Introduction to Sociology (C273)
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Free Introduction to Sociology (C273) Questions
Max Weber said that sociology should be ____
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value free
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biased
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guided by personal values
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class conscious
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A) value free
Explanation:
Max Weber argued that sociology should be "value free," meaning that sociologists should strive to conduct their research and analysis without letting their personal values, biases, or preferences influence the outcomes. This approach helps ensure objectivity in the study of social phenomena.
Why other options are wrong:
B) biased: Weber opposed bias in research; sociology should remain impartial.
C) guided by personal values: Weber emphasized objectivity, not allowing personal values to influence sociological work.
D) class conscious: While Weber did analyze class structures, his emphasis was on objectivity rather than class bias in research.
Which of the following is true about Serfin M. Macaraig
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He is the third Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in Sociology.
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He published a book entitled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1930.
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He is the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in Anthropology.
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He published a book entitled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: He published a book entitled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938.
Explanation:
Serfin M. Macaraig is known for his contribution to sociology, particularly publishing the book "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938. This was one of his significant academic contributions.
Why other options are wrong:
A) He is the third Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in Sociology: This is incorrect, as Serfin M. Macaraig is not known for being the third Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology.
B) He published a book entitled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1930: This is incorrect; the book was published in 1938, not 1930.
C) He is the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in Anthropology: This is incorrect as he is not recognized for earning a doctorate in Anthropology.
_____ embraces the study of formal organizations and social movements
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Global sociology
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Microsociology
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Macrosociology
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Mesosociology
Explanation
Correct Answer:
d) Mesosociology
Explanation:
Mesosociology focuses on the study of intermediate levels of social organization, such as communities, formal organizations, and social movements. It bridges the gap between individual interactions and larger societal structures.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Global sociology: Global sociology focuses on large-scale global processes and structures, rather than formal organizations and social movements specifically.
b) Microsociology: Microsociology examines small-scale, individual-level social interactions, such as face-to-face interactions and group dynamics, rather than formal organizations or large movements.
c) Macrosociology: Macrosociology looks at large-scale social structures and systems, such as economies or nation-states, but not at the intermediate level of formal organizations or social movements.
In its comprehensive sense, sociology can be regarded as the study of ____
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economics
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politics
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social life
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social work
Explanation
Correct Answer:
c) social life
Explanation:
Sociology is the study of social life, social behavior, and the structures that organize society. It looks at how individuals, groups, and institutions interact, and how these interactions shape the social world.
Why other options are wrong:
a) economics: Economics focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, while sociology looks at the broader patterns of human behavior and social organization.
b) politics: Politics is a specific aspect of social life, but sociology covers a much broader range of topics beyond politics.
d) social work: Social work is a profession that applies sociological concepts but is not synonymous with sociology itself.
How does sociology recommend identifying essential strengths and structuring teams accordingly
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By using traditional hierarchical structures that do not change
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By focusing on the skills and roles that individuals naturally excel in and aligning them with team objectives
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By assigning team members to random tasks without considering their strengths
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By limiting collaboration to individuals with the same background and expertise
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B) By focusing on the skills and roles that individuals naturally excel in and aligning them with team objectives
Explanation:
Sociology recommends utilizing the strengths of individuals by identifying their skills and roles within a group. This process helps build more cohesive and effective teams by ensuring that team members contribute in areas where they are most capable, promoting collaboration and achieving collective goals.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Rigid hierarchical structures can limit team dynamics and hinder creativity or the use of individual strengths.
C) Random assignment of tasks can lead to inefficiencies and may not take advantage of each team member’s strengths.
D) Limiting collaboration to individuals with the same background can restrict diversity of thought and problem-solving approaches, which is crucial for effective teamwork.
____ studies the relationships between people and urban environments
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Sociology
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Urban ecology
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Environmentalism
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Gentrification
- Demography
Explanation
Correct Answer:
b) Urban ecology
Explanation:
Urban ecology is the study of how people interact with and are influenced by urban environments, including the social, cultural, and environmental dynamics of cities.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Sociology: Sociology is broader and includes the study of many aspects of society, not just urban environments.
c) Environmentalism: While environmentalism focuses on environmental issues, it is not specifically concerned with urban environments and their social interactions.
d) Gentrification: Gentrification refers to the process of transforming urban neighborhoods, but it is not the broader study of urban relationships.
e) Demography: Demography studies population characteristics but does not specifically focus on urban environments and their relationship with people.
It is best to see disabilities as the sociology
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Of deviance
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Of oppression
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Of difference
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Of emotions
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B) Of oppression
Explanation:
Disabilities are often best understood through the lens of oppression, as individuals with disabilities face societal barriers, stigma, and inequality. The sociological perspective on disability emphasizes the social structures that marginalize disabled people and the need to address these injustices.
Why other options are wrong:
A) While disabilities may be seen as deviant in certain contexts, the focus of sociological analysis is more on the systemic oppression and marginalization that disabled individuals face.
C) Disabilities should not only be seen as a difference; the oppression faced by disabled individuals is a more critical sociological issue.
D) Disabilities are not primarily about emotions but about the social structures and attitudes that create inequality and exclusion.
What were the 3 kinds of change especially important in the development of sociology
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The Industrial Revolution, the rise of democracy, and the growth of scientific thinking.
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The decline of feudalism, the emergence of communism, and the expansion of agriculture.
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The Renaissance, the fall of the Roman Empire, and the rise of religious authority.
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The Enlightenment, the expansion of empires, and the decline of traditional values.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
a) The Industrial Revolution, the rise of democracy, and the growth of scientific thinking.
Explanation:
These three major changes played a crucial role in shaping sociology:
The Industrial Revolution transformed societies from agrarian to industrial, altering social structures and relationships.
The rise of democracy introduced new ideas about individual rights, equality, and governance.
The growth of scientific thinking encouraged the use of empirical research and rational analysis to understand society.
Why other options are wrong:
b) The decline of feudalism, the emergence of communism, and the expansion of agriculture: While the decline of feudalism was significant, communism emerged later, and agriculture was not a major transformative force in sociology’s development.
c) The Renaissance, the fall of the Roman Empire, and the rise of religious authority: The Renaissance influenced thought but was not a direct factor in sociology’s development. The fall of Rome predates sociology by centuries.
d) The Enlightenment, the expansion of empires, and the decline of traditional values: While the Enlightenment contributed to sociology, the expansion of empires was not a primary driver, and the decline of traditional values is too vague to be a defining factor.
Which of the following is NOT true about the nature of sociology
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Sociology is science.
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Sociology is a social science.
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Sociology is a physical science.
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Sociology is a categorical discipline.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Sociology is a physical science.
Explanation:
Sociology is a social science that focuses on the study of human society, behavior, and social structures. It is not a physical science like physics or chemistry, which study non-living systems and natural phenomena.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Sociology is science: Sociology is indeed a science, as it applies systematic research methods to study social behavior.
B) Sociology is a social science: This is correct as sociology falls under the category of social sciences, which study human societies and social relationships.
D) Sociology is a categorical discipline: Sociology is a distinct academic discipline that is categorized as part of the social sciences.
In negative reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened by the
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introduction of a negative reinforcer.
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extinction of a positive stimulus.
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introduction of a positive reinforcer.
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removal of an aversive stimulus.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
d) removal of an aversive stimulus.
Explanation:
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. This leads to an increase in the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
Why other options are wrong:
a) introduction of a negative reinforcer: This is incorrect because negative reinforcement refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, not the introduction of one.
b) extinction of a positive stimulus: This refers to a process in operant conditioning where a behavior decreases when it is no longer reinforced.
c) introduction of a positive reinforcer: This refers to positive reinforcement, which involves the addition of a pleasant stimulus, not negative reinforcement.
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SOCG 1010 C273: Introduction to Sociology,study notes.
1. Introduction to Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of human society, social behavior, and social institutions. It examines how individuals interact within groups and how societies function and evolve over time.
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Helps understand societal structures and their impact on individuals.
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Provides insights into social issues like crime, inequality, and education.
- Assists in policy-making and social reforms.
A sociologist studying urban poverty may analyze how education, employment, and government policies shape the experiences of low-income individuals in a city.
2. Sociological Perspectives (Theoretical Approaches)
Sociology uses different perspectives to analyze social behavior:
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Society is a complex system with interconnected parts working together to maintain stability.
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Institutions (e.g., family, education, government) serve specific functions.
- Example: Education provides skills for employment and maintains social order by teaching societal norms.
- Society is shaped by conflicts between groups competing for scarce resources.
- Focuses on power imbalances, economic inequality, and class struggles.
Example: The wealth gap between the rich and the poor is maintained by policies favoring the elite, leading to economic inequality.
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Society is built through everyday interactions and the meanings people attach to symbols.
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Focuses on micro-level social interactions.
- Example: A handshake symbolizes agreement or friendship, while a bow represents respect in some cultures.
3. Culture and Society
Culture consists of shared beliefs, values, norms, and material objects that define a society.
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Material Culture: Physical objects like technology, clothing, and buildings.
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Non-Material Culture: Beliefs, language, customs, and laws.
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Norms: Rules that guide behavior (e.g., saying "thank you" in gratitude).
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Values: General principles shaping social life (e.g., freedom and equality).
- Symbols: Objects or gestures with meaning (e.g., a national flag).
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Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture by one's own standards.
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Cultural Relativism: Evaluating cultures based on their own values and context.
- Example: Eating insects may be normal in some cultures but seen as unusual in others.
4. Socialization and Social Interaction
Socialization is the lifelong process through which individuals learn norms, values, and roles in society.
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Family: First source of norms and values.
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Education: Teaches discipline, knowledge, and social skills.
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Peers: Influence behaviors and attitudes.
- Mass Media: Shapes perceptions of reality.
- Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self: We develop self-identity based on how others perceive us.
- Mead’s Role-Taking Theory: We learn through imitating significant others and understanding different social roles.
- Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach: Life is a performance where people manage impressions in social interactions.
A child learns politeness from parents, discipline from school, and fashion sense from peers.
5. Social Stratification and Inequality
Stratification refers to the ranking of people based on wealth, power, and prestige.
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Caste System: Social status is ascribed at birth (e.g., India's caste system).
- Class System: Social mobility is possible based on achievement (e.g., the American Dream).
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Wealth: Accumulated assets.
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Power: Ability to influence others.
- Prestige: Social honor and respect.
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Marx’s Class Conflict Theory: The bourgeoisie (capitalists) exploit the proletariat (workers).
- Weber’s Multidimensional Theory: Social status depends on class, power, and prestige.
A CEO earns significantly more than a factory worker due to their position in the economic hierarchy.
6. Deviance and Social Control
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms.
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Primary Deviance: Minor norm violations (e.g., skipping class).
- Secondary Deviance: Repeated violations that define a person (e.g., a habitual criminal).
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Strain Theory (Merton): People turn to deviance when they lack legitimate means to achieve goals.
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Labeling Theory: Society labels individuals as deviant, reinforcing deviant behavior.
- Differential Association Theory: Deviance is learned through social interactions.
A person born in a crime-prone neighborhood may adopt criminal behavior due to peer influence.
7. Social Institutions
Institutions shape and structure human behavior.
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Family: Regulates reproduction, provides care.
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Education: Transmits knowledge and social norms.
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Economy: Organizes production and distribution of goods.
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Government: Maintains order through laws and policies.
- Religion: Provides moral guidance and social cohesion.
Religious teachings influence moral behavior, while the government enforces laws to maintain order.
8. Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
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Race: Socially constructed categories based on physical traits (e.g., skin color).
- Ethnicity: Shared cultural heritage (e.g., language, traditions).
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Socially constructed roles assigned to males and females.
- Example: In some societies, women are expected to be caregivers, while men are expected to be providers.
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Feminist Theory: Examines gender-based oppression and promotes equality.
- Intersectionality: Explores overlapping social categories like race, class, and gender.
Women in some cultures have limited access to education due to traditional gender norms.
9. Social Change and Modernization
Social change refers to transformations in culture, institutions, and social structures over time.
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Technology: Innovations reshape communication and work.
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Social Movements: Collective efforts to bring change (e.g., civil rights movements).
- Globalization: Increased interaction between societies.
The rise of the internet has changed how people interact and access information worldwide.
10. Research Methods in Sociology
Sociologists use different methods to study society scientifically.
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Quantitative Research: Uses statistical data (e.g., surveys, experiments).
- Qualitative Research: Explores social phenomena in-depth (e.g., interviews, observations).
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Identify a research problem.
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Review literature.
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Formulate a hypothesis.
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Choose a research method.
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Collect and analyze data.
- Draw conclusions and report findings.
A study on homelessness may use surveys to collect data on income levels and interviews to understand personal experiences.
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