C388 Science, Technology, and Society
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Free C388 Science, Technology, and Society Questions
1. If someone were to read an article where scientists used their own children in research studies on facial expressions, media effects on children, brain changes, learning problems, and language development, and started to question the extent to which these behaviors could erode the public's trust in science, which principle of research ethics could be threatened?
- Responsibility
- Respect for persons
- Integrity
- Justice
- Concern for welfare
Explanation
The principle of integrity is primarily concerned with maintaining honesty, transparency, and trustworthiness in scientific practice. When researchers involve their own children in studies, it introduces potential conflicts of interest and questions about bias, consent, and objectivity. Such actions could undermine public trust in the ethical standards of science and lead to skepticism about the validity or impartiality of research findings. Integrity requires scientists to conduct research in a manner that preserves the credibility of science and ensures that ethical boundaries are respected.
2. What does history tell us about human space exploration?
- If it is dependent on government funding it is sustainable
- If it is based on international competition it is sustainable
- If it is based on using space resource it is not sustainable
- If it is based on international competition it is not sustainable
- If it is based on international cooperation it is not sustainable
Explanation
Historical evidence from the Space Race and subsequent missions shows that when space exploration is driven by international competition—such as the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union—it tends to be unsustainable. Competition can lead to short-term bursts of activity fueled by political motives rather than long-term collaboration or economic feasibility. In contrast, cooperative efforts like the International Space Station have demonstrated greater longevity and shared benefits among nations. Thus, history suggests that competition-based exploration lacks the enduring commitment necessary for sustainable advancement.
3. What did the Hippocratic author of Ancient Medicine say about how medicine was first created?
- It started in Egypt
- It started with people learning how to cook
- It started because there was a plague
- It was a divine gift.
Explanation
According to the Hippocratic author of Ancient Medicine, the origins of medicine were linked to the development of cooking. The author argued that humans, in their attempts to prepare and consume food safely, began to observe which substances were beneficial or harmful to the body. This process of experimentation and refinement led to an early understanding of how diet affected health and disease, laying the foundation for medical practice. Rather than attributing medicine to divine intervention or external origins, this view emphasized empirical observation and human ingenuity as the roots of medical knowledge.
4. The text defines technology as _______.
- physical objects or artifacts
- activities or processes
- knowledge or know-how
- None of these are aspects of technology.
- All of these make up the definition of technology.
Explanation
Technology encompasses more than just tangible tools; it includes the processes used to create and apply them, as well as the knowledge or expertise required for their use. This broad definition recognizes technology as a combination of physical artifacts, human skills, and organized methods aimed at solving problems or achieving specific goals. Therefore, technology is not confined to one dimension but rather integrates all these elements to influence human life and progress.
5. How has technology impacted communication on the world stage?
- It has revolutionized communication by enabling real-time interaction and information sharing.
- It has made communication more expensive and inaccessible.
- It has made communication slower and less efficient.
- It has made it difficult for people to connect with each other.
Explanation
Technology has transformed global communication by making it faster, more efficient, and more accessible. Through innovations such as the Internet, social media, and video conferencing, individuals and organizations can now interact in real time across vast distances. This has facilitated international collaboration, diplomacy, and the global exchange of ideas and information. The impact of technology on communication has also enhanced cultural exchange and improved crisis response through instantaneous information sharing.
6. Galileo was a very important figure in the development of astronomy. Which of the following statements about Galileo's accomplishments is false?
- Galileo was the first to observe the four largest moons of Jupiter
- Galileo observed Venus going through a phase cycle similar to the cycle the Moon goes through
- Galileo observed, with his telescope, sunspots moving across the face of the Sun and concluded that the Sun rotated on a rotational axis
- Galileo looked at the Moon through his telescope and observed rivers, mountains, and lakes filled with liquid
- Galileo, with the aid of his telescope, saw that the Milky Way was made up of thousands of stars rather than diffuse nebulae
Explanation
Galileo Galilei made groundbreaking contributions to astronomy through his use of the telescope. He discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—providing evidence against the geocentric model. He also observed that Venus went through phases similar to the Moon, supporting the heliocentric theory. Galileo’s studies of sunspots revealed that the Sun rotated, and his observation of the Milky Way showed it was composed of countless stars. However, Galileo did not see rivers, lakes, or liquid-filled areas on the Moon. Instead, he noted mountains, craters, and rough terrain, disproving the belief that the Moon was a smooth celestial sphere.
7. Why are ethics important when considering experiments?
- The scientific results would not be believable if they were obtained unethically.
- It is important that people are not harmed for the sake of science.
- A general sense of ethics ensures that everyone is aware of what's right and whats wrong.
- Scientists would not be able to get funding if their experiments were not ethical.
Explanation
Ethics are essential in scientific research because they protect human and animal participants from harm, ensure integrity in the scientific process, and maintain public trust in science. Conducting experiments without ethical oversight could lead to exploitation, suffering, or biased results. Ethical standards—such as informed consent, confidentiality, and minimizing harm—uphold respect for persons and ensure the welfare of participants. The importance of ethics extends beyond just credibility or funding; it’s about safeguarding moral responsibility in the pursuit of knowledge.
8. In what way do societal beliefs impact the adoption of new technologies?
- They determine the funding available for research
- They influence the ethical considerations of technology
- They affect public perception and willingness to embrace innovations
- They dictate the technical specifications of products
Explanation
Societal beliefs play a major role in determining how readily new technologies are accepted and integrated into everyday life. Cultural values, moral perspectives, and social attitudes shape public perception of innovations, influencing whether people view them as beneficial, risky, or intrusive. For example, beliefs about privacy affect the adoption of surveillance technologies, while cultural acceptance of science can impact biotechnology or renewable energy use. Thus, even when a technology is technically sound, its success largely depends on how society perceives and embraces it.
9. What was a key factor in the transformation of medicine from traditional practices to a more scientific approach in ancient civilizations?
- The establishment of medical schools
- The influence of philosophical thought
- The development of surgical techniques
- The use of herbal remedies
Explanation
The transformation of medicine from superstition and traditional healing to a more rational and systematic practice was largely influenced by philosophical thought in ancient civilizations, especially in Greece. Thinkers such as Hippocrates emphasized observation, reasoning, and natural causes of disease rather than attributing illness to supernatural forces. This philosophical shift laid the groundwork for evidence-based medicine and the development of the scientific method in healthcare.
10. How do advancements in technology typically affect social structures within a community?
- They reinforce existing social hierarchies without any impact.
- They lead to the emergence of new social norms and behaviors.
- They have no correlation with changes in social structures.
- They solely benefit the upper class, leaving others unaffected.
Explanation
Technological advancements significantly shape social structures by influencing how people communicate, work, and interact. New technologies often lead to the creation of new social norms, such as remote work, online education, or digital communities, transforming traditional hierarchies and roles. These changes can alter economic opportunities, power dynamics, and patterns of social engagement. While technology can sometimes reinforce inequalities, it also opens avenues for innovation and participation that redefine social behavior and community dynamics.
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