Introduction to Sociology (C273)
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Free Introduction to Sociology (C273) Questions
In sociology, the position in a social system that can be occupied by an individual is called
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Role
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Status
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Class
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Identity
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Status
Explanation:
In sociology, status refers to the position an individual occupies within a social system, such as a teacher, parent, or employee. Status can be ascribed (assigned at birth, like race or royalty) or achieved (earned through effort, like a profession).
Why other options are wrong:
A) Role: A role refers to the expectations and behaviors associated with a status, not the position itself.
C) Class: Social class refers to an individual's position in the economic hierarchy rather than a specific social position.
D) Identity: Identity is a personal sense of self that may be influenced by status but is not the same as a position in a social system.
In negative reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened by the
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introduction of a negative reinforcer.
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extinction of a positive stimulus.
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introduction of a positive reinforcer.
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removal of an aversive stimulus.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
d) removal of an aversive stimulus.
Explanation:
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus. This leads to an increase in the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
Why other options are wrong:
a) introduction of a negative reinforcer: This is incorrect because negative reinforcement refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, not the introduction of one.
b) extinction of a positive stimulus: This refers to a process in operant conditioning where a behavior decreases when it is no longer reinforced.
c) introduction of a positive reinforcer: This refers to positive reinforcement, which involves the addition of a pleasant stimulus, not negative reinforcement.
What are the subtitles of a critique paper
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Summary and critique
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Introduction and conclusion
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Summary only
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Introduction and recommendation
Explanation
Correct Answer:
a) Summary and critique
Explanation:
A critique paper typically includes two key components: a summary, which provides a brief overview of the work being critiqued, and a critique, which offers analysis, evaluation, and comments on the strengths and weaknesses of the work.
Why other options are wrong:
b) While introduction and conclusion are important components of many types of papers, a critique paper specifically requires a summary and critique, not just a general conclusion.
c) A critique paper requires more than just a summary; it needs an evaluation or critique as well.
d) Introduction and recommendation are typically found in reports or proposals, not critique papers.
Which of the following is NOT true about the nature of sociology
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Sociology is science.
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Sociology is a social science.
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Sociology is a physical science.
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Sociology is a categorical discipline.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Sociology is a physical science.
Explanation:
Sociology is classified as a social science, which focuses on studying human societies, behaviors, and relationships, not a physical science like physics or chemistry.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Sociology is science: This is true as sociology applies systematic methods of research to study social behavior.
B) Sociology is a social science: This is correct as sociology studies human societies, making it part of the social sciences.
D) Sociology is a categorical discipline: This is correct as sociology is often considered a distinct field within the social sciences, focusing on categories of social behavior and structures.
Auguste Comte, who developed the term sociology and is associated with positivism, developed a grandiose view of sociology. He said that sociologists should
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analyze all societies on Earth
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not limit their analysis to the Earth, but search for extraterrestrial societies as well
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reform the entire society, making it a better place to live
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study the religious influences on people
Explanation
Correct Answer:
c) reform the entire society, making it a better place to live
Explanation:
Auguste Comte believed that sociology had a role not only in understanding society but also in improving it. He thought that sociologists could use scientific methods to identify social problems and propose reforms to enhance societal welfare.
Why other options are wrong:
a) analyze all societies on Earth: Comte focused on reforming society, not just analyzing it.
b) not limit their analysis to the Earth, but search for extraterrestrial societies as well: This view was not a part of Comte's sociological theories.
d) study the religious influences on people: While Comte acknowledged the role of religion, his primary focus was on sociology as a science that could lead to societal improvement.
What did Jane Addams do as an early advocate of applied sociology
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Conducted experiments on social behavior in a laboratory setting.
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Established Hull House to help immigrants and the poor.
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Developed the theory of social integration.
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Focused on statistical models to explain social interactions.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
b) Established Hull House to help immigrants and the poor.
Explanation:
Jane Addams applied sociological principles to address social issues. She co-founded Hull House in Chicago, a community center that provided education, healthcare, and support services to marginalized communities, particularly immigrants. Her work laid the foundation for social work and applied sociology.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Conducted experiments on social behavior in a laboratory setting: This approach aligns more with psychology and was not part of Addams’ work.
c) Developed the theory of social integration: This is associated with Emile Durkheim, who studied how societies maintain cohesion.
d) Focused on statistical models to explain social interactions: While statistics are used in sociology, Addams’ contributions were more practical and reform-oriented rather than theoretical or quantitative.
According to Sam Richards, what is the basic core understanding of sociology
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Sociology is about predicting individual behavior with absolute certainty.
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Sociology is about seeing the connections between personal experiences and larger social forces.
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Sociology is solely focused on economics and political structures.
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Sociology teaches that social structures have no impact on individual actions.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
b) Sociology is about seeing the connections between personal experiences and larger social forces.
Explanation:
Sam Richards emphasizes that the core understanding of sociology is the ability to see how individual lives are shaped by social structures, institutions, and cultural norms. This perspective is known as the sociological imagination.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Sociology is about predicting individual behavior with absolute certainty: Sociology identifies patterns in human behavior but does not claim to predict individual actions with certainty.
c) Sociology is solely focused on economics and political structures: While sociology examines economic and political systems, it also covers a wide range of topics, including culture, family, and social interactions.
d) Sociology teaches that social structures have no impact on individual actions: Sociology shows that social structures play a significant role in shaping individual behavior.
____ studies the relationships between people and urban environments
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Sociology
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Urban ecology
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Environmentalism
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Gentrification
- Demography
Explanation
Correct Answer:
b) Urban ecology
Explanation:
Urban ecology is the study of how people interact with and are influenced by urban environments, including the social, cultural, and environmental dynamics of cities.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Sociology: Sociology is broader and includes the study of many aspects of society, not just urban environments.
c) Environmentalism: While environmentalism focuses on environmental issues, it is not specifically concerned with urban environments and their social interactions.
d) Gentrification: Gentrification refers to the process of transforming urban neighborhoods, but it is not the broader study of urban relationships.
e) Demography: Demography studies population characteristics but does not specifically focus on urban environments and their relationship with people.
Who coined the term sociology among early social thinkers
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Karl Marx
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Max Weber
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Auguste Comte
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Emile Durkheim
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Auguste Comte
Explanation:
Auguste Comte, a French philosopher, is credited with coining the term "sociology" in the 19th century. He envisioned sociology as a scientific discipline that would study society using empirical methods, similar to the natural sciences.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Karl Marx: Marx contributed to sociology with his theories on class struggle and capitalism but did not coin the term.
B) Max Weber: Weber developed sociological theories on bureaucracy and social action but did not introduce the term "sociology."
D) Emile Durkheim: Durkheim was instrumental in establishing sociology as an academic discipline, but he did not coin the term.
Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology
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Karl Marx
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Emile Durkheim
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Max Weber
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Herbert Spencer
Explanation
Correct Answer:
b) Emile Durkheim
Explanation:
Emile Durkheim was instrumental in applying the scientific method to sociology. He emphasized empirical research, systematic data collection, and statistical analysis to study social facts. His work on suicide, for example, demonstrated how social forces influence individual behavior, laying the foundation for sociology as a scientific discipline.
Why other options are wrong:
a) Karl Marx: Marx focused on class struggle and economic determinism but did not emphasize scientific methodology in sociology.
c) Max Weber: Weber contributed to sociology with his work on social action and bureaucracy, but Durkheim was more directly focused on making sociology a science.
d) Herbert Spencer: Spencer applied evolutionary theory to society but was less focused on scientific research compared to Durkheim.
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