C889 Molecular and Cellular Biology
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Free C889 Molecular and Cellular Biology Questions
1. If a diet high in saturated fatty acids is linked to increased cholesterol levels, what dietary changes would you recommend to reduce cholesterol based on the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
- Increase intake of saturated fats and decrease unsaturated fats.
- Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats by consuming more plant-based oils and fatty fish.
- Eliminate all fats from the diet.
- Consume only saturated fats to maintain energy levels.
Explanation
Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature and can raise LDL cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Unsaturated fatty acids, which are usually liquid at room temperature, can help lower LDL cholesterol and promote heart health. Therefore, replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats from sources like plant oils, nuts, and fatty fish is a recommended dietary strategy to reduce cholesterol while maintaining essential fatty acid intake. Completely eliminating fats is not advisable because fats are essential for numerous physiological functions.
2. Explain how intermediate filaments contribute to the overall function of animal cells.
- They assist in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle.
- They provide a framework that maintains cell shape and resists mechanical stress.
- They transport materials within the cell.
- They synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.
Explanation
Intermediate filaments are a component of the cytoskeleton in animal cells that provide structural support. They form a stable framework within the cytoplasm that helps maintain cell shape and resist mechanical stress, protecting cells from deformation. Unlike microtubules, they are not directly involved in forming the mitotic spindle or transporting materials, nor do they synthesize proteins or nucleic acids. Their primary function is to provide mechanical stability and maintain the integrity of tissues, especially in cells subject to physical stress.
3. The primary function of the nucleus is to:
- control molecular movement into and out of the cell
- contain genetic information and regulate cell division
- release enzymes that detoxify harmful substances
- form the skeletal framework of the cell
Explanation
The nucleus is the central organelle in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA. It serves as the control center for the cell by regulating gene expression and coordinating processes such as growth, metabolism, and cell division. By containing and protecting DNA, the nucleus ensures that genetic information is accurately replicated and transmitted during cell division, allowing proper development and function of the cell. It is not primarily involved in molecular transport, detoxification, or providing structural support, which are roles of other cellular components.
4. Explain how the structure of amphipathic molecules contributes to their behavior in water.
- Their hydrophobic regions repel water, causing them to aggregate.
- Their hydrophilic regions attract water, allowing them to dissolve completely.
- Their dual nature allows them to form stable structures like micelles and lipid bilayers.
- They do not interact with water and remain separate.
Explanation
Amphipathic molecules contain both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions. This dual nature allows them to interact with water in a unique way: the hydrophilic regions interact with the aqueous environment, while the hydrophobic regions avoid water and aggregate together. This property enables amphipathic molecules to form stable structures such as micelles, with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic surfaces, and lipid bilayers, which are essential components of cellular membranes. Their structure-driven behavior is crucial for membrane formation and compartmentalization in cells.
5. Explain how nucleic acids contribute to the process of protein synthesis.
- They provide energy for cellular processes.
- They encode the sequence of amino acids that form proteins.
- They act as structural components of the cell membrane.
- They facilitate the transport of nutrients into the cell.
Explanation
Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are central to protein synthesis. DNA stores the genetic information that encodes the specific sequence of amino acids for each protein. During transcription, this information is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then guides the ribosome in assembling the amino acids in the correct order during translation. Without nucleic acids, cells would not have the instructions needed to produce proteins, which are essential for virtually all cellular functions.
6. If a scientist were to disrupt the process of cell differentiation in a developing embryo, what potential effects might this have on the organism?
- The organism would likely develop normally with no effects.
- The organism may have improperly formed tissues and organs, leading to developmental issues.
- The organism would only experience changes in its reproductive cells.
- The organism would become entirely composed of unspecialized cells.
Explanation
Cell differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to perform specific functions, forming tissues and organs in a developing organism. Disrupting this process can prevent proper tissue and organ formation, leading to developmental abnormalities and potentially non-viable offspring. While all cells might not remain entirely unspecialized, the failure of differentiation can severely impact the organism’s overall structure and function, highlighting the critical role of this process in embryonic development.
7. Explain how the endosymbiosis theory contributes to our understanding of cellular evolution.
- It indicates that all cells are identical in structure and function.
- It suggests that eukaryotic cells developed from a single ancestral prokaryotic cell.
- It provides insight into the cooperative interactions that led to the complexity of eukaryotic cells.
- It shows that eukaryotic cells do not share any characteristics with prokaryotic cells.
Explanation
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved through a symbiotic relationship between early ancestral eukaryotes and certain prokaryotic cells. This theory explains how organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts originated, as these organelles resemble prokaryotic cells in structure and retain their own DNA and ribosomes. Understanding this cooperative interaction helps explain the complexity and compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells, bridging the evolutionary gap between prokaryotic and eukaryotic life.
8. Which of the following is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
- Lack of a nucleus
- Presence of membrane-bound organelles
- Smaller size compared to prokaryotic cells
- Absence of DNA
Explanation
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus that houses genetic material. These organelles allow compartmentalization of cellular processes, enabling complex functions such as energy production, protein synthesis, and intracellular transport to occur efficiently. In contrast, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells and always contain DNA, so size and absence of a nucleus or DNA are not defining features.
9. Explain how the cell membrane contributes to the overall function of a cell.
- It acts as a barrier that prevents all substances from entering the cell.
- It allows for selective permeability, enabling the cell to maintain homeostasis.
- It is solely responsible for energy production within the cell.
- It provides a rigid structure that supports the cell's shape.
Explanation
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell, allowing essential nutrients to enter while removing waste products. This selective permeability is crucial for maintaining homeostasis, controlling the internal environment of the cell, and enabling communication with other cells through receptors and signaling molecules. While it provides some structural support, it is flexible rather than rigid, and it is not responsible for energy production.
10. What is/are the function(s) of intermediate filaments in cells?
- Stabilize the position of organelles.
- Provide the cell with strength.
- Transport materials within the cytoplasm.
- Form neurofilaments in nerve cells.
- All of the above.
Explanation
Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal components that provide structural support to cells. They stabilize the position of organelles, help maintain cell shape, and provide mechanical strength to resist stress. In specialized cells, such as nerve cells, they form neurofilaments that support the long extensions of neurons. While they do not play a primary role in active transport of materials like microtubules, their overall contributions to cellular structure and stability encompass all the functions listed, making “All of the above” the most comprehensive answer.
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