Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
Which two statements best characterize the following argument?
"Coffee has caffeine, therefore, it has stimulating effects."
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The argument includes two conclusions.
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The argument needs to be mapped using a tree diagram.
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The argument includes a single premise.
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The argument includes a single conclusion.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
C. The argument includes a single premise.
D. The argument includes a single conclusion.
Exzplanation:
C. The argument includes a single premise.
The premise in the argument is "Coffee has caffeine." It is the statement used to support the conclusion.
D. The argument includes a single conclusion.
The conclusion is "therefore, it has stimulating effects." The argument is using the presence of caffeine to support this claim.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. The argument includes two conclusions.
There is only one conclusion in the statement, not two.
B. The argument needs to be mapped using a tree diagram.
A tree diagram is not necessary for such a simple argument with one premise and one conclusion.
"Peyton is an excellent dentist, so she sings well."Which statement represents the hidden assumption that would make this argument valid
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All excellent dentists sing well.
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Some singers are dentists.
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Peyton has many hobbies.
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Nobody who is a dentist also sings
Explanation
Correct Answer A: All excellent dentists sing well.
Explanation:
A. All excellent dentists sing well.
This is correct because for the conclusion ("Peyton sings well") to logically follow from the premise ("Peyton is an excellent dentist"), the unstated assumption must be that all excellent dentists sing well. Without this assumption, the argument is invalid.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Some singers are dentists.
This is incorrect because this fact does not support the conclusion that Peyton, as a dentist, sings well.
C. Peyton has many hobbies.
This is incorrect because having many hobbies does not logically connect being an excellent dentist to singing ability.
D. Nobody who is a dentist also sings.
This is incorrect because this contradicts the conclusion and would make the argument invalid.
A person is considering whal transportation lo use when visiting a friend in a different city. The first thing that comes to mind is a recent news story about a train crash. They decide that the train is not a safe travel option. What kind of bias are they exhibiting
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Anchoring bias
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Confirmation bias
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Selection bias
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Availability bias
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Availability bias
Explanation:
D. Availability bias
This is correct because the person is making a decision based on recent or easily recalled information—the news story about the train crash—rather than on actual statistical safety data. Availability bias occurs when recent, vivid, or emotionally charged events influence judgment more than objective facts.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Anchoring bias
This is incorrect because anchoring bias involves relying too heavily on an initial piece of information (a “starting point”), not recent memories.
B. Confirmation bias
This is incorrect because the person is not seeking or favoring information that supports an existing belief. They are reacting to a single, memorable event.
C. Selection bias
This is incorrect because selection bias involves errors in how data is chosen or sampled, not how it is recalled or judged.
A person encounters an internet source with a headline of "This is NOT a hoax" Which conclusion would be reasonable for this person to make
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The information is urgent.
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The content is sensationalized.
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The story is exclusive.
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The source is credible.
Explanation
Correct Answer B: The content is sensationalized.
Explanation:
B. The content is sensationalized.
This is correct because headlines that use phrases like "This is NOT a hoax" are often designed to grab attention and provoke emotion. Such language is a hallmark of sensationalism, which can be used to boost clicks rather than convey balanced or credible information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. The information is urgent.
This is incorrect because the headline alone doesn’t confirm urgency. It suggests emotional appeal, not time sensitivity.
C. The story is exclusive.
This is incorrect because there’s no indication from the headline that the story is exclusive or unique—only that it’s trying to validate itself preemptively.
D. The source is credible.
This is incorrect because the use of dramatic language actually raises doubts about the source’s credibility, not confirms it.
A university student surveys incoming freshmen to understand how students at the university feel about a proposed tuition increase.Which statements are true regarding this statistical sample
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It is not representative.
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It is not random.
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It is representative.
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It is random.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. It is not representative.
B. It is not random.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. It is not representative.
This is correct because surveying only incoming freshmen does not reflect the views of the entire student body, which includes sophomores, juniors, seniors, and graduate students. The sample is skewed toward one specific group.
B. It is not random.
This is correct because selecting only incoming freshmen is a non-random selection. A random sample would include students of all years and types, selected without bias.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. It is representative.
This is incorrect because the sample excludes a large portion of the university’s student population. Therefore, it cannot accurately represent the entire group.
D. It is random.
This is incorrect because the sample is targeted (only incoming freshmen), not randomly chosen from the full student population.
Which two sentences are propositions
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A strong economy is vital to national security.
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Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
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What do you think is important?
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Let's focus on the economy today!
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. A strong economy is vital to national security.
B: Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. A strong economy is vital to national security.
This is a proposition because it is a declarative statement that makes a claim which can be evaluated as either true or false. It asserts a specific relationship between the economy and national security.
B. Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
This is also a proposition because it presents a factual claim that can be tested or debated. It states an economic effect, which qualifies it as a declarative statement open to truth evaluation.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. What do you think is important?
This is a question, not a proposition. It does not make a statement or claim that can be judged as true or false.
D. Let's focus on the economy today!
This is a suggestion or command, not a proposition. It directs action rather than making a claim that could be evaluated for its truthfulness.
Which two descriptions accurately characterize the nature of human beliefs
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Subject to bias
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Always accurate
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Never logical
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Sometimes irrational
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Subject to bias
D. Sometimes irrational
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. Subject to bias
This is correct because human beliefs are often influenced by personal experiences, emotions, cultural background, and cognitive shortcuts. These biases can shape how we interpret information and form conclusions, even without conscious awareness.
D. Sometimes irrational
This is correct because people occasionally hold beliefs that contradict logic, evidence, or reason. Emotional influence, misinformation, or psychological factors can lead to irrational thinking.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Always accurate
This is incorrect because beliefs can be based on misinformation, assumptions, or faulty reasoning. They are not guaranteed to be true.
C. Never logical
This is incorrect because some human beliefs are logical and supported by evidence. While some beliefs are irrational, not all are.
Quinn favors strict industry regulations. Robin disagrees because they would increase costs for many businesses and stifle the economy. Robin dees, however, understands and acknowledge that industrial operations have environmental and social impacts and that regulatory measures may help prevent unnecessary harm.Which argumentation concept does this passage illustrate
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Heuristics
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Confirmation bias
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The principle of charity
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Availability
Explanation
Correct Answer C: The principle of charity
Explanation:
C. The principle of charity
This is correct because Robin, despite disagreeing with Quinn, makes an effort to fairly understand and acknowledge the reasoning behind Quinn's position. By recognizing valid points in the opposing argument, Robin is demonstrating the principle of charity—interpreting others' arguments in their strongest and most reasonable form before responding.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Heuristics
This is incorrect because heuristics refer to mental shortcuts used for quick decision-making, not respectful interpretation of opposing views.
B. Confirmation bias
This is incorrect because confirmation bias involves favoring information that supports one’s preexisting beliefs. In this case, Robin shows openness, not bias.
D. Availability
This is incorrect because the availability heuristic refers to making judgments based on easily recalled information, which is not the issue being illustrated here.
Which factor should people focus on when evaluating internet-based information sources for credibility
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Readability
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Design
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Content
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Links
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Content
Explanation:
C. Content
This is correct because the accuracy, depth, evidence, and relevance of the content are the most important factors in evaluating credibility. Reliable content is fact-based, well-researched, and supported by sources or data. Critical thinkers prioritize what is being said over how it looks or how easy it is to read.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Readability
This is incorrect because while clear writing is helpful, readability does not guarantee that the information is factual or trustworthy.
B. Design
This is incorrect because a professional or attractive design can be misleading. Even unreliable sources may look polished.
D. Links
This is incorrect because while links can add value, they must be examined for quality and relevance. Having many links does not necessarily mean the source is credible.
Which statement is accurate regarding bias in information sources
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All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views.
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All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible.
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All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias.
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All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
Explanation:
D. All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
This is correct because while it’s true that every source carries some degree of bias, credibility is not determined solely by bias. Credibility also depends on the accuracy of information, evidence provided, reputation, and objectivity. Some sources use bias responsibly and support their claims with facts, making them more reliable than others.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views.
This is incorrect because seeking only sources that align with one's personal beliefs leads to confirmation bias and limits critical thinking.
B. All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible.
This is incorrect because bias varies in degree and type, and not all sources apply it responsibly. Some sources are more balanced and evidence-based, making them more credible.
C. All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias.
This is incorrect because recognizing both source and reader bias is important. Ignoring bias leads to uninformed or skewed interpretations of information, even if both sources and readers are imperfect.
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