Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265
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Free Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence D265 Questions
I have grown bored since last week.
Which descriptor accurately characterizes this sentence
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Weak argument
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Inference
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Strong argument
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Proposition
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Proposition
Explanation:
This is correct because the sentence is a declarative statement that expresses a condition or personal experience. It can be evaluated as either true or false, which qualifies it as a proposition.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Weak argument
This is incorrect because the sentence does not present reasoning or evidence meant to support a conclusion. It simply states a personal feeling.
B. Inference
This is incorrect because the sentence does not draw a conclusion from evidence. It offers no premises or reasoning—just a direct statement.
C. Strong argument
This is incorrect because there is no argument being made. A strong argument requires both premises and a conclusion, none of which are present here.
Which argument contains the general-specific pattern
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Dogs were the first species to be domesticated, so dogs make the best pets.
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Dogs are keenly attuned to human behavior, so dogs are a person's best friend.
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Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
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Dogs are domesticated carnivores, so dogs have been selectively bred.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
Explanation:
C. Dogs are a subspecies of a wolf and collie is a breed of dog, so collies are wolves.
This is correct because the argument moves from general premises about classification (dogs as subspecies of wolves, collies as breeds of dogs) to a specific conclusion about collies. This is the general-to-specific (deductive) pattern.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Dogs were the first species to be domesticated, so dogs make the best pets.
This is an example of causal or evaluative reasoning, not general-specific pattern.
B. Dogs are keenly attuned to human behavior, so dogs are a person's best friend.
This is a cause-and-effect or evaluative claim, not general-specific.
D. Dogs are domesticated carnivores, so dogs have been selectively bred.
This is reasoning based on characteristics and history, but not a clear general-to-specific pattern.
An individual read a report that professional athletes spend an average of thirty hours per week exercising at the gym. Based on this report, the individual concludes that people who belong to a gym spend an average of thirty hours per
weck exercising
Which concept does this conclusion illustrate
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Selection bias
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The principle of charity
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Representativeness
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Anchoring
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Representativeness
Explanation:
C. Representativeness
This is correct because the individual is making a generalization based on how closely one group (professional athletes) seems to represent another group (regular gym members). The error lies in assuming that one typical case (athletes) accurately represents the entire population of gym-goers, which is a hallmark of the representativeness heuristic.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Selection bias
This is incorrect because selection bias involves how data is collected or sampled, not how conclusions are generalized. There is no indication that the report itself had a sampling problem.
B. The principle of charity
This is incorrect because that principle refers to interpreting others’ arguments in their strongest form. It has nothing to do with reasoning based on categories or averages.
D. Anchoring
This is incorrect because anchoring involves relying too heavily on an initial piece of information (a "starting point") to make judgments. In this case, the issue is the inappropriate comparison, not over-reliance on a single number.
A person is buying a car. The car salesperson initially quotes a base price. The buyer relies on this initial quote to make a purchasing decision despite the subsequent addition of options that significantly increase the final price.
Which cognitive bias is the buyer exhibiting
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Denying the antecedent
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Affirming the consequent
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Anchoring and adjustment
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Representativeness
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Anchoring and adjustment
Explanation:
C. Anchoring and adjustment
This is correct because the buyer is influenced by the initial base price (the anchor) and fails to sufficiently adjust their thinking to account for the added options and increased final cost. This bias occurs when people give disproportionate weight to the first piece of information they receive and base subsequent judgments around it.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Denying the antecedent
This is incorrect because it's a formal logic fallacy involving conditional statements, not a pricing bias or heuristic.
B. Affirming the consequent
This is incorrect because it’s another logical fallacy that involves invalid reasoning about cause and effect, which is not relevant here.
D. Representativeness
This is incorrect because that bias involves judging something based on how much it resembles a typical case or category, which is not the issue in this example.
Which two sentences reflect strong critical thinking
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I am unsure of the answer; I will need to research the issue further.
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My opponent's position is contrary to mine; my opponent, however, raises some good questions
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You can trust my conclusion; I am not biased in any way.
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Some say we should act now; those people are not very smart.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. I am unsure of the answer; I will need to research the issue further.
B. My opponent's position is contrary to mine; my opponent, however, raises some good questions.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
A. I am unsure of the answer; I will need to research the issue further.
This reflects strong critical thinking because it shows openness to new information and a willingness to seek evidence before forming a conclusion.
B. My opponent's position is contrary to mine; my opponent, however, raises some good questions.
This shows critical thinking by acknowledging the value in opposing viewpoints, demonstrating fairness and intellectual humility.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. You can trust my conclusion; I am not biased in any way.
This is incorrect because it assumes trust without evidence and ignores the possibility of bias, which undermines critical thinking.
D. Some say we should act now; those people are not very smart.
This is incorrect because it dismisses opposing views with ad hominem attacks instead of addressing the argument, which is poor critical thinking.
Why is identifying the author essential in determining a source's credibility
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It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence.
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It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence.
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It helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values.
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It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
Explanation:
D. It helps to determine if the author has relevant expertise.
This is correct because knowing who the author is allows readers to assess their qualifications, background, and authority on the topic. An author with relevant education, professional experience, or subject-matter expertise is more likely to produce credible and trustworthy information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. It helps determine if a source is generated by artificial intelligence.
This is incorrect because identifying the author is more about assessing human credibility and expertise, not necessarily AI detection.
B. It helps determine if the author has a vast social media presence.
This is incorrect because a large social media following does not indicate expertise or credibility. Popularity is not the same as reliability.
C. It helps to determine if they share one's beliefs and values.
This is incorrect because credibility is not based on personal agreement. A credible source is evaluated based on evidence, accuracy, and authority—not alignment with personal beliefs.
Since inflation is rising rapidly, and because we are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible, it follows that we need to institute a new economic policy, and we need to act quickly.
Which two statements contain premises of the given argument
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Inflation is rising rapidly.
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We need to institute a new economic policy.
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We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
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We need to act quickly.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Inflation is rising rapidly.
C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
Complete Statements (Premises):
A. Inflation is rising rapidly.
This is a complete premise. It provides a factual basis that supports the conclusion. It explains why action might be necessary.
C. We are approaching the point at which reversal is not possible.
This is a complete premise. It adds urgency to the situation and helps justify the need for a new policy and rapid action.
Incomplete Statements (Conclusions):
B. We need to institute a new economic policy.
This is an incomplete option as a premise. It is not a supporting fact but a conclusion drawn from the premises. It tells us what action is needed, not why.
D. We need to act quickly.
This is also incomplete as a premise. It represents part of the conclusion or recommendation, not a factual reason leading to the conclusion.
Why should people read other articles published by the same source when they locate an article of interest on the internet
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To determine whether social media users generally condone the articles
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To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
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To determine whether the articles published by the source generally relate to politics
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To determine whether the source accepts advertising
Explanation
Correct Answer B: To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
Explanation:
B. To determine whether the source publishes sensationalized or overtly biased stories
This is correct because reviewing other articles by the same source helps identify patterns in tone, bias, and reliability. If a source frequently publishes exaggerated, misleading, or one-sided content, it raises red flags about its credibility.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. To determine whether social media users generally condone the articles
This is incorrect because public reaction on social media does not determine a source’s credibility. Popularity or agreement does not equal accuracy.
C. To determine whether the articles published by the source generally relate to politics
This is incorrect because a source’s focus on politics is not, in itself, a credibility issue. The quality and balance of its reporting are more important.
D. To determine whether the source accepts advertising
This is incorrect because many credible sources accept advertising. Advertising alone doesn’t indicate bias or lack of credibility unless it influences the content directly.
Which two characterizations are most accurate regarding the credibility of information sources
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If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again.
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The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
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Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
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Political sources are seldom credible.
Explanation
Correct Answers:
B: The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
C: Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
Explanation of Each Correct Option:
B. The credibility of sources spans a spectrum.
This is correct because credibility is not all-or-nothing. A source may be highly reliable in one area but less so in another. Evaluating credibility requires considering factors like evidence, transparency, and consistency—not just a binary judgment.
C. Sources may lack credibility for a variety of reasons.
This is correct because sources can be unreliable due to bias, misinformation, lack of evidence, poor fact-checking, conflicts of interest, or unverified authorship. Understanding these different reasons helps in critically evaluating information.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. If a source makes a single claim that is not credible, the source should never be trusted again.
This is incorrect because a single error does not necessarily discredit an entire source, especially if it issues corrections and shows a pattern of overall reliability.
D. Political sources are seldom credible.
This is incorrect because while some political sources may exhibit bias, not all are inherently untrustworthy. Many political sources offer accurate and verifiable information. Each should be assessed individually.
Why can heuristics be advantageous
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They help individuals avoid cognitive biases.
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They conform to the principle of charity.
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They remind individuals to slow their thought processes.
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They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
Explanation:
D. They enable individuals to make quick decisions.
This is correct because heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help people make decisions efficiently, especially under time pressure or in complex situations. While they can sometimes lead to bias, they are useful for simplifying decision-making in everyday life.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. They help individuals avoid cognitive biases.
This is incorrect because heuristics can actually lead to cognitive biases. While helpful, they often rely on simplifications that can distort judgment.
B. They conform to the principle of charity.
This is incorrect because heuristics are about quick decision-making, not about interpreting arguments generously or fairly.
C. They remind individuals to slow their thought processes.
This is incorrect because heuristics do the opposite—they speed up thinking rather than slowing it down.
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