Ethics in Technology (D333)
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Free Ethics in Technology (D333) Questions
What is the primary focus of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)?
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Collections of best practices to help organizations improve their processes.
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A standard for evaluating employee performance.
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A method for testing software functionality.
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A legal framework for product liability cases.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Collections of best practices to help organizations improve their processes.
Explanation:
CMMI is a process improvement framework that provides organizations with best practices for developing and improving processes to achieve business goals effectively.
Why other options are wrong:
A standard for evaluating employee performance.
A standard for evaluating employee performance is incorrect because CMMI focuses on organizational processes, not individual employee performance.
A method for testing software functionality.
A method for testing software functionality is incorrect because CMMI is not specific to software testing; it is a broader process improvement framework.
A legal framework for product liability cases.
A legal framework for product liability cases is incorrect because CMMI is unrelated to legal or liability issues; it is purely a process improvement tool.
What are the two main components typically outlined in a professional code of ethics?
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Financial goals and marketing strategies
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Client satisfaction and profit margins
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Aspirations of the organization and rules for members
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Technical skills and personal achievements
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Aspirations of the organization and rules for members
Explanation
A professional code of ethics typically includes guiding principles (aspirations) that define the values and goals of a profession, along with specific rules that members must follow to ensure ethical behavior.
Why other options are wrong
A. Financial goals and marketing strategies. These are business concerns, not ethical guidelines for professional conduct.
B. Client satisfaction and profit margins. While important in business, ethics codes focus on broader professional and ethical responsibilities rather than financial objectives.
D. Technical skills and personal achievements. Ethical codes focus more on conduct and values rather than individual accomplishments.
Which ethical framework emphasizes the importance of community and relationships?
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Communitarianism
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Egoism
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Deontology
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Utilitarianism
Explanation
Correct Answer
A. Communitarianism
Explanation
Communitarianism emphasizes the role of community, social values, and relationships in ethical decision-making. It holds that individual identity and moral reasoning are shaped by the communities to which people belong.
Why other options are wrong
B. Egoism.
Egoism prioritizes self-interest over communal well-being, making it the opposite of Communitarianism.
C. Deontology.
Deontology is focused on moral duties and principles rather than community relationships. It follows universal rules rather than emphasizing the social context.
D. Utilitarianism.
While Utilitarianism considers the greater good, it is more focused on maximizing happiness rather than the intrinsic importance of community and relationships.
What is a key element of a security strategy to minimize the impact of a cyberattack?
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Increasing the number of employees
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Risk assessment to identify and prioritize threats
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Reducing internet usage
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Implementing more software updates
Explanation
Correct Answer
B. Risk assessment to identify and prioritize threats
Explanation
Risk assessment is a proactive approach in cybersecurity that helps organizations identify potential threats, evaluate vulnerabilities, and prioritize resources to mitigate risks effectively. This minimizes the impact of cyberattacks.
Why other options are wrong
A. Increasing the number of employees. More employees do not necessarily improve security; proper risk management and training are more effective.
C. Reducing internet usage. While limiting access may reduce exposure to threats, it is not a comprehensive strategy for cybersecurity.
D. Implementing more software updates. While updates help fix security vulnerabilities, risk assessment ensures an organization knows which threats require immediate attention and resource allocation.
In Kantian Deontology, what is the basis for determining right and wrong?
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Personal feelings and emotions
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The outcomes of actions
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The authority of human reason
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The rules set by society
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. The authority of human reason
Explanation:
Kantian Deontology is based on the principle that moral actions are determined by rational duty and universal moral laws, not by emotions, outcomes, or societal rules. Human reason is the foundation for determining what is right or wrong.
Why other options are wrong:
Personal feelings and emotions
Personal feelings and emotions are incorrect because Kantian Deontology rejects subjective emotions as a basis for morality.
The outcomes of actions
The outcomes of actions are incorrect because Kantian Deontology focuses on the intent and duty behind actions, not their consequences.
The rules set by society
The rules set by society are incorrect because Kantian Deontology emphasizes universal moral laws derived from reason, not societal norms.
What defines a Black Hat Hacker?
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A programmer developing software applications
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A government agent monitoring cyber threats
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An ethical hacker who protects systems
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Someone who hacks for personal gain
Explanation
Correct Answer
D. Someone who hacks for personal gain
Explanation
A Black Hat Hacker is an individual who illegally infiltrates computer systems for personal gain, financial theft, espionage, or to cause harm. Unlike White Hat Hackers, who work to improve security, Black Hat Hackers exploit vulnerabilities for malicious purposes.
Why other options are wrong
A. A programmer developing software applications. Not all programmers are hackers, and software development is unrelated to unethical hacking.
B. A government agent monitoring cyber threats. Government agents handling cybersecurity threats are typically ethical professionals, not Black Hat Hackers.
C. An ethical hacker who protects systems. Ethical hackers, also called White Hat Hackers, use their skills to defend systems against cyber threats.
What does strict liability mean in the context of product liability claims?
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The defendant is not responsible if the product was used incorrectly
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The defendant can avoid liability by proving intent to harm
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The defendant is responsible for injury regardless of negligence or intent
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The defendant is only responsible if negligence can be proven
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. The defendant is responsible for injury regardless of negligence or intent.
Explanation
Strict liability means that a company or manufacturer is held liable for harm caused by their product, even if they were not negligent or had no intent to cause harm. This legal principle ensures that companies are accountable for defective products that pose risks to consumers, regardless of how the defect occurred.
Why other options are wrong
A. The defendant is not responsible if the product was used incorrectly.
Incorrect use may reduce liability, but strict liability applies if the product was defective and caused harm during normal or foreseeable use.
B. The defendant can avoid liability by proving intent to harm.
Intent is not a factor in strict liability. Even without malicious intent, a company can be held responsible for defective products.
D. The defendant is only responsible if negligence can be proven.
Strict liability does not require proof of negligence; it applies as long as the product was defective and caused harm.
What is the primary purpose of the partnership between DHS and the public and private sectors?
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To develop new software applications
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To protect the Internet infrastructure against cyberattacks
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To regulate internet service providers
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To promote social media usage
Explanation
Correct Answer
B. To protect the Internet infrastructure against cyberattacks
Explanation
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) collaborates with public and private sector entities to strengthen cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure from cyber threats. This partnership focuses on identifying vulnerabilities, sharing threat intelligence, and implementing protective measures.
Why other options are wrong
A. To develop new software applications. While cybersecurity may involve software development, DHS primarily focuses on security rather than software creation.
C. To regulate internet service providers. Regulation of ISPs is generally handled by other agencies, such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), not DHS.
D. To promote social media usage. DHS's role in cybersecurity is about protection, not promoting social media platforms.
What ethical issues do IT users commonly face?
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Software piracy
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Improved system performance
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Increased productivity
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Enhanced user experience
Explanation
Correct Answer
A. Software piracy
Explanation
Software piracy—using or distributing copyrighted software without authorization—is a significant ethical issue that IT users frequently encounter. It violates intellectual property rights and can lead to legal and financial consequences.
Why other options are wrong
B. Improved system performance. This is a technical concern, not an ethical issue.
C. Increased productivity. While productivity is important, it is unrelated to ethical concerns.
D. Enhanced user experience. Improving user experience is a design and usability consideration, not an ethical dilemma.
What is copyright primarily concerned with?
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Only protecting physical assets like books and paintings
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Providing free access to all digital content
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Granting exclusive rights to creators of original works
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Allowing anyone to use any work without restrictions
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Granting exclusive rights to creators of original works
Explanation
Copyright protects the rights of creators by granting them exclusive control over how their original works—such as books, music, and films—are used and distributed. It ensures that creators can benefit from their work while preventing unauthorized use.
Why other options are wrong
A. Only protecting physical assets like books and paintings.
Copyright applies to both physical and digital works, including music, films, and software.
B. Providing free access to all digital content. Copyright law does not grant free access; it protects creators' rights and allows them to control how their works are used.
D. Allowing anyone to use any work without restrictions.
Copyright places restrictions on the use of protected works to ensure creators maintain control and receive credit or compensation.
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HUMN 1101 D333 Ethics in Technology
1. Introduction to Ethics in Technology
Definition of Ethics
Ethics refers to the moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity. In technology, ethics involves evaluating the impact of technological advancements on individuals, society, and the environment, and ensuring that these advancements align with moral values.
Importance of Ethics in Technology
- Accountability: Ensures that developers and companies are responsible for the consequences of their innovations.
- Trust: Builds public confidence in technology.
- Sustainability: Promotes the development of technologies that benefit society without causing harm.
- Utilitarianism: Focuses on maximizing overall happiness or minimizing harm.
- Deontological Ethics: Emphasizes adherence to moral rules or duties.
- Virtue Ethics: Centers on the character and virtues of the individual making decisions.
- Rights-Based Ethics: Prioritizes the protection of individual rights.
2. Ethical Challenges in Technology
Privacy and Data Security
- Issue: The collection, storage, and use of personal data by tech companies often raise concerns about privacy breaches.
- Example: Social media platforms collecting user data without explicit consent.
- Solution: Implementing robust data protection measures and transparency in data usage policies.
Artificial Intelligence and Automation
- Issue: AI systems can perpetuate biases and lead to job displacement.
- Example: AI hiring tools favoring certain demographics over others.
- Solution: Ensuring diversity in AI training data and creating policies to support displaced workers.
Intellectual Property Rights
- Issue: The ease of copying and distributing digital content challenges traditional IP laws.
- Example: Piracy of software, music, and movies.
- Solution: Strengthening IP laws and educating users about the importance of respecting intellectual property.
Digital Divide and Accessibility
- Issue: Unequal access to technology exacerbates social and economic inequalities.
- Example: Rural areas lacking high-speed internet access.
- Solution: Investing in infrastructure to provide equitable access to technology.
3. Frameworks for Ethical Decision-Making in Technology
Utilitarianism
- Application: Choose actions that maximize overall benefits, such as developing technologies that improve quality of life for the majority.
- Example: Implementing AI in healthcare to diagnose diseases more accurately.
Deontological Ethics
- Application: Follow moral rules, such as respecting user privacy, regardless of the consequences.
- Example: Refusing to sell user data, even if it could generate significant revenue.
Virtue Ethics
- Application: Focus on the character and intentions of the decision-maker, such as prioritizing honesty and integrity.
- Example: A developer admitting to a mistake in their code and working to fix it.
Rights-Based Ethics
- Application: Protect individual rights, such as the right to privacy and freedom of expression.
- Example: Ensuring that social media platforms do not censor users unfairly.
4. Regulations and Policies in Technology Ethics
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
- Purpose: Protects the personal data of individuals within the European Union.
- Key Provisions: Requires consent for data collection, grants users the right to access and delete their data.
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
- Purpose: Protects the privacy of patients’ health information in the United States.
- Key Provisions: Limits the use and disclosure of health information without patient consent.
Ethical Guidelines for AI Development
- Purpose: Ensure AI systems are developed and used responsibly.
- Key Principles: Fairness, transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.
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