Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
I have seen the sun rise every day for many years. I, therefore, conclude that the sun will rise again tomorrow.
Which term describes this argument
-
Cogent
-
Deductive
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Valid
-
Weak
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Cogent
Explanation:
A. Cogent
This is correct because a cogent argument is an inductive argument that is both strong and has true premises. The argument here uses repeated observations (true premises) to support a highly likely conclusion (that the sun will rise tomorrow), making it strong and cogent.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Deductive
This is incorrect because the argument does not guarantee the conclusion based on general rules; instead, it draws a probable conclusion from past experiences, which is characteristic of inductive reasoning.
C. Valid
This is incorrect because "validity" applies only to deductive arguments. Since this is inductive, the term "valid" does not apply.
D. Weak
This is incorrect because the reasoning is actually strong. The repeated observation of the sun rising supports a highly likely conclusion. A weak argument would lack sufficient support or reliability.
"Some people point to the large number of unidentified flying object sightings and the discovery of many earth-like planets in the universe as evidence of extraterrestrial life. I don't lake this evidence seriously, though, because I do not believe in extraterrestrial life. Which argumentation concept does the following passage illustrate?
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Anchoring and adjustment
-
Denying the antecedent
-
Representativeness
-
Confirmation bias
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Confirmation bias
Explanation:
D. Confirmation bias
This is correct because the speaker dismisses valid evidence simply because it conflicts with their existing belief. Rather than evaluating the evidence objectively, they reject it to preserve their prior belief—a classic example of confirmation bias, where people favor information that confirms their beliefs and disregard information that contradicts them.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Anchoring and adjustment
This is incorrect because anchoring involves relying too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making decisions. That’s not what’s happening in this passage.
B. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because that’s a specific formal logic fallacy with the structure:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
This structure does not appear in the reasoning provided.
C. Representativeness
This is incorrect because representativeness involves judging likelihood based on similarity to a stereotype or known category. The argument doesn’t rely on that kind of reasoning.
One should not speed because speeding is wrong.
Which type of logic error is this an example of
-
Denying the antecedent
-
Begging the question
-
The fallacy fallacy
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Affirming the consequent
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Begging the question
Explanation:
B. Begging the question
This is correct because the reasoning is circular. The statement assumes the conclusion it is trying to prove: “One should not speed” is justified by simply restating that “speeding is wrong,” without providing any independent reason or evidence. This is the essence of begging the question.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because that fallacy takes the form:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
This structure is not present in the sentence.
C. The fallacy fallacy
This is incorrect because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone concludes an argument's conclusion must be false just because it contains a fallacy. That’s not what is happening here.
D. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because that fallacy takes the form:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
This structure also does not apply to this statement.
There are not any good seafood restaurants in this city. I tried two, and they were both terrible."Which lallacy of weak induction best describes this example
-
Slippery slope
-
Appeal to ignorance
-
Hasty generalization
-
Equivocation
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Hasty generalization
Explanation:
C. Hasty generalization
This is correct because the person is making a broad conclusion about all seafood restaurants in the city based on a very limited sample—just two bad experiences. This fallacy occurs when someone generalizes from too few examples or insufficient evidence.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Slippery slope
This is incorrect because the argument doesn’t claim that one event will inevitably lead to a chain of negative consequences.
B. Appeal to ignorance
This is incorrect because the argument isn’t based on a lack of evidence—it’s based on too little evidence, which is a different issue.
D. Equivocation
This is incorrect because equivocation involves using a word with multiple meanings in a misleading way, which is not happening in this example.
An individual read a report that professional athletes spend an average of thirty hours per week exercising at the gym. Based on this report, the individual concludes that people who belong to a gym spend an average of thirty hours per
weck exercising
Which concept does this conclusion illustrate
-
Selection bias
-
The principle of charity
-
Representativeness
-
Anchoring
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Representativeness
Explanation:
C. Representativeness
This is correct because the individual is making a generalization based on how closely one group (professional athletes) seems to represent another group (regular gym members). The error lies in assuming that one typical case (athletes) accurately represents the entire population of gym-goers, which is a hallmark of the representativeness heuristic.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Selection bias
This is incorrect because selection bias involves how data is collected or sampled, not how conclusions are generalized. There is no indication that the report itself had a sampling problem.
B. The principle of charity
This is incorrect because that principle refers to interpreting others’ arguments in their strongest form. It has nothing to do with reasoning based on categories or averages.
D. Anchoring
This is incorrect because anchoring involves relying too heavily on an initial piece of information (a "starting point") to make judgments. In this case, the issue is the inappropriate comparison, not over-reliance on a single number.
Which two statements best characterize the following argument?
"Coffee has caffeine, therefore, it has stimulating effects."
-
The argument includes two conclusions.
-
The argument needs to be mapped using a tree diagram.
-
The argument includes a single premise.
-
The argument includes a single conclusion.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
C. The argument includes a single premise.
D. The argument includes a single conclusion.
Exzplanation:
C. The argument includes a single premise.
The premise in the argument is "Coffee has caffeine." It is the statement used to support the conclusion.
D. The argument includes a single conclusion.
The conclusion is "therefore, it has stimulating effects." The argument is using the presence of caffeine to support this claim.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. The argument includes two conclusions.
There is only one conclusion in the statement, not two.
B. The argument needs to be mapped using a tree diagram.
A tree diagram is not necessary for such a simple argument with one premise and one conclusion.
People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing lo do.
Which type of logic error is this an example of
-
Begging the question
-
The fallacy fallacy
-
Affirming the consequent
-
Denying the antecedent
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Begging the question
Explanation:
A. Begging the question
This is correct because the argument assumes what it is trying to prove. Saying people should pay taxes because it is "the right thing to do" doesn't offer independent justification—it just restates the conclusion in different words, which is classic circular reasoning.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. The fallacy fallacy
This is incorrect because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that just because an argument contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. That is not what is happening in this statement.
C. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because affirming the consequent is a formal logic error with this structure:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
This structure does not appear in the sentence.
D. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because denying the antecedent follows the form:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
Again, this is not the structure of the argument provided.
Which sentence reflects strong critical thinking
-
In any event, our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an informed decision on the topic.
-
Although my opponent has proven to be less than honest, I welcome the opportunity to engage in meaningful debate.
-
Because I am honest and unbiased, I am confident in my position.
-
The issues at hand are quite simple, and the solutions are clear.
Explanation
Correct Answer A: In any event, our purpose is to better understand the relevant issues so that we may make an informed decision on the topic.
Explanation:
Option A shows a thoughtful and open-minded approach. It emphasizes understanding all sides of an issue and making decisions based on evidence and reasoning—key aspects of strong critical thinking.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Although my opponent has proven to be less than honest, I welcome the opportunity to engage in meaningful debate."
This sentence contains an ad hominem implication by questioning the opponent's honesty, which undermines objective reasoning and weakens the critical thinking displayed.
C. Because I am honest and unbiased, I am confident in my position.
This statement relies on self-characterization rather than evidence or reasoning to support a position, which is not a hallmark of critical thinking.
D. The issues at hand are quite simple, and the solutions are clear.
This sentence dismisses complexity and suggests a closed mindset. Strong critical thinking acknowledges complexity and the need for thoughtful analysis.
Which two characterizations are most accurate regarding the credibility of information sources
-
If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again.
-
The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
-
Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
-
Political sources are seldom credible.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
B: The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
C: Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
B. The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
This is correct because credibility is not all-or-nothing. A source may be highly reliable in one area but less so in another. Evaluating credibility requires considering factors like evidence, transparency, and consistency—not just a binary judgment.
C. Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
This is correct because sources can be unreliable due to bias, misinformation, lack of evidence, poor fact-checking, conflicts of interest, or unverified authorship. Understanding these different reasons helps in critically evaluating information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again.
This is incorrect because a single error does not necessarily discredit an entire source, especially if it issues corrections and shows a pattern of overall reliability.
D. Political sources are seldom credible.
This is incorrect because while some political sources may exhibit bias, not all are inherently untrustworthy. Many political sources offer accurate and verifiable information. Each should be assessed individually.
How could podcasts, newscasts, and talk radio be less biased
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By channeling programming through social media only
-
By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints
-
By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only
-
By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
Explanation
Correct Answer D: By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
Explanation:
D. By featuring experts who offer contrary viewpoints
This is correct because including diverse, well-informed perspectives encourages balanced discussions and reduces one-sided narratives. Hearing multiple sides of an issue allows listeners to critically evaluate the information and form their own conclusions, which helps minimize bias.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. By channeling programming through social media only
This is incorrect because social media platforms can actually amplify bias through algorithms that favor sensational or emotionally charged content.
B. By stating disclaimers that acknowledge ideological viewpoints
This is incorrect because while disclaimers may increase transparency, they do not reduce bias in the content itself. They simply alert the audience to the presence of bias.
C. By restricting viewership to paid subscribers only
This is incorrect because limiting access does not affect bias. It may actually create echo chambers where only like-minded individuals engage with the content.
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