Theories of Personality D564
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Free Theories of Personality D564 Questions
What is the term for the defense mechanism where an individual reverts to behaviors typical of an earlier stage of development?
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Denial
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Regression
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Projection
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Repression
Explanation
Explanation
Regression is a defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development when faced with stress or anxiety. This may involve childish or immature actions as a way to cope with current pressures, providing temporary comfort or escape from difficult emotions.Correct Answer Is:
RegressionIf a new employee demonstrates a strong preference for leadership roles and decision-making in a team setting, which trait would you identify in accordance with Allport's theory?
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Central Trait
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Cardinal Trait
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Secondary Trait
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Situational Trait
Explanation
A cardinal trait is a dominant characteristic that defines a person’s entire personality and strongly influences most of their behaviors. If the employee consistently seeks leadership and decision-making opportunities across various situations, this indicates a cardinal trait that shapes how they approach work and social interactions.
Correct Answer Is:
Cardinal Trait
Describe how positive reinforcement influences a child's career choices based on the provided scenario.
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Positive reinforcement encourages the child to pursue painting by rewarding their artistic talent with praise.
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Positive reinforcement discourages the child from painting by ignoring their talent.
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Positive reinforcement has no effect on the child's career choices.
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Positive reinforcement only applies to academic achievements.
Explanation
Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus after the behavior occurs. In this scenario, constant praise for the child’s artistic talent encourages them to continue developing their painting skills, which can influence their choice to pursue a career in art.
Correct Answer Is:
Positive reinforcement encourages the child to pursue painting by rewarding their artistic talent with praise.
If a company decides to implement a fixed interval reinforcement schedule for its employees, how might this affect their motivation and productivity?
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Employees may feel less engaged as they wait for their paycheck without immediate rewards.
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Employees may lose motivation due to the unpredictability of rewards.
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Employees may become more motivated to complete tasks in anticipation of receiving their paycheck regularly.
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Employees may work harder to achieve bonuses based on performance rather than time.
Explanation
A fixed interval reinforcement schedule provides rewards at consistent, predictable time intervals (e.g., a paycheck every two weeks). Knowing they will receive a reward regularly can motivate employees to maintain steady performance, although effort may peak as the reward date approaches. This contrasts with variable schedules, which rely on unpredictability.
Correct Answer Is:
Employees may become more motivated to complete tasks in anticipation of receiving their paycheck regularly.
If an individual is actively pursuing creative projects and engaging in community service without seeking recognition, which stage of Maslow's hierarchy are they likely operating in?
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Physiological Needs
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Safety Needs
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Esteem Needs
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Self-Actualization
Explanation
Self-actualization, the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy, involves realizing one’s full potential, pursuing personal growth, creativity, and meaningful contributions to society. Individuals at this stage engage in activities for intrinsic satisfaction rather than external rewards or recognition.
Correct Answer Is:
Self-Actualization
If a person exhibits excessive guilt and anxiety over their actions due to strict moral standards, which aspect of Freud's personality theory is likely overactive?
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Ego
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Superego
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Id
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Collective Unconscious
Explanation
The superego represents the internalized moral standards and ideals learned from parents and society. When the superego is overactive, it can produce excessive guilt, anxiety, and self-criticism as the individual constantly measures their behavior against rigid moral standards, often leading to internal conflict with the id or ego.
Correct Answer Is:
Superego
What coping strategy does Karen Horney describe for individuals who avoid social situations due to anxiety?
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Moving Away from People
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Seeking Approval
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Moving Against People
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Moving Toward People
Explanation
Explanation
“Moving Away from People” is the strategy Horney identified for individuals who cope with anxiety by withdrawing from others. Rather than seeking approval or confronting others, these individuals distance themselves socially, emphasizing independence and self-sufficiency to manage their feelings of insecurity.Correct Answer Is:
Moving Away from PeoplePenelope willfully broke her brother's favorite toy and made no attempt to conceal her actions. How would Carl Rogers apply unconditional positive regard to this situation?
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He would conclude that Penelope is a bad person, based on her behaviors
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He would treat Penelope and her actions with respect and kindness
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He would praise Penelope's behavior as an authentic expression of her desires
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He would value Penelope as a human being, but acknowledge that her behavior is unacceptable
Explanation
Explanation
Carl Rogers’ concept of unconditional positive regard involves valuing and respecting a person regardless of their actions, while still recognizing that certain behaviors may be unacceptable. In this case, he would separate Penelope’s inherent worth as a person from her specific behavior of breaking the toy, providing support and guidance without judgment of her character.Correct Answer Is:
He would value Penelope as a human being, but acknowledge that her behavior is unacceptableYour professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______.
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negative reinforcement
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punishment
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extinction
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positive reinforcement
Explanation
Explanation
This scenario illustrates positive reinforcement because the behavior of arriving on time is followed by a rewarding stimulus—bonus points. This reward increases the likelihood that the student will continue arriving on time in the future, which is the hallmark of positive reinforcement.Correct Answer Is:
positive reinforcementWhat reinforcement principle is exemplified by a child pursuing a career in painting due to constant praise for artistic talent?
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Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
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Extinction
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Punishment
Explanation
Explanation
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus. In this example, the child receives praise—an inherently rewarding stimulus—whenever they demonstrate artistic talent. This encourages the child to continue pursuing painting, demonstrating the principle of positive reinforcement.Correct Answer Is:
Positive ReinforcementHow to Order
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