D401 Introduction to Epidemiology
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Free D401 Introduction to Epidemiology Questions
What is the definition of a focal infection?
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pathogens are limited to a small area of the body. Example: a boil.
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an infection that spreads throughout the body. Example: measles.
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a systemic infection that began as a local infection. Example: gum injury after wisdom tooth removal becomes locally infected, the infection spreads
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a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection.
Explanation
A focal infection is a type of infection that originates in one specific location of the body and then spreads to other parts, becoming systemic. For example, bacteria from a localized gum infection following tooth removal can enter the bloodstream and affect distant organs. This concept highlights the importance of treating local infections promptly to prevent systemic complications such as endocarditis or sepsis.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (a rare brain disease) is a _______ disease.
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chronic
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acute
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subacute
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latent
Explanation
Pathology is the branch of medicine that studies ______________.
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genes
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disease
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epidemiology
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the heart
Explanation
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare but fatal degenerative disease of the CNS. It is characterized by behavioral and intellectual deterioration, and seizures may develop. This can manifest when?
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1–6 months post exposure
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1 year post exposure
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5–7 years post exposure
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7–10 years post exposure
Explanation
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive, fatal neurological disorder that occurs as a delayed complication of measles virus infection. It typically manifests several years after the initial infection, usually when the virus remains dormant in the brain and later reactivates, causing inflammation and degeneration of the central nervous system. The symptoms include cognitive decline, personality changes, and seizures. SSPE most commonly develops between 5 to 7 years after the primary measles infection, highlighting the importance of measles vaccination to prevent such severe complications.
Which medical practice did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate for to significantly reduce the rates of puerperal fever in maternity wards?
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Aseptic technique
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Hand washing
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Use of antibiotics
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Isolation of patients
Explanation
Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian physician in the 19th century, is known as the “father of infection control.” He discovered that puerperal fever (childbed fever) was commonly spread by physicians who moved directly from autopsies to obstetric patients without cleaning their hands. Semmelweis introduced the practice of hand washing with chlorinated lime solution before examining patients, which led to a dramatic decline in maternal deaths. His findings laid the foundation for modern hygiene and infection prevention practices, long before the germ theory of disease was fully established.
Which of the following best describes an opportunistic pathogen?
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A pathogen that always causes disease in healthy individuals
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A microorganism that can cause disease when the host's immune system is compromised
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A virus that only infects animals
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A bacterium that is beneficial to the host under normal conditions
Explanation
An opportunistic pathogen is a microorganism that typically does not cause disease in healthy individuals but can become pathogenic when the host's immune defenses are weakened or when it gains access to normally sterile areas of the body. These organisms are often part of the body’s normal flora but take advantage of “opportunities” such as immunosuppression, antibiotic use, or breaches in the skin or mucosal barriers to cause infection.
Septicemia is the growth of bacteria in
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the bloodstream
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in the respiratory system
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in the kidney
Explanation
Which of the following statements accurately describes Koch's postulates and the specific bacterium he investigated to establish them?
- Koch's postulates are a series of criteria used to identify the causative agent of an infectious disease, and he studied Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Koch's postulates are guidelines for determining the cause of infectious diseases, and he was researching Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Koch's postulates are a framework for linking pathogens to diseases, and he studied Bacillus anthracis.
- Koch's postulates are principles for assessing disease transmission, and he focused on Escherichia coli.
Explanation
What was demonstrated by the Broad Street Pump episode?
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Cholera was water-borne
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Cholera was air-borne
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Cholera could be controlled by disinfectants
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Cholera was endemic in 1848
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Cholera arose from decomposing matter
Explanation
The Broad Street Pump episode famously demonstrated that cholera was water-borne. In 1854, Dr. John Snow investigated a severe cholera outbreak in London and traced the cases to a contaminated public water pump on Broad Street. By removing the pump handle, the spread of cholera dramatically decreased, providing strong evidence that contaminated water, not “bad air” (miasma), was responsible for transmission. This discovery marked a turning point in public health and laid the foundation for modern epidemiology and sanitation practices.
The fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time is known as:
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Incidence
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Prevalence
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Mortality
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Herd Immunity
Explanation
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