Critical Thinking and Logic Exam (C168)
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Free Critical Thinking and Logic Exam (C168) Questions
Which of the following are transferable skills
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Critical thinking
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Giving constructive feedback
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Writing Javascript code
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Creating a business tax report
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A) Critical thinking
B) Giving constructive feedback
Explanation of the Answer:
Transferable skills are abilities that can be applied in various situations and industries. Both critical thinking and giving constructive feedback are versatile and can be utilized across different job roles and fields, making them transferable. These skills are essential for problem-solving, communication, and collaboration in various contexts.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
C) Writing Javascript code: This is a technical skill specific to programming and may not be easily applied to many non-technical roles or industries.
D) Creating a business tax report: This is a specialized skill specific to finance or accounting and may not be easily transferred to other fields unless they are finance-related.
Which of the following is not a step involved in critical thinking
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Asking questions
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Assessing validity
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Formulating opinions
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Adjusting conclusions
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Formulating opinions
Explanation of the Answer:
Critical thinking involves evaluating, analyzing, and adjusting information based on evidence and reasoning, rather than merely forming opinions. Formulating opinions without proper evaluation or evidence is not a key step in the critical thinking process. Critical thinking requires objective assessment and drawing conclusions based on facts and logical reasoning.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
A) Asking questions: Asking questions is a crucial part of critical thinking as it helps in exploring and understanding the issue thoroughly.
B) Assessing validity: Critical thinking involves assessing the validity of information or arguments to ensure they are based on sound reasoning or evidence.
D) Adjusting conclusions: Critical thinking includes adjusting conclusions when new evidence or reasoning becomes available, ensuring that decisions and conclusions are based on the most accurate and current information.
Which skill is essential for accurately understanding and interpreting the meaning of nonverbal messages
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Active listening
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Critical thinking
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Deciphering body language
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Public speaking
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Deciphering body language
Explanation of the Answer:
Deciphering body language is a key skill in interpreting nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication, such as gestures, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact, conveys meaning that complements or contrasts with spoken words. Accurately reading body language helps in understanding the full message being communicated.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
A. Active listening: Active listening involves fully concentrating, understanding, and responding to verbal messages, but it doesn't directly relate to interpreting nonverbal cues.
B. Critical thinking: Critical thinking involves evaluating information and making judgments, which is valuable in many contexts, but interpreting nonverbal messages specifically requires the ability to read body language.
D. Public speaking: Public speaking is the act of delivering spoken messages effectively to an audience. It doesn't specifically address the skill of interpreting nonverbal cues.
Which of the following is not a typical career skill that develops in response to understanding and engaging in psychological research methods
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Communication skills
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Emotional intelligence
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Project management
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Critical thinking
Explanation
Correct Answer B) Emotional intelligence
Explanation:
Understanding and engaging in psychological research methods is likely to enhance skills such as critical thinking, communication, and project management. However, emotional intelligence is primarily related to one's ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions, both in themselves and others, and is not directly developed through engaging in research methods.
Why the other options are correct:
A) Communication skills:
Engaging in research helps improve communication skills, as it requires effectively presenting findings, discussing concepts, and collaborating with others.
C) Project management:
Research often involves managing multiple tasks, timelines, and resources, thus fostering project management skills.
D) Critical thinking:
Engaging with research directly promotes critical thinking, as it involves analyzing data, forming hypotheses, and drawing conclusions.
Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed
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Critical thinking
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Use of the scientific method
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Critical evaluation of sources of information
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All of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer D. All of the above
Explanation of the Answer:
Psychology students are typically exposed to a variety of skills, including critical thinking, the use of the scientific method, and critical evaluation of sources of information. These skills are essential for understanding psychological concepts, conducting research, and evaluating evidence critically.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
A) Critical thinking - While critical thinking is one of the skills psychology students develop, it is not the only skill mentioned in the question.
B) Use of the scientific method - The use of the scientific method is indeed a core skill, but psychology students are also taught to evaluate sources and think critically, making option (d) the most comprehensive answer.
C) Critical evaluation of sources of information - Critical evaluation of sources is another important skill, but psychology students are exposed to all of these skills, so "all of the above" is the correct answer.
Which of the following career-readiness competencies relate to evidence-based decision-making
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Critical thinking and problem solving
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Computational thinking
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Information technology application
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A) Critical thinking and problem solving
B) Computational thinking
Explanation of the Answer:
A) Critical thinking and problem solving:
Evidence-based decision-making involves analyzing information, evaluating evidence, and applying logical reasoning to solve problems, which are central aspects of this competency.
B) Computational thinking:
This skill involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts and using data to identify patterns and solutions, aligning closely with evidence-based decision-making.
Why the Other Option Is Wrong:
C) Information technology application:
While this competency is valuable for applying technological tools, it is not directly focused on evaluating evidence or decision-making processes, making it less relevant to evidence-based decision-making.
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking
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Accurately measuring and recording results
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Copying a previous experiment
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Considering alternative explanations for a study's results
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Researching facts about a topic
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Considering alternative explanations for a study's results
Explanation:
C. Considering alternative explanations for a study's results: Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating evidence, questioning assumptions, and exploring various explanations or perspectives. Considering alternative explanations demonstrates the essence of critical thinking by challenging the status quo and seeking deeper understanding.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Accurately measuring and recording results:
While accuracy in measurement is an essential part of scientific methodology, it does not inherently involve the reflective and evaluative processes characteristic of critical thinking.
B. Copying a previous experiment:
Simply replicating an experiment involves following a procedure, not engaging in critical analysis or reasoning.
D. Researching facts about a topic:
Researching facts is an important step in gathering information, but it is not the same as analyzing or critically evaluating those facts.
Which statement is the correct stage of cognitive development for Piaget's: Infant - Sensorimotor stage
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Concepts are attached to concrete situations
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Analyzes situations and uses abstract logic and reasoning
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Uses sucking, grasping, listening, and looking to learn about the environment
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Uses magical thinking and imagination
Explanation
Correct Answer C) Uses sucking, grasping, listening, and looking to learn about the environment
Explanation:
The Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to about 2 years old, is characterized by infants using their senses and motor abilities (e.g., sucking, grasping, listening, and looking) to explore and learn about their environment. During this stage, infants build an understanding of the world primarily through physical interaction.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A) Concepts are attached to concrete situations: This describes the Concrete Operational stage (7 to 11 years), not the Sensorimotor stage.
B) Analyzes situations and uses abstract logic and reasoning: This is characteristic of the Formal Operational stage (12 years and beyond), not the Sensorimotor stage.
D) Uses magical thinking and imagination: This is more relevant to the Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years), where children begin to engage in symbolic play and magical thinking.
Which of the following is an example of critical thinking
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Accurately measuring and recording results
-
Copying a previous experiment
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Considering alternative explanations for a study's results
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Researching facts about a topic
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Considering alternative explanations for a study's results
Explanation:
Critical thinking involves evaluating information and considering different perspectives or alternative explanations to understand a situation more thoroughly. In this case, questioning the study's results and considering alternative explanations demonstrates the application of critical thinking.
Why the other options are wrong:
A) Accurately measuring and recording results: This is an essential part of the scientific method, but it does not involve critical thinking as much as it involves following procedures.
B) Copying a previous experiment: This shows adherence to a previous method, but it does not require critical thinking because it lacks independent analysis or evaluation.
D) Researching facts about a topic: Researching facts is important, but it is more about gathering information rather than critically analyzing or evaluating it.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a soft skill
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Active Listening
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Operations
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Problem-Solving
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Decision Making
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Critical Thinking
Explanation
Correct Answer B) Operations
Explanation of the Answer:
Operations refers to the technical or task-oriented skills required to manage and oversee processes, which are generally considered hard skills. In contrast, soft skills are personal attributes that enhance one's interactions, relationships, and work performance, such as active listening, problem-solving, decision making, and critical thinking.
Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
A) Active Listening: Active listening is a soft skill that involves fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what is being said.
C) Problem-Solving: Problem-solving is a soft skill involving the ability to think creatively and critically to address challenges and find solutions.
D) Decision Making: Decision making is a soft skill that involves analyzing information and making choices based on logic, intuition, and reasoning.
E) Critical Thinking: Critical thinking is a soft skill that involves the ability to analyze, evaluate, and think clearly and logically.
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PHIL 3010 C168 Critical Thinking and Logic: Core Study Guide
1. Fundamental Concepts
Logic Basics
Definition: The field examines proper ways to present thoughts and arguments
- The study helps us recognize valid arguments from false reasoning patterns
- The analysis shows how one should reach a conclusion based on accepted starting points.
Types of Reasoning
- Deductive Reasoning: The conclusions logically appear in the premises
- Inductive Reasoning: When you evaluate evidence to reach conclusions you should use probability methods.
- Abductive Reasoning: The chosen theory provides the best solution based on what is known
2. Argument Analysis
Components of Arguments
- Premise: Supporting statements
- Conclusion: Claim being argued
Indicator Words:
- Premise indicators: The terms "as" "through" and "when" mark when evidence supports a statement.
- Conclusion indicators: "therefore", "thus", "hence"
Argument Evaluation Criteria
- Validity: Logical structure
- Soundness: A correct argument has both good structure and accurate starting points
- Strength: An inductive argument measures how likely its conclusions become true.
3. Logical Fallacies
Common Fallacy Categories
- Formal Fallacies: Errors in logical structure
- Informal Fallacies: People commit mistakes when analyzing content alone
Key Fallacy Types
- Ad Hominem: Someone protests the speaker directly without focusing on the presented claims
- Straw Man: They reshape what their rivals truly believe
- False Dilemma: A fallacy happens when someone shows users just two possible choices at one end of the spectrum.
- Circular Reasoning: Conclusion assumes premise
- Appeal to Authority: Wrongly citing expert opinion
4. Propositional Logic
Logical Operators
- AND (∧)
- OR (∨)
- NOT (¬)
- Conditional (→)
- Biconditional (↔)
Truth Tables
- Logical operations use these tables to test statement connections
- Determine logical equivalence
- Assess argument validity
5. Logical Proofs
Proof Strategies
- Direct Proof
- Proof by Contradiction
- Proof by Contraposition
- Modus Ponens
- Modus Tollens
- Hypothetical Syllogism
6. Critical Thinking Skills
Practical Application
- Evidence Evaluation
- Bias Recognition
- Systematic Questioning
- Rational Decision Making
Tools for Analysis
Identifying Assumptions
- We study other possible reasons behind a particular event.
- We look for contradictions and unwanted findings
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