Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
Which two sentences are propositions
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A strong economy is vital to national security.
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Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
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What do you think is important?
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Let's focus on the economy today!
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. A strong economy is vital to national security.
B: Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. A strong economy is vital to national security.
This is a proposition because it is a declarative statement that makes a claim which can be evaluated as either true or false. It asserts a specific relationship between the economy and national security.
B. Lending helps stimulate capital investment.
This is also a proposition because it presents a factual claim that can be tested or debated. It states an economic effect, which qualifies it as a declarative statement open to truth evaluation.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. What do you think is important?
This is a question, not a proposition. It does not make a statement or claim that can be judged as true or false.
D. Let's focus on the economy today!
This is a suggestion or command, not a proposition. It directs action rather than making a claim that could be evaluated for its truthfulness.
Which two descriptions accurately characterize the nature of human beliefs
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Subject to bias
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Always accurate
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Never logical
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Sometimes irrational
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Subject to bias
D. Sometimes irrational
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. Subject to bias
This is correct because human beliefs are often influenced by personal experiences, emotions, cultural background, and cognitive shortcuts. These biases can shape how we interpret information and form conclusions, even without conscious awareness.
D. Sometimes irrational
This is correct because people occasionally hold beliefs that contradict logic, evidence, or reason. Emotional influence, misinformation, or psychological factors can lead to irrational thinking.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Always accurate
This is incorrect because beliefs can be based on misinformation, assumptions, or faulty reasoning. They are not guaranteed to be true.
C. Never logical
This is incorrect because some human beliefs are logical and supported by evidence. While some beliefs are irrational, not all are.
I have seen the sun rise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow.
Which term describes this argument
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Cogent
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Deductive
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Valid
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Weak
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Cogent
Explanation:
A. Cogent
This is correct because a cogent argument is an inductive argument that is both strong and has true premises. The argument here uses repeated observations (true premises) to support a highly likely conclusion (that the sun will rise tomorrow), making it strong and cogent.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Deductive
This is incorrect because the argument does not guarantee the conclusion based on general rules; instead, it draws a probable conclusion from past experiences, which is characteristic of inductive reasoning.
C. Valid
This is incorrect because "validity" applies only to deductive arguments. Since this is inductive, the term "valid" does not apply.
D. Weak
This is incorrect because the reasoning is actually strong. The repeated observation of the sun rising supports a highly likely conclusion. A weak argument would lack sufficient support or reliability.
Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, it follows that we need to institute a new economic policy, and we need to act quickly.
Which two statements contain premises of the given argument
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Inflation is rising rapidly.
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We need to institute a new economic policy.
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We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
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We need to act quickly.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Inflation is rising rapidly.
C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
Complete Statements (Premises):
A. Inflation is rising rapidly.
This is a complete premise. It provides a factual basis that supports the conclusion. It explains why action might be necessary.
C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
This is a complete premise. It adds urgency to the situation and helps justify the need for a new policy and rapid action.
Incomplete Statements (Conclusions):
B. We need to institute a new economic policy.
This is an incomplete option as a premise. It is not a supporting fact but a conclusion drawn from the premises. It tells us what action is needed, not why.
D. We need to act quickly.
This is also incomplete as a premise. It represents part of the conclusion or recommendation, not a factual reason leading to the conclusion.
How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased
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By channeling programming through social media only
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By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints
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By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only
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By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
Explanation
Correct Answer D: By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
Explanation:
D. By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
This is correct because including diverse, well-informed perspectives encourages balanced discussions and reduces one-sided narratives. Hearing multiple sides of an issue allows listeners to critically evaluate the information and form their own conclusions, which helps minimize bias.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. By channeling programming through social media only
This is incorrect because social media platforms can actually amplify bias through algorithms that favor sensational or emotionally charged content.
B. By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints
This is incorrect because while disclaimers may increase transparency, they do not reduce bias in the content itself. They simply alert the audience to the presence of bias.
C. By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only
This is incorrect because limiting access does not affect bias. It may actually create echo chambers where only like-minded individuals engage with the content.
A news outlet issues a correction and an apology for incorrect information it published. In the absence of further information, what does this news outlet's action suggest about its credibility
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The source lacks credibility because it is unprofessional.
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The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy.
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The source appears credible because it is unbiased.
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The source lacks credibility because it is biased.
Explanation
Correct Answer B: The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy.
Explanation:
B. The source appears credible because it is concerned with accuracy.
This is correct because admitting an error and issuing a correction demonstrates accountability and a commitment to factual reporting. Responsible correction practices are a sign of professional journalism and increase a source’s credibility.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. The source lacks credibility because it is unprofessional.
This is incorrect because making corrections is a sign of professionalism, not a lack of it. Refusing to correct mistakes would reflect unprofessionalism.
C. The source appears credible because it is unbiased.
This is incorrect because issuing a correction does not prove the source is unbiased. It shows concern for accuracy, but bias cannot be determined from this action alone.
D. The source lacks credibility because it is biased.
This is incorrect because the action of correcting misinformation shows transparency and does not indicate bias. In fact, it helps build credibility.
Which statement is accurate regarding bias in information sources
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All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views.
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All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible.
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All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias.
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All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
Explanation:
D. All sources have bias, but some are more credible than others.
This is correct because while it’s true that every source carries some degree of bias, credibility is not determined solely by bias. Credibility also depends on the accuracy of information, evidence provided, reputation, and objectivity. Some sources use bias responsibly and support their claims with facts, making them more reliable than others.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. All sources have bias, so individuals should consult those that best align with their views.
This is incorrect because seeking only sources that align with one's personal beliefs leads to confirmation bias and limits critical thinking.
B. All sources have bias, so they are all equally credible.
This is incorrect because bias varies in degree and type, and not all sources apply it responsibly. Some sources are more balanced and evidence-based, making them more credible.
C. All sources have bias, but this is irrelevant since all readers have bias.
This is incorrect because recognizing both source and reader bias is important. Ignoring bias leads to uninformed or skewed interpretations of information, even if both sources and readers are imperfect.
Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating the conclusion of a match, that means the home team won. At the conclusion of the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore,concluded that the home team won.
Which term describes this argument
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Deductive
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Sound
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Valid
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inductive
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Inductive
Explanation:
D. Inductive
This is correct because the conclusion is based on a pattern or general observation, not a certainty. The argument uses past experience ("usually when fans celebrate, the home team wins") to infer what probably happened. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a general conclusion that is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Deductive
This is incorrect because deductive reasoning starts with a general rule and applies it to a specific case to reach a logically certain conclusion. This argument does not do that—it generalizes from experience instead.
B. Sound
This is incorrect because "soundness" applies to deductive arguments that are both valid and have true premises. Since this is not a deductive argument, it cannot be described as sound.
C. Valid
This is incorrect because "validity" is a term specific to deductive reasoning where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This argument is inductive, so the term "valid" does not apply.
For which two reasons do critical thinkers follow the principle of charity
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To discover the truth
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To minimize time and expense
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To present a more convincing argument
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To confuse their opponents
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. To discover the truth
C. To present a more convincing argument
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. To discover the truth
This is correct because the principle of charity encourages interpreting others' arguments in their strongest, most reasonable form. Doing so helps focus on actual issues and reduces misunderstandings, making it easier to identify truth through fair and honest analysis.
C. To present a more convincing argument
This is correct because when you respond to the best version of an opposing argument (rather than a weak or distorted one), your own reasoning becomes stronger and more persuasive. It demonstrates intellectual integrity and thoughtful engagement.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. To minimize time and expense
This is incorrect because the principle of charity is not about efficiency or cost-saving. It’s about fairness and intellectual honesty, not resource management.
D. To confuse their opponents
This is incorrect because the principle of charity is meant to clarify discussions, not create confusion. It promotes understanding, not manipulation.
If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Do is kind.
This is an example of which type of logic error
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Denying the antecedent
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Affirming the consequent
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Begging the question
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The fallacy fallacy
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Affirming the consequent
Explanation:
B. Affirming the consequent
This is correct because the argument follows the flawed logical form:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
In this case:
If Bo is kind (A), then Bo is wealthy (B).
Bo is wealthy (B).
Therefore, Bo is kind (A).
This is invalid reasoning because there could be other reasons Bo is wealthy besides being kind.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because that fallacy follows the structure:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
This structure does not appear in the argument.
C. Begging the question
This is incorrect because the argument does not assume its conclusion in its premise. Instead, it attempts to infer a conclusion from a true consequence, which is a different type of error.
D. The fallacy fallacy
This is incorrect because the argument does not reject a conclusion simply because the reasoning is flawed. Instead, it commits a flaw in logical structure itself.
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