Theories of Personality D564
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Free Theories of Personality D564 Questions
A strong need to move away from people indicates the neurotic need for _____.
- ambition and personal achievement
- perfection and unassailability
- prestige and power
- self-sufficiency and independence
Explanation
According to Karen Horney, the neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence involves a strong desire to avoid reliance on others and withdraw from social interactions. Individuals with this need may isolate themselves to protect against anxiety, criticism, or perceived threats.
Correct Answer Is:
self-sufficiency and independence
Jonah is reprimanded by his boss for being late to a meeting. Which of the following reactions best represents displacement?
- He yells at his boss and is fired.
- He complains about his boss to his wife over dinner later.
- He forgets to tell his boss about a change in location of an important meeting so she is late.
- He yells at his wife when he gets home.
Explanation
Displacement is a defense mechanism in which emotions or impulses directed at one person or situation are redirected toward a safer or more accessible target. Jonah taking out his anger on his wife after being reprimanded by his boss is a classic example of displacement, because he cannot safely confront his boss directly.
Correct Answer Is:
He yells at his wife when he gets home.
What term describes the process of providing a reward to increase a desired behavior in psychology?
- Extinction
- Punishment
- Negative Reinforcement
- Positive Reinforcement
Explanation
Positive reinforcement occurs when a rewarding stimulus is presented following a desired behavior, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. This principle is a key concept in operant conditioning and is used to encourage adaptive behaviors.
Correct Answer Is:
Positive Reinforcement
According to Erikson, what "crisis" do people in their 30s and 40s usually experience?
- Ego integrity vs. Despair
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- None of above
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
Explanation
In Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, adults in their 30s and 40s face the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage. During this period, individuals focus on contributing to society, supporting the next generation, and creating a meaningful legacy. Failure to achieve generativity can result in stagnation and self-absorption.
Correct Answer Is:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What is the term used by Karen Horney to describe the neurotic need associated with avoiding closeness due to fear of rejection?
- Need for Prestige
- Need for Affection and Approval
- Need to Move Away from Others
- Need for a Partner
Explanation
Karen Horney described the neurotic need to “move away from people” as a coping strategy where individuals withdraw from social interactions to protect themselves from potential rejection or criticism. This reflects a desire for self-sufficiency and emotional distance as a defense against anxiety in relationships.
Correct Answer Is:
Need to Move Away from Others
What psychological concept describes an individual who believes they are superior due to their wealth and success?
- Neurotic Needs
- Defense Mechanism
- Superiority Complex
- Self-Actualization
Explanation
Explanation
A superiority complex refers to an inflated sense of self-worth and an exaggerated belief in one’s abilities, status, or importance. In this case, the individual’s belief in their superiority due to wealth and success exemplifies this concept, often as a way to mask underlying feelings of inadequacy or inferiority.Correct Answer Is:
Superiority ComplexThe Oedipus (or Electra) complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage.
- Oral
- Phallic
- Genital
- Anal
Explanation
Explanation
According to Freud, the Oedipus (for boys) or Electra (for girls) complex occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, roughly between ages 3 and 6. During this stage, children experience unconscious sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry or jealousy toward the same-sex parent, which is later resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.Correct Answer Is:
PhallicHow does unconditional positive regard influence an individual's self-esteem according to Rogers' theory?
- It encourages individuals to hide their true feelings.
- It creates dependency on external validation.
- It leads to increased criticism of oneself.
- It fosters a sense of worthiness and self-acceptance.
Explanation
Unconditional positive regard, a core concept in Carl Rogers’ humanistic theory, involves accepting and valuing a person without conditions or judgment. When individuals experience this support, they are more likely to develop self-acceptance and a healthy sense of self-worth, fostering confidence and intrinsic motivation rather than relying on external approval.
Correct Answer Is:
It fosters a sense of worthiness and self-acceptance.
Sarah is usually confident, but she becomes extremely anxious before giving a public presentation. Which type of trait does this describe?
- Central trait
- Cardinal trait
- Secondary trait
- None of the above
Explanation
Explanation
A secondary trait is a characteristic that is situational and less consistent, influencing behavior in specific contexts rather than across all aspects of life. Sarah’s anxiety appears only in the context of public speaking, making it a secondary trait rather than a central or cardinal trait, which are more pervasive and defining.Correct Answer Is:
Secondary traitDescribe the significance of the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
- This stage is crucial as it involves teenagers exploring their personal identity and sense of self, which can lead to confusion if not resolved.
- This stage is about forming intimate relationships in young adulthood.
- This stage emphasizes the importance of independence and self-control in early childhood.
- This stage focuses on developing trust in caregivers during infancy.
Explanation
The Identity vs. Role Confusion stage occurs during adolescence and focuses on the exploration of personal identity, values, and beliefs. Successfully resolving this stage allows teenagers to develop a coherent sense of self, while failure can result in confusion about their role in society and uncertainty about the future.
Correct Answer Is:
This stage is crucial as it involves teenagers exploring their personal identity and sense of self, which can lead to confusion if not resolved.
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