Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
Why should people read other articles published by the same source when they locate an article of interest on the internet
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To determine whether social media users generally condone the articles
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To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
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To determine whether the articles published by the source generally relate to politics
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To determine whether the source accepts advertising
Explanation
Correct Answer B: To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
Explanation:
B. To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
This is correct because reviewing other articles by the same source helps identify patterns in tone, bias, and reliability. If a source frequently publishes exaggerated, misleading, or one-sided content, it raises red flags about its credibility.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. To determine whether social media users generally condone the articles
This is incorrect because public reaction on social media does not determine a source’s credibility. Popularity or agreement does not equal accuracy.
C. To determine whether the articles published by the source generally relate to politics
This is incorrect because a source’s focus on politics is not, in itself, a credibility issue. The quality and balance of its reporting are more important.
D. To determine whether the source accepts advertising
This is incorrect because many credible sources accept advertising. Advertising alone doesn’t indicate bias or lack of credibility unless it influences the content directly.
"If magicians can pull rabbits out of hals, then magic is real. Magicians can pull rabbils out of hats. Therefore, I know that magic is real." Which two statements represent conjoint support when mapping this example to a body of propositions
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Magicians can pull rabbits out of hats.
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If magicians can pull rabbits out of hats, then magic is real.
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.Either magic is real or magic is not real.
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I know that magic is real.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Magicians can pull rabbits out of hats.
B. If magicians can pull rabbits out of hats, then magic is real.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. Magicians can pull rabbits out of hats.
This is correct because it is a premise providing direct evidence in support of the conclusion.
B. If magicians can pull rabbits out of hats, then magic is real.
This is correct because it is a conditional premise that, together with option A, supports the conclusion.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. Either magic is real or magic is not real.
This is incorrect because this is a tautology (a logical certainty) and does not contribute support to the conclusion.
D. I know that magic is real.
This is incorrect because this is the conclusion, not supporting evidence.
Alex noticed that many of the news articles, blogs, social media posts, and other information she sees on the internet reinforce her belief that the government is conspiring against her. Based on this information, which conclusion can Alex reasonably have regarding her view on the issue
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Her belief is inaccurate.
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Her suspicion is correct.
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Most people agree with her belief.
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She cannot conclude anything.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: She cannot conclude anything.
Explanation:
D. She cannot conclude anything.
This is correct because the information Alex sees may be filtered through algorithms that reinforce her existing beliefs—known as a filter bubble or confirmation bias. Just because content aligns with her views does not mean it is accurate or widely accepted. Without evaluating the credibility, diversity, and reliability of sources, no sound conclusion can be drawn.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Her belief is inaccurate.
This is incorrect because while her belief may be inaccurate, we cannot confirm this solely based on the presence of reinforcing content.
B. Her suspicion is correct.
This is incorrect because seeing supporting content online does not prove a belief is correct. It could be the result of biased content or echo chambers.
C. Most people agree with her belief.
This is incorrect because online visibility does not equal majority opinion. The content she sees could be highly targeted or niche.
What are two ways in which the internet has complicated a critical thinking approach to finding reliable sources
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Sources are more easily located yet not consistently credible.
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Sources are more easily located and generally credible.
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Sources are more easily located but none are credible.
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Sources are more easily located but still need to be verified.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Sources are more easily located yet not consistently credible.
D: Sources are more easily located but still need to be verified.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. Sources are more easily located yet not consistently credible.
This is correct because the internet makes it simple to find information quickly, but the credibility of that information varies widely. Some sources are reliable, while others spread misinformation or present biased views without evidence.
D. Sources are more easily located but still need to be verified.
This is also correct because even though information is more accessible, critical thinkers must still evaluate and verify the accuracy and credibility of what they find before trusting or using it.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Sources are more easily located and generally credible.
This is incorrect because while many sources exist, not all are credible. Credibility must be assessed individually.
C. Sources are more easily located but none are credible.
This is incorrect because it is too extreme. Many credible sources exist online, especially those from reputable institutions or experts, but they must be carefully selected.
Which two descriptions accurately characterize the nature of human beliefs
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Subject to bias
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Always accurate
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Never logical
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Sometimes irrational
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Subject to bias
D. Sometimes irrational
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. Subject to bias
This is correct because human beliefs are often influenced by personal experiences, emotions, cultural background, and cognitive shortcuts. These biases can shape how we interpret information and form conclusions, even without conscious awareness.
D. Sometimes irrational
This is correct because people occasionally hold beliefs that contradict logic, evidence, or reason. Emotional influence, misinformation, or psychological factors can lead to irrational thinking.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Always accurate
This is incorrect because beliefs can be based on misinformation, assumptions, or faulty reasoning. They are not guaranteed to be true.
C. Never logical
This is incorrect because some human beliefs are logical and supported by evidence. While some beliefs are irrational, not all are.
Which type of logic error is the following argument an example of? "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks
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The fallacy fallacy
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Denying the antecedent
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Affirming the consequent
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Begging the question
Explanation
Correct Answer A: The fallacy fallacy
Explanation:
A. The fallacy fallacy
This is correct because the speaker assumes that because the opponents used flawed reasoning (specifically an ad hominem fallacy), their conclusion must be false. But even if the reasoning is bad, the conclusion ("all giraffes have long necks") could still be true. This is a classic example of the fallacy fallacy—assuming a conclusion is wrong solely because the argument for it is flawed.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because that fallacy follows the structure:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
This structure does not appear in the argument.
C. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because that fallacy takes the form:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
Again, this is not the form used in the given argument.
D. Begging the question
This is incorrect because begging the question involves circular reasoning, where the conclusion is assumed in the premise. That is not what is happening in this example.
Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility
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It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence.
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It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence.
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It helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values.
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It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
Explanation:
D. It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
This is correct because knowing who the author is allows readers to assess their qualifications, background, and authority on the topic. An author with relevant education, professional experience, or subject-matter expertise is more likely to produce credible and trustworthy information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence.
This is incorrect because identifying the author is more about assessing human credibility and expertise, not necessarily AI detection.
B. It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence.
This is incorrect because a large social media following does not indicate expertise or credibility. Popularity is not the same as reliability.
C. It helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values.
This is incorrect because credibility is not based on personal agreement. A credible source is evaluated based on evidence, accuracy, and authority—not alignment with personal beliefs.
Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating the conclusion of a match, that means the home team won. At the conclusion of the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore,concluded that the home team won.
Which term describes this argument
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Deductive
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Sound
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Valid
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inductive
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Inductive
Explanation:
D. Inductive
This is correct because the conclusion is based on a pattern or general observation, not a certainty. The argument uses past experience ("usually when fans celebrate, the home team wins") to infer what probably happened. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a general conclusion that is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Deductive
This is incorrect because deductive reasoning starts with a general rule and applies it to a specific case to reach a logically certain conclusion. This argument does not do that—it generalizes from experience instead.
B. Sound
This is incorrect because "soundness" applies to deductive arguments that are both valid and have true premises. Since this is not a deductive argument, it cannot be described as sound.
C. Valid
This is incorrect because "validity" is a term specific to deductive reasoning where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This argument is inductive, so the term "valid" does not apply.
Which argument contains the general-specific pattern
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Dogs were the first species to be domesticated, so dogs make the best pets.
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Dogs are keenly attuned to human behavior, so dogs are a person's best friend.
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Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
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Dogs are domesticated carnivores, so dogs have been selectively bred.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
Explanation:
C. Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
This is correct because the argument moves from general premises about classification (dogs as subspecies of wolves, collies as breeds of dogs) to a specific conclusion about collies. This is the general-to-specific (deductive) pattern.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Dogs were the first species to be domesticated, so dogs make the best pets.
This is an example of causal or evaluative reasoning, not general-specific pattern.
B. Dogs are keenly attuned to human behavior, so dogs are a person's best friend.
This is a cause-and-effect or evaluative claim, not general-specific.
D. Dogs are domesticated carnivores, so dogs have been selectively bred.
This is reasoning based on characteristics and history, but not a clear general-to-specific pattern.
95% of American citizens are billionaires. Sam is an American citizen. Therefore, Sam is a billionaire. Which set of terms classify this argument
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Valid and sound
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Valid and unsound
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Strong and cogent
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Strong and uncogent
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Valid and unsound
Explanation:
B. Valid and unsound
This is correct because the argument follows a deductive structure:
Premise 1: 95% of American citizens are billionaires.
Premise 2: Sam is an American citizen.
Conclusion: Therefore, Sam is a billionaire.
The logic is valid because if the premises were true, the conclusion would necessarily follow. However, the argument is unsound because the first premise is factually false—95% of Americans are not billionaires.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Valid and sound
This is incorrect because although the logic is valid, the argument is not sound due to the false premise.
C. Strong and cogent
This is incorrect because these terms apply to inductive arguments, and this is structured as a deductive one.
D. Strong and uncogent
This is incorrect because it also applies to inductive arguments, not deductive ones like this one.
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