Explanation
Explanation
Receiving payment every two weeks is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. In this type of schedule, a reward (payment) is delivered after a consistent, predictable amount of time, regardless of the number of behaviors performed. This encourages behaviors to occur at a steady pace as the time for reinforcement approaches.Correct Answer Is:
fixed interval reinforcementWhat is an example of fixed interval reinforcement in behavioral psychology?
- Receiving a paycheck every two weeks
- Pressing a button and getting a random reward
- Receiving a bonus after selling five products
- Winning a lottery after multiple attempts
Explanation
Explanation
Fixed interval reinforcement provides a reward after a set, predictable amount of time has passed, regardless of how many responses occur. Receiving a paycheck every two weeks is a classic example because the reward (pay) is given at consistent time intervals, which encourages steady performance over time.Correct Answer Is:
Receiving a paycheck every two weeksHow to Order
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