Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
"All dogs have four legs. Grover is a dog, because Grover barks like a dog, So Grover has four legs. Which statement represents indirect support
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All dogs have four legs.
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Grover barks like a dog.
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Grover has four legs.
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All four-legged animals are dogs.
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Grover barks like a dog.
Explanation:
B. Grover barks like a dog.
This is correct because it provides indirect support for the claim that Grover is a dog. The barking is used as evidence or a reason to conclude Grover’s species, which then leads to the conclusion about Grover having four legs.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. All dogs have four legs.
This is a premise providing direct support for the conclusion about Grover’s legs, not indirect support.
C. Grover has four legs.
This is the conclusion of the argument, not support.
D. All four-legged animals are dogs.
This statement is false and irrelevant to the argument’s reasoning.
A flight attendant accidentally spills a drink on a passenger. The passenger tells a friend that the flight attendants for the airline are incompetent.
Which fallacy of weak induction best describes this example
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Appeal to ignorance
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Slippery slope
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Hasty generalization
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Equivocation
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Hasty generalization
Explanation:
C. Hasty generalization
This is correct because the passenger is making a broad negative judgment about all flight attendants of the airline based on a single incident. This fallacy involves drawing a general conclusion from insufficient or unrepresentative evidence.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Appeal to ignorance
This is incorrect because the argument is not based on a lack of evidence or ignorance.
B. Slippery slope
This is incorrect because the argument does not claim that one event will lead to a chain of increasingly negative consequences.
D. Equivocation
This is incorrect because there is no ambiguous use of language or shifting meaning in the statement.
Which type of logic error is the following argument an example of? "My opponents argue that all giraffes have long necks because anyone who disagrees is a fool. Since my opponents are guilty of the ad hominem fallacy, we must infer that their conclusion is false, and that giraffes do not have long necks
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The fallacy fallacy
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Denying the antecedent
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Affirming the consequent
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Begging the question
Explanation
Correct Answer A: The fallacy fallacy
Explanation:
A. The fallacy fallacy
This is correct because the speaker assumes that because the opponents used flawed reasoning (specifically an ad hominem fallacy), their conclusion must be false. But even if the reasoning is bad, the conclusion ("all giraffes have long necks") could still be true. This is a classic example of the fallacy fallacy—assuming a conclusion is wrong solely because the argument for it is flawed.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because that fallacy follows the structure:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
This structure does not appear in the argument.
C. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because that fallacy takes the form:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
Again, this is not the form used in the given argument.
D. Begging the question
This is incorrect because begging the question involves circular reasoning, where the conclusion is assumed in the premise. That is not what is happening in this example.
People should pay their taxes since paying taxes is the right thing lo do.
Which type of logic error is this an example of
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Begging the question
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The fallacy fallacy
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Affirming the consequent
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Denying the antecedent
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Begging the question
Explanation:
A. Begging the question
This is correct because the argument assumes what it is trying to prove. Saying people should pay taxes because it is "the right thing to do" doesn't offer independent justification—it just restates the conclusion in different words, which is classic circular reasoning.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
B. The fallacy fallacy
This is incorrect because the fallacy fallacy occurs when someone assumes that just because an argument contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. That is not what is happening in this statement.
C. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because affirming the consequent is a formal logic error with this structure:
If A, then B.
B is true.
Therefore, A is true.
This structure does not appear in the sentence.
D. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because denying the antecedent follows the form:
If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
Again, this is not the structure of the argument provided.
Usually when home team fans come out smiling and celebrating the conclusion of a match, that means the home team won. At the conclusion of the match, many home team fans came out smiling and celebrating. I, therefore,concluded that the home team won.
Which term describes this argument
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Deductive
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Sound
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Valid
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inductive
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Inductive
Explanation:
D. Inductive
This is correct because the conclusion is based on a pattern or general observation, not a certainty. The argument uses past experience ("usually when fans celebrate, the home team wins") to infer what probably happened. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a general conclusion that is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Deductive
This is incorrect because deductive reasoning starts with a general rule and applies it to a specific case to reach a logically certain conclusion. This argument does not do that—it generalizes from experience instead.
B. Sound
This is incorrect because "soundness" applies to deductive arguments that are both valid and have true premises. Since this is not a deductive argument, it cannot be described as sound.
C. Valid
This is incorrect because "validity" is a term specific to deductive reasoning where, if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. This argument is inductive, so the term "valid" does not apply.
Why can heuristics be advantageous
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They help individuals avoid cognitive biases.
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They conform to the principle of charity.
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They remind individuals to slow their thought processes.
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They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
Explanation:
D. They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
This is correct because heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help people make decisions efficiently, especially under time pressure or in complex situations. While they can sometimes lead to bias, they are useful for simplifying decision-making in everyday life.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. They help individuals avoid cognitive biases.
This is incorrect because heuristics can actually lead to cognitive biases. While helpful, they often rely on simplifications that can distort judgment.
B. They conform to the principle of charity.
This is incorrect because heuristics are about quick decision-making, not about interpreting arguments generously or fairly.
C. They remind individuals to slow their thought processes.
This is incorrect because heuristics do the opposite—they speed up thinking rather than slowing it down.
A teacher talks with a student about failing to turn in homework. The student replies by expressing a desire to dress up as a superhero for Halloween.Which response best matches this fallacy of relevance
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Genetic fallacy
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Straw man
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Red herring
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False cause
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Red herring
Explanation:
C. Red herring
This is correct because the student’s response distracts from the original issue (not turning in homework) by bringing up an unrelated topic (Halloween costume). A red herring is a deliberate diversion to avoid addressing the real issue.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Genetic fallacy
This is incorrect because genetic fallacy involves rejecting or accepting a claim based on its origin rather than its merits.
B. Straw man
This is incorrect because straw man involves misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack, which is not happening here.
D. False cause
This is incorrect because false cause assumes a causal relationship without evidence, which is not the case in this example.
A soccer fan buys a jersey with his favorite player's name and number on the back. When the player's performance decreases, the fan attributes it to the jersey he bought.Which lallacy of weak induction best describes this argument
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Shifting the burden of proof
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Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
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Appeal to ignorance
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Slippery slope
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
Explanation:
B. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
This is correct because the fan assumes that the player’s decreased performance was caused by buying the jersey simply because the jersey purchase preceded the performance decline. This fallacy mistakenly links correlation or sequence with causation.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Shifting the burden of proof
This is incorrect because this fallacy involves demanding that someone else prove a claim rather than supporting one’s own argument.
C. Appeal to ignorance
This is incorrect because appeal to ignorance involves asserting a claim is true or false based on lack of evidence, which doesn’t apply here.
D. Slippery slope
This is incorrect because slippery slope involves arguing that one event will lead to a chain of negative events, which is not the case here.
A person notices that many of the news articles, blogs, social media posts, and other information he sees on the internet mirror his personal likes and dislikes
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His likes and dislikes are incorrect.
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Most people agree with his likes and dislikes.
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Algorithms may be linking him with like-minded information.
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His likes and dislikes are correct.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Algorithms may be linking him with like-minded information.
Explanation:
C. Algorithms may be linking him with like-minded information
This is correct because many internet platforms use algorithms to personalize content based on a user’s browsing history, preferences, and interactions. This can create a filter bubble or echo chamber in which a person is repeatedly exposed to information that supports their existing views, making it seem like everyone agrees with them.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. His likes and dislikes are incorrect.
This is incorrect because the accuracy of his preferences cannot be judged solely based on what content appears online.
B. Most people agree with his likes and dislikes.
This is incorrect because content personalization does not reflect majority opinion—only what aligns with his profile.
D. His likes and dislikes are correct.
This is incorrect because personal agreement with online content does not validate a belief as correct or factual.
An individual read a report that professional athletes spend an average of thirty hours per week exercising at the gym. Based on this report, the individual concludes that people who belong to a gym spend an average of thirty hours per
weck exercising
Which concept does this conclusion illustrate
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Selection bias
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The principle of charity
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Representativeness
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Anchoring
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Representativeness
Explanation:
C. Representativeness
This is correct because the individual is making a generalization based on how closely one group (professional athletes) seems to represent another group (regular gym members). The error lies in assuming that one typical case (athletes) accurately represents the entire population of gym-goers, which is a hallmark of the representativeness heuristic.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Selection bias
This is incorrect because selection bias involves how data is collected or sampled, not how conclusions are generalized. There is no indication that the report itself had a sampling problem.
B. The principle of charity
This is incorrect because that principle refers to interpreting others’ arguments in their strongest form. It has nothing to do with reasoning based on categories or averages.
D. Anchoring
This is incorrect because anchoring involves relying too heavily on an initial piece of information (a "starting point") to make judgments. In this case, the issue is the inappropriate comparison, not over-reliance on a single number.
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