C388 Science, Technology, and Society
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Free C388 Science, Technology, and Society Questions
1. What is an example of a sustainable IT practice?
- A company signs a contract with a virtualization service provider to host its disaster recovery.
- A company installs 500 GB, rather than 1 TB, hard disks on office computers.
- A company asks their employees to bring laptops to work to enhance the company's computing power.
- A company uses a powerful computer as its backup server for sustainability in case the main server fails.
Explanation
Sustainable IT practices focus on reducing environmental impact, conserving energy, and optimizing resource use while maintaining operational efficiency. Contracting with a virtualization service provider allows a company to consolidate computing resources, minimize hardware requirements, and reduce power consumption. This approach supports sustainability by lowering the carbon footprint associated with maintaining multiple physical servers. It exemplifies how organizations can integrate environmentally responsible practices with modern technological solutions.
2. What does history tell us about human space exploration?
- If it is dependent on government funding it is sustainable
- If it is based on international competition it is sustainable
- If it is based on using space resource it is not sustainable
- If it is based on international competition it is not sustainable
- If it is based on international cooperation it is not sustainable
Explanation
Historical evidence from the Space Race and subsequent missions shows that when space exploration is driven by international competition—such as the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union—it tends to be unsustainable. Competition can lead to short-term bursts of activity fueled by political motives rather than long-term collaboration or economic feasibility. In contrast, cooperative efforts like the International Space Station have demonstrated greater longevity and shared benefits among nations. Thus, history suggests that competition-based exploration lacks the enduring commitment necessary for sustainable advancement.
3. How has technology influenced education?
- It has made learning resources more accessible through online platforms.
- It has made education less accessible.
- It has eliminated the need for traditional classrooms.
- It has hindered the learning process by overwhelming students with information.
Explanation
Technology has profoundly transformed education by expanding access to learning resources and enabling flexible, interactive forms of instruction. Online platforms, digital textbooks, and virtual classrooms have made education available to students regardless of geographical or economic barriers. These tools also allow for personalized learning experiences, real-time collaboration, and access to a vast array of knowledge. Rather than replacing traditional classrooms entirely, technology complements them by enhancing engagement and supporting lifelong learning opportunities.
4. What is the primary objective of the Balik Scientist Program in the Philippines?
- To promote the export of scientific knowledge to other countries
- To encourage Filipino scientists abroad to return and contribute to local development
- To provide scholarships for students pursuing science and technology degrees
- To establish international research partnerships with foreign institutions
Explanation
The Balik Scientist Program (BSP) was created by the Philippine government to address the “brain drain” phenomenon by encouraging Filipino scientists and technologists working overseas to return home. Its primary objective is to enable these experts to contribute their knowledge, skills, and research to national development in fields such as science, technology, innovation, and industry. The program provides incentives such as financial assistance, research grants, and logistical support to facilitate their reintegration into local institutions and projects.
5. What did the mechanization of agriculture in the United States lead to?
- An increase in production
- A decrease in the size of the average farm
- Fewer agricultural exports
- Less dependence on railroads by farmers
Explanation
The mechanization of agriculture in the United States, which began in the 19th century, brought about a dramatic increase in farm productivity. Innovations such as the mechanical reaper, steel plow, and later, tractors, enabled farmers to cultivate larger areas of land with fewer laborers. This efficiency led to higher crop yields and helped meet the demands of a growing population. Mechanization also facilitated the expansion of commercial agriculture, allowing surplus production for export. However, it did not decrease farm size or reduce dependence on transportation systems; rather, it often required larger farms to justify the investment in machinery.
6. What role do historical advancements in science and technology play in shaping modern societies?
- They primarily serve to preserve traditional practices.
- They contribute to economic stagnation and reduced innovation.
- They facilitate economic development, enhance living standards, and influence social norms.
- They have little to no impact on contemporary societal structures.
Explanation
Historical advancements in science and technology have been central to the evolution of modern societies. From the Industrial Revolution to the Digital Age, scientific discoveries and technological innovations have fueled economic growth, improved health and education, and transformed social interactions. These developments enhance productivity, increase access to information, and raise living standards globally. Additionally, they shape cultural values, ethical debates, and policy decisions, illustrating the profound and ongoing relationship between technological progress and societal transformation.
7. What is the primary objective of implementing science and technology human resource development initiatives?
- To enhance public awareness of scientific issues
- To increase the number of skilled professionals in science and technology
- To promote international collaboration in research
- To reduce the costs of technological innovations
Explanation
The main objective of science and technology human resource development initiatives is to cultivate a highly skilled and knowledgeable workforce capable of driving innovation, conducting research, and advancing technological progress. By training professionals in these fields, societies can strengthen their scientific capacity, boost productivity, and enhance competitiveness in global markets. These initiatives ensure that nations have the human capital necessary to meet the demands of an increasingly technology-driven world and to address complex scientific and industrial challenges.
8. Which of the following is a reason why pursuing sustainable practices become important?
- Customers want to use sustainable products
- Sustainable products are usually less expensive
- Employees want to work for profitable companies
- Business partners want to reduce costs
Explanation
Pursuing sustainable practices has become increasingly important because consumers are more aware of environmental issues and prefer products that are environmentally friendly and ethically produced. Businesses that adopt sustainable practices appeal to these customers, enhancing brand loyalty and market competitiveness. This consumer-driven demand encourages companies to innovate, reduce waste, and use renewable resources. Therefore, customer preference for sustainable products is a primary reason for the growing importance of sustainability in business operations.
9. What characterizes the Intellectual Revolution, often termed the 'Age of Enlightenment'?
- A focus on religious dogma and tradition as sources of knowledge
- An emphasis on reason, scientific inquiry, and the value of individual thought
- The promotion of absolute monarchy and unquestioned authority
- A return to agrarian lifestyles and rejection of technological advancements
Explanation
The Intellectual Revolution, or the Age of Enlightenment, was characterized by a cultural and philosophical shift toward reason, empirical evidence, and scientific inquiry as the primary means of understanding the world. Thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant emphasized rationality, freedom of thought, and the questioning of traditional authorities, including the church and monarchy. This movement laid the foundation for modern science, democracy, and human rights by valuing evidence-based knowledge and intellectual independence over superstition and inherited beliefs.
10. In the late 20th century (1900s), two major developments impacted advanced manufacturing: quality/productivity tools AND __________.
- iron founding
- computers
- assembly lines
- nanotechnology
Explanation
During the late 20th century, advanced manufacturing experienced significant transformation due to the adoption of quality and productivity tools, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Just-in-Time (JIT) production. Alongside these management and process innovations, computers became a crucial factor by enabling automation, precise control, and the integration of complex systems in manufacturing. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) revolutionized production efficiency, accuracy, and scalability, making computers one of the two pivotal developments driving modern industrial capabilities.
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