Nursing Pharmacology Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College
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Free Nursing Pharmacology Final Exam at Fox Valley Technical College Questions
Following a stroke, a client has been prescribed Aspirin 81mg daily. Why is this medication being administered to this client?
- To prevent atrial fibrillation from developing
- To decrease blood pressure
- To increase heart rate
- To prevent the formation of new blood clots
Explanation
Aspirin 81mg daily is often prescribed following a stroke to help prevent the formation of new blood clots. Aspirin is an antiplatelet medication that works by inhibiting the aggregation of platelets, which are involved in blood clot formation. This helps reduce the risk of another stroke or other cardiovascular events caused by clots.
Correct Answer Is:
D. To prevent the formation of new blood clotsThe TB medication isoniazid is structurally similar to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) used for depression. Which food items should be avoided to prevent a hypertensive crisis in MAOIs?
- Apples, cottage cheese, and turkey
- Fresh fruit juices, ice cream, and salmon
- Spinach, tofu, and liver
- Aged cheese, wine, and cured meats
Explanation
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), including isoniazid when used for tuberculosis, can interact with tyramine, a naturally occurring compound found in certain foods. Tyramine can lead to a hypertensive crisis if consumed with MAOIs, as it causes the release of norepinephrine, leading to a dangerous increase in blood pressure. Foods that are high in tyramine include aged cheeses, wine, and cured meats, which should be avoided while taking MAOIs.
Correct Answer Is:
D. Aged cheese, wine, and cured meatsThe nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with angina about sublingual nitroglycerin, a coronary vasodilator. Which statement indicated the client needs more medication teaching?
- "I may feel a little lightheaded so I should sit down after I take it."
- "If I have chest pain, I will put a tablet underneath my tongue."
- "If my pain is not relieved with 1 tablet, I should call 911 immediately."
- "I may feel flushed or get a headache after taking my nitroglycerin."
Explanation
The correct teaching for sublingual nitroglycerin involves taking one tablet every 5 minutes for up to 3 doses if chest pain persists. If the pain is not relieved after 3 doses, the client should then call 911. The client should not wait after one dose before calling 911, as this may indicate a more serious issue such as a heart attack.
Correct Answer Is:
C. "If my pain is not relieved with 1 tablet, I should call 911 immediately."What is the mechanism of action of the H1-receptor blockers such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?
- They block the leukotriene receptors in the nasal passages.
- They block catecholamines in the respiratory tract.
- They block histamine in smooth muscle found in the respiratory tract.
- They are primarily blocking histamine in the gastric parietal cells.
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer:
C. They block histamine in smooth muscle found in the respiratory tract.
H1-receptor blockers, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), are antihistamines that work by blocking histamine receptors (specifically H1 receptors) in various tissues, including the respiratory tract. Histamine is a chemical released during allergic reactions that causes symptoms like bronchoconstriction, nasal congestion, and swelling. By blocking these receptors, antihistamines help relieve symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and congestion associated with allergic reactions.
Correct Answer Is:
C. They block histamine in smooth muscle found in the respiratory tract.A client with Parkinson's Disease is prescribed benztropine (Cogentin), an anticholinergic medication structurally similar to Atropine. Which adverse drug effect limits the usefulness of anticholinergic agents?
- Urinary retention
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Increased salivation
Explanation
Anticholinergic medications, like benztropine, block the action of acetylcholine, which can lead to several adverse effects. One significant side effect is urinary retention, as these medications can decrease bladder contractility, leading to difficulty urinating. This side effect limits the usefulness of anticholinergics, particularly in patients who are prone to urinary retention, as it can worsen their symptoms.
Correct Answer Is:
A. Urinary retentionA primary care provider prescribes sumatriptan (Imitrex) to treat a patient’s recurring migraines. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include regarding medication administration? (Select 2 that apply)
- Take the drug at the onset of the migraine.
- Administer one nasal spray into each nostril.
- Can repeat the dose if the migraine is not relieved after 2 hours.
- Allow the tablet to dissolve under the tongue.
- Take once a day to prevent migraine.
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answers:
A. Take the drug at the onset of the migraine.
Sumatriptan is most effective when taken at the first sign of a migraine. Early administration helps stop the migraine process before symptoms become severe by causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels and blocking pain pathways.
C. Can repeat the dose if the migraine is not relieved after 2 hours.
If the migraine is not relieved, a second dose may be taken after 2 hours, depending on the formulation and prescribed limits. This allows continued symptom control while staying within safe dosing guidelines.
Correct Answer Is:
A. Take the drug at the onset of the migraine.C. Can repeat the dose if the migraine is not relieved after 2 hours.
Because esophageal irritation can occur, this medication should not be used if the patient cannot remain in an upright position for 30 minutes after swallowing the PO medication.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- Calcitonin
- Alendronate
- Raloxifene
Explanation
Alendronate is a bisphosphonate used to treat osteoporosis and is well known to cause esophageal irritation, esophagitis, and even ulceration if not taken correctly. Patients must take it with a full glass of water and remain upright for at least 30 minutes after administration to prevent the tablet from irritating the esophageal lining. Clients who cannot sit or stand upright should not receive this medication.
Correct Answer Is:
C. AlendronateThe nurse is administering Gentamicin for the preventative treatment of endocarditis. The nurse should instruct the client to monitor and report which of the following adverse effects of gentamicin?
- Changes in urination
- New tremors
- Increased sweating
- Changes in hearing
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answers:
A. Changes in urination
Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that can cause nephrotoxicity (kidney damage). One sign of kidney damage is changes in urination, such as decreased urine output or the presence of blood in the urine. The nurse should instruct the client to report any changes in urination promptly to prevent further kidney damage.
D. Changes in hearing
Gentamicin is also known for causing ototoxicity, which can result in hearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Changes in hearing are a critical sign of this adverse effect, and the nurse should advise the client to report any changes in hearing immediately, as this can be irreversible.
Correct Answer Is:
A. Changes in urinationD. Changes in hearing
A client has a serious systemic fungal infection requiring powerful intravenous medication. Which medication should the nurse anticipate administering?
- Tetracycline
- Amphotericin B
- Lactobacillus
- Acyclovir
Explanation
Amphotericin B is a potent intravenous antifungal medication that is commonly used to treat serious systemic fungal infections such as those caused by Aspergillus, Candida, and Histoplasma species. It works by binding to fungal cell membranes and causing cell death. Given its potency, it is often used for life-threatening fungal infections.
Correct Answer Is:
B. Amphotericin BA teenage client is taking duloxetine (Cymbalta) for depression. The dose has been increased by the provider. The nurse advises the client and the family to watch for which adverse effect?
- Thrush
- Irritability
- Warning signs of suicide
Explanation
Duloxetine (Cymbalta), like other antidepressants, can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults, especially after dose adjustments. It is crucial to closely monitor the teenage client for any warning signs of suicide, including talking about death, withdrawing from activities, or displaying significant mood swings. These symptoms require immediate intervention and consultation with the healthcare provider.
Correct Answer Is:
C. Warning signs of suicideHow to Order
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