Introduction to Programming in Python (D335)
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Free Introduction to Programming in Python (D335) Questions
What does it mean to "flush" an output buffer
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Close the buffer
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Read the data from that buffer into memory
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Remove the data from that buffer
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Write a record from the buffer into the file
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Write all the data from that buffer into the file
Explanation
Correct Answer E. Write all the data from that buffer into the file
Explanation
Flushing an output buffer means forcing all the data that is waiting in the buffer to be written to the destination (typically a file or screen). In Python, this is often done using the flush() method, ensuring that buffered data is immediately written out.
Why other options are wrong
A. Close the buffer
This is incorrect because flushing the buffer does not close it. Flushing writes the data, but the buffer remains open to be used for further operations. Closing the buffer would be a separate action, like calling close().
B. Read the data from that buffer into memory
This is incorrect because flushing does not read data from the buffer. It writes data that is currently in the buffer to the output destination, such as a file.
C. Remove the data from that buffer
This is incorrect because flushing does not remove the data; it writes it out to the output. After flushing, the data is still in memory until the program decides to close or reset the buffer.
D. Write a record from the buffer into the file
This is not entirely correct because flushing writes all the buffered data, not just a single record. It ensures that the entire buffer is written out at once.
Which of the following correctly describes how to use the input() function in Python
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input(prompt)
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input(prompt, default)
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input()
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input(prompt, type)
Explanation
Correct Answer A. input(prompt)
Explanation
The input() function in Python is used to take input from the user. It can optionally take a prompt string that is displayed to the user, which helps in indicating what input is expected. The function returns the input as a string.
Why other options are wrong
B. input(prompt, default)
This option is incorrect because the input() function does not take a default argument. You can specify a prompt, but there is no default argument.
C. input()
This option is incorrect because although input() can be called without any arguments, the question is asking for the correct description of how it is typically used. It’s more common to pass a prompt, though it's not required.
D. input(prompt, type)
This option is incorrect because the input() function only accepts a prompt as an argument. The type argument is not valid in the input() function. If you want to convert the input to a specific type, you'd have to manually cast it (e.g., int(input())).
When analyzing the time complexity of an algorithm, which of the following is considered the "average case"
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The expected performance given various input cases.
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The best possible scenario.
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The worst possible scenario.
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The performance when the input size is small.
Explanation
Correct Answer A. The expected performance given various input cases.
Explanation
The average case time complexity of an algorithm is the expected performance of the algorithm when considering a variety of different input cases. It is typically calculated by assuming a distribution of input types and measuring the algorithm's performance across that distribution. It provides an overall estimate of the algorithm’s behavior in a typical scenario, rather than in extreme cases (best or worst).
Why other options are wrong
B. The best possible scenario.
This describes the best case time complexity, which evaluates how the algorithm performs under the most favorable conditions, not the average case.
C. The worst possible scenario.
This describes the worst case time complexity, where the performance of the algorithm is measured under the most unfavorable input conditions, often leading to the highest time complexity.
D. The performance when the input size is small.
This does not define average case time complexity. Small input sizes may influence time complexity analysis, but the average case considers a broader range of typical inputs rather than focusing solely on small inputs.
What is a variable in Python programming
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A name that refers to a value.
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A function that returns a value.
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A statement that assigns a value to a name.
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A data type used to store multiple values.
Explanation
Correct Answer A. A name that refers to a value.
Explanation
In Python, a variable is simply a name or identifier that refers to a value or object in memory. It is used to store and reference data that can be manipulated throughout a program. Variables can hold different types of values, such as integers, strings, and lists, and can be changed during execution.
Why other options are wrong
B. A function that returns a value.
This is incorrect because a function is not the same as a variable. A function is a block of code that performs a task and can return a value, whereas a variable holds a reference to data.
C. A statement that assigns a value to a name.
This is incorrect because a statement that assigns a value to a name is called an assignment, not a variable. The variable itself is the name referring to the value.
D. A data type used to store multiple values.
This is incorrect because a variable is not a data type. It can store values of any type, including multiple values if it refers to a collection type like a list or a dictionary, but the variable itself is not a data type.
Which symbol is used to denote a single-line comment in Python
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//
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#
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/*
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--
Explanation
Correct Answer B. #
Explanation
In Python, single-line comments are denoted by the # symbol. Everything following the # on that line is ignored by the Python interpreter, making it a useful tool for adding explanatory notes or temporarily disabling parts of the code.
Why other options are wrong
A. //
This symbol is used for single-line comments in languages like C, C++, and JavaScript, but not in Python. In Python, the # symbol is the correct syntax for single-line comments.
C. /*
This is used in languages like C and Java to denote the start of a block comment. In Python, block comments can be written using triple quotes (''' or """), but /* is not the correct syntax for any type of comment.
D. --
The -- symbol is not used for comments in Python. It is a valid operator in SQL and other languages, but in Python, # is the standard for single-line comments.
What is a variable in Python used for
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Displaying text on the screen
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Storing and reading data in memory
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Running mathematical calculations
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Defining functions
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Storing and reading data in memory
Explanation
A variable in Python is used to store data in memory, which can then be accessed and manipulated throughout the program. Variables hold different types of data, such as strings, integers, floats, etc., and allow the program to work with dynamic values.
Why other options are wrong
A. Displaying text on the screen
This option is incorrect because displaying text on the screen is done using the print() function, not variables. Variables store data, but they do not directly control the display of information.
C. Running mathematical calculations
This option is incorrect because while variables can store values used in calculations, they themselves do not perform calculations. Calculations are performed using operators (like +, -, *, /) and functions.
D. Defining functions
This option is incorrect because functions are defined using the def keyword in Python, not by using variables. Variables can be used within functions, but they are not the means of defining them.
Which of the following best describes constant time complexity (O(1)) in algorithm analysis
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The execution time increases linearly with the input size.
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The execution time remains unchanged regardless of the input size.
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The execution time varies quadratically with the input size.
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The execution time depends on the logarithm of the input size.
Explanation
Correct Answer B. The execution time remains unchanged regardless of the input size.
Explanation
Constant time complexity, denoted as O(1), refers to an algorithm whose execution time does not depend on the size of the input. No matter how large the input is, the algorithm takes the same amount of time to execute. This type of performance is considered ideal for certain operations like accessing an element in an array by index or performing simple arithmetic.
Why other options are wrong
A. The execution time increases linearly with the input size.
This is incorrect because linear time complexity is denoted as O(n), where the execution time increases in proportion to the input size. In constant time complexity (O(1)), the execution time does not depend on input size.
C. The execution time varies quadratically with the input size.
This is incorrect because quadratic time complexity is denoted as O(n²), where the execution time increases with the square of the input size. Constant time complexity does not vary with input size.
D. The execution time depends on the logarithm of the input size.
This is incorrect because logarithmic time complexity is denoted as O(log n), where the execution time grows logarithmically with the input size. In constant time, execution time remains unchanged, regardless of input size.
What data type are bytes, bytearray, or memoryview
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Binary Types
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Boolean Type
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Numeric Type
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NoneType
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Binary Types
Explanation
In Python, bytes, bytearray, and memoryview are all types used to handle binary data. These data types are categorized as binary types because they are designed to store sequences of raw bytes, often used for working with binary files or network communication.
Why other options are wrong
B. Boolean Type
This option is incorrect because Boolean types in Python are represented by the bool class, which only has two possible values: True and False. bytes, bytearray, and memoryview are not boolean types.
C. Numeric Type
This option is incorrect because numeric types in Python include int, float, and complex, which represent numbers, not binary data like bytes or bytearray.
D. NoneType
This option is incorrect because NoneType in Python represents the None object, which is used to represent the absence of a value. It is unrelated to binary types like bytes, bytearray, and memoryview.
What is the primary purpose of the input function in Python
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To allow the program to accept user input
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To perform mathematical operations
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To create graphical animations
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To output data to the console
Explanation
Correct Answer A. To allow the program to accept user input
Explanation
The primary purpose of the input() function in Python is to allow the program to accept input from the user. This function pauses program execution and waits for the user to type something on the keyboard. The input is returned as a string, which can then be processed or stored as needed.
Why other options are wrong
B. To perform mathematical operations
The input() function does not perform mathematical operations. Mathematical operations are carried out using operators like +, -, *, and /, along with functions provided by Python’s math module. The input() function only gathers data from the user.
C. To create graphical animations
Creating graphical animations requires libraries such as pygame, tkinter, or other graphics-related modules. The input() function is not used for creating animations; it is solely for gathering user input.
D. To output data to the console
The input() function is used for input, not output. To output data to the console, the print() function is used. The input() function simply retrieves data from the user.
What types of data types are considered as sequences in Python
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String, list, and tuple are considered as sequences in Python.
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Dictionary, set, and frozenset are considered as sequences in Python.
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Integer, float, and complex are considered as sequences in Python.
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Boolean, none, and range are considered as sequences in Python.
Explanation
Correct Answer A. String, list, and tuple are considered as sequences in Python.
Explanation
In Python, sequences are data types that store multiple items in an ordered manner. These include strings, lists, and tuples. Sequences allow for indexing, slicing, and iteration, which makes them versatile for working with ordered collections of items.
Why other options are wrong
B. Dictionary, set, and frozenset are considered as sequences in Python.
This option is incorrect because dictionaries, sets, and frozensets are not sequences. They are unordered collections of unique items (dictionaries are key-value pairs).
C. Integer, float, and complex are considered as sequences in Python.
This option is incorrect because integers, floats, and complex numbers are not sequences. They are individual numeric data types, not collections.
D. Boolean, none, and range are considered as sequences in Python.
This option is incorrect because boolean and None are not sequences. While range can represent a sequence of numbers, it is not considered a sequence like strings, lists, or tuples
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ITSW 3126 D335 Introduction to Programming in Python Study Notes
1. Introduction to Python Programming
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and readability. It was created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.
- Easy to Learn: Python's syntax is straightforward and easy to understand, making it ideal for beginners.
- Interpreted Language: Python is executed line-by-line, which simplifies debugging.
- Portable: Python code can run on different platforms without modification.
- Extensive Libraries: Python has a large standard library and a vast collection of third-party libraries.
To get started with Python, you need to:
- Download and install Python from the official website: https://www.python.org/
- Install an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) like PyCharm, VS Code, or IDLE.
- Verify the installation by typing python --version in the command line.
Popular Python IDEs and text editors:
- PyCharm: Full-featured IDE for Python development.
- VS Code: A lightweight, versatile editor with Python extensions.
- IDLE: Python’s built-in IDE.
2. Python Basics
Python syntax is simple and uses indentation to define code blocks. There is no need for semicolons to end statements.
python
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print("Hello, World!")
Variables and Data Types
- Variables: Variables are used to store data values.
- Data Types: Python has several built-in data types:
- int: Integer values (e.g., x = 5).
- float: Floating-point values (e.g., y = 3.14).
- str: String values (e.g., name = "Alice").
- bool: Boolean values (True or False).
- list: Ordered collection of items (e.g., my_list = [1, 2, 3]).
- tuple: Immutable ordered collection (e.g., my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)).
- dict: Dictionary of key-value pairs (e.g., my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}).
- set: Unordered collection of unique elements (e.g., my_set = {1, 2, 3}).
- int: Integer values (e.g., x = 5).
- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, // (floor division), % (modulus), ** (exponentiation).
- Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
- Logical Operators: and, or, not.
- Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=.
- Membership Operators: in, not in.
- Identity Operators: is, is not.
Input: To get input from the user, use the input() function:
python
CopyEdit
name = input("Enter your name: ")
Output: To display output, use the print() function:
python
CopyEdit
print("Hello, " + name)
3. Control Structures
Conditional statements allow you to execute code based on certain conditions.
python
CopyEdit
age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
else:
print("You are a minor.")
For Loop: Iterates over a sequence (e.g., list, string).
python
CopyEdit
for i in range(5):
print(i)
While Loop: Repeats as long as a condition is true.
python
CopyEdit
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1
-
break: Exits the loop prematurely.
- continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next one.
- pass: A placeholder statement that does nothing but avoids errors in empty blocks.
4. Functions in Python
Functions are reusable blocks of code that can be called with arguments.
python
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def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name)
Function Arguments
- Positional Arguments: Passed in the order they are defined.
- Keyword Arguments: Passed by name.
- Default Arguments: Arguments with a default value.
python
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def greet(name, greeting="Hello"):
print(greeting + ", " + name)
Return Values
Functions can return values using the return keyword.
python
CopyEdit
def add(a, b):
return a + b
result = add(3, 5)
Lambda functions are anonymous functions defined using the lambda keyword.
python
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multiply = lambda x, y: x * y
5. Data Structures in Python
Lists are ordered, mutable collections of items.
python
CopyEdit
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
Tuples
Tuples are ordered, immutable collections of items.
python
CopyEdit
coordinates = (4, 5)
Dictionaries
Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs.
python
CopyEdit
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
Sets
Sets are unordered collections of unique items.
python
CopyEdit
numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4}
List Comprehensions
List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists.
python
CopyEdit
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
6. Error Handling and Exceptions
Exceptions are errors that occur during program execution, which can be handled to prevent crashes.
-
try: Block of code that might raise an exception.
- except: Block of code that handles exceptions.
- finally: Block of code that runs no matter what.
python
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try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero.")
finally:
print("This will always execute.")
You can raise exceptions manually using the raise keyword.
python
CopyEdit
raise ValueError("This is a custom error message.")
7. File Handling
To read a file, use the open() function and the read() method:
python
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with open("file.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
To write to a file, use the write() method:
python
CopyEdit
with open("file.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, world!")
You can use relative or absolute file paths when opening a file. The os module can be used to work with paths.
python
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import os
file_path = os.path.join("folder", "file.txt")
8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python
OOP is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects," which bundle data and behavior together.
-
Class: Blueprint for creating objects.
- Object: Instance of a class.
python
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class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
-
Attributes: Variables that belong to an object.
- Methods: Functions that belong to an object.
python
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class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def greet(self):
print("Hello, " + self.name)
-
Inheritance: Allows a new class to inherit attributes and methods from an existing class.
- Polymorphism: Allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass.
9. Modules and Libraries
Modules in Python are files containing Python code that can be imported and used in other programs.
python
CopyEdit
import math
print(math.sqrt(16))
Python comes with a vast standard library, including modules for file handling, math operations, date and time, and more.
-
NumPy: Library for numerical computing.
- Pandas: Data analysis and manipulation library.
- Matplotlib: Plotting library
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