C388 Science, Technology, and Society
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Free C388 Science, Technology, and Society Questions
1. Several ancient cultures appeared to engage in brain surgery practices called:
- Trephining, treppaning
- Reflexology
- Pinealization
- Phrenology
Explanation
Trephining, also known as trepanning, was one of the earliest known surgical practices performed by ancient civilizations. This procedure involved drilling or scraping a hole into the human skull to treat conditions such as head injuries, epilepsy, or mental disorders, or even to release supposed evil spirits. Archaeological evidence shows that this practice was performed across various cultures, including in ancient Egypt, South America, and Europe. The survival rates indicated by bone healing suggest that some individuals lived long after the procedure, demonstrating a rudimentary understanding of surgical techniques and healing.
2. Which of the following is a reason why pursuing sustainable practices become important?
- Customers want to use sustainable products
- Sustainable products are usually less expensive
- Employees want to work for profitable companies
- Business partners want to reduce costs
Explanation
Pursuing sustainable practices has become increasingly important because consumers are more aware of environmental issues and prefer products that are environmentally friendly and ethically produced. Businesses that adopt sustainable practices appeal to these customers, enhancing brand loyalty and market competitiveness. This consumer-driven demand encourages companies to innovate, reduce waste, and use renewable resources. Therefore, customer preference for sustainable products is a primary reason for the growing importance of sustainability in business operations.
3. In the realm of technology, how are artifacts defined?
- Natural objects found in the environment
- Products created by humans to fulfill particular purposes
- Theoretical concepts that guide technological development
- Cultural symbols representing technological advancement
Explanation
In technology studies, artifacts are defined as physical products created by humans to serve a specific function or purpose. These include tools, machines, instruments, buildings, and digital devices—anything resulting from human design and fabrication to meet practical needs. Artifacts reflect both the technological capabilities and cultural context of the society that produces them. They are not naturally occurring objects or purely theoretical ideas but tangible outcomes of human creativity and problem-solving.
4. What was a major consequence of scientific advancements in the United States during the 19th century?
- A shift towards a more agrarian economy
- The establishment of public education systems
- The rise of industrialization and urbanization
- An increase in international trade agreements
Explanation
Scientific and technological advancements in the 19th century United States, such as the development of the steam engine, the telegraph, and mechanized manufacturing, fueled rapid industrialization. These innovations transformed the U.S. from an agrarian society into an industrial powerhouse. The growth of factories and new transportation systems, like railroads, encouraged urbanization as people moved to cities for jobs. This period marked a major shift in economic and social structures, leading to new industries, increased productivity, and significant demographic changes.
5. When thinking about the adoption of electrical vehicles, what are consumers' core needs?
- Affordable price point
- Convenience
- Driving range
- All of the above
Explanation
When consumers consider adopting electric vehicles (EVs), several factors influence their decision-making process. The affordability of EVs remains a key concern, as high upfront costs can deter buyers. Convenience factors, such as the availability of charging stations and ease of maintenance, play an equally important role in determining adoption rates. Additionally, driving range—how far a vehicle can travel on a single charge—is a major consideration for users who need reliable long-distance travel. Because all these factors collectively affect consumer acceptance, they are all considered core needs in EV adoption.
6. Which of the following statements accurately reflects Aristotle's contributions to the field of astronomy?
- He developed the heliocentric model of the solar system.
- He argued that celestial bodies are composed of the same elements as Earth.
- He demonstrated that the Earth is spherical and posited it as the center of the universe.
- He introduced the concept of gravity as a force governing planetary motion.
Explanation
Aristotle made significant early contributions to astronomy by proposing that the Earth was spherical and occupied the center of the universe—a model later known as the geocentric system. His observations of lunar eclipses and the changing position of stars supported his claim about Earth's shape. Although his geocentric model was later replaced by the heliocentric model, Aristotle’s reasoning laid the groundwork for scientific inquiry in astronomy by emphasizing observation and logical explanation.
7. The text defines technology as _______.
- physical objects or artifacts
- activities or processes
- knowledge or know-how
- None of these are aspects of technology.
- All of these make up the definition of technology.
Explanation
Technology encompasses more than just tangible tools; it includes the processes used to create and apply them, as well as the knowledge or expertise required for their use. This broad definition recognizes technology as a combination of physical artifacts, human skills, and organized methods aimed at solving problems or achieving specific goals. Therefore, technology is not confined to one dimension but rather integrates all these elements to influence human life and progress.
8. In the context of natural selection, how do overproduction and variation contribute to the process of evolution?
- They ensure that all offspring survive and thrive in their environment.
- They create competition among individuals, allowing those with advantageous traits to survive and reproduce.
- They eliminate the need for adaptation in changing environments.
- They result in a uniform population with no diversity in traits.
Explanation
Overproduction and variation are central mechanisms in Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Overproduction ensures that more offspring are produced than can survive, creating competition for limited resources. Variation among individuals provides the raw material for selection, as those with traits better suited to the environment have higher survival and reproductive success. Over time, advantageous traits become more common within the population, driving evolutionary change and adaptation. Without overproduction and variation, natural selection would not effectively shape populations.
9. What technological advance led Mesopotamian cultures to be able to efficiently structure society and pass on knowledge?
- Shaduf
- Seed drill
- Ziggurats
- Cuneiform
Explanation
Cuneiform, one of the earliest systems of writing, was a revolutionary technological advancement in Mesopotamian society. It allowed people to record laws, trade transactions, historical events, and cultural stories. This ability to store and transmit information made governance more structured, commerce more organized, and knowledge transferable across generations. Cuneiform thus played a central role in shaping the administrative, educational, and cultural development of Mesopotamia, supporting the rise of complex urban societies.
10. In what way has the advancement of communication technologies transformed the dynamics of personal relationships?
- By reducing the need for face-to-face interactions and fostering isolation
- By enabling real-time communication across vast distances, enhancing connectivity
- By limiting the exchange of information to formal channels only
- By creating barriers to communication due to technological complexity
Explanation
The advancement of communication technologies, such as smartphones, video conferencing, and social media, has significantly transformed personal relationships by enabling instant, real-time communication regardless of geographical distance. This connectivity allows individuals to maintain relationships with family, friends, and colleagues across cities, countries, or continents, enhancing social bonds and collaboration. While technology can sometimes contribute to reduced face-to-face interactions, its most prominent impact is the facilitation of continuous and convenient communication that strengthens connections and expands social networks.
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