C388 Science, Technology, and Society
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Free C388 Science, Technology, and Society Questions
1. Which of the following was a significant social change brought about by the dawn of industrialization?
- Increased urbanization
- Decline in the number of peasants
- The emergence of working class political movements.
- All of the above.
Explanation
The Industrial Revolution profoundly transformed societies by reshaping economies, labor systems, and demographics. Industrialization spurred massive urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of factory jobs. It also reduced the number of peasants as agricultural work became less central to the economy. Additionally, the rise of industrial labor led to the creation of a distinct working class that began to organize politically to demand better wages, working conditions, and rights. These interconnected changes reshaped the social fabric of industrialized nations, marking one of the most significant turning points in human history.
2. What is the definition of technology?
- Any tool that is dynamic, self-sustaining, and has a wide reach.
- The application of knowledge, including the processes and new applications to solve problems, perform tasks, and create new methods to achieve desired outcomes.
- Consists of the ideas and creative materials developed to solve problems, carry out applications, educate, and entertain others.
- The tool used to solve problems, perform tasks, and create new applications to solve problems.
Explanation
Technology is broadly defined as the practical application of scientific and technical knowledge to develop tools, systems, and processes that solve problems or accomplish specific goals. It involves both the knowledge and the processes used to design, implement, and improve tools and methods that enhance human capability. This definition captures technology’s dual role as both a product of human ingenuity and a process for achieving innovation and efficiency in various domains.
3. What role does international collaboration play in advancing space exploration efforts?
- It reduces the overall cost of missions by sharing resources and expertise.
- It limits the number of countries involved in space research.
- It creates competition among nations for technological superiority.
- It focuses solely on military applications of space technology.
Explanation
International collaboration plays a crucial role in advancing space exploration by pooling together resources, knowledge, and expertise from multiple nations. Space missions often require massive financial investments and advanced technology, which can be burdensome for a single country. By working together, nations can share costs, reduce duplication of efforts, and accelerate scientific progress. Collaborative projects, such as the International Space Station (ISS), demonstrate how international cooperation enhances innovation, fosters peaceful relations, and promotes shared scientific goals beyond national interests.
4. A science is considered interdisciplinary when?
- The sharing of data is required as a work is published.
- A variety of experts from different scientific disciplines work together.
- It considers different opinions when making decisions.
- It's a hybrid between two fields of study.
Explanation
Interdisciplinary science involves collaboration among experts from multiple scientific disciplines to address complex problems that cannot be solved within the confines of a single field. By combining perspectives, methodologies, and insights from various areas of expertise, interdisciplinary research allows for a more comprehensive understanding and innovative solutions. Unlike merely sharing data or considering opinions, true interdisciplinarity requires integrating knowledge across disciplines to tackle multifaceted scientific and societal challenges.
5. In what way does technology reflect cultural values and practices?
- It solely focuses on economic growth without considering societal impacts.
- It is developed independently of cultural influences.
- It embodies the skills, knowledge, and values of a society, shaping and being shaped by cultural contexts.
- It is primarily driven by governmental regulations and policies.
Explanation
Technology is deeply intertwined with culture, as it both shapes and is shaped by the values, beliefs, and practices of a society. The tools, inventions, and systems that societies create reflect their priorities, ethics, and ways of life. For instance, sustainable technologies reflect environmental awareness, while communication technologies reflect the value placed on connectivity and information sharing. This reciprocal relationship ensures that as cultures evolve, so too do their technologies, adapting to new social, moral, and economic contexts.
6. Which of the following best describes the impact of the Copernican Revolution on the field of astronomy?
- It reinforced the geocentric model of the universe.
- It introduced the concept of elliptical orbits for planetary motion.
- It established the heliocentric model, positioning the sun at the center of the universe.
- It suggested that the stars are fixed and do not move.
Explanation
The Copernican Revolution marked a major paradigm shift in astronomy by challenging the long-standing geocentric model, which placed Earth at the center of the universe. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, asserting that the sun, rather than the Earth, occupies the central position, and that planets revolve around it. This revolutionary idea fundamentally altered the understanding of celestial mechanics, laying the foundation for modern astronomy and influencing subsequent scientific thinkers like Galileo and Kepler.
7. The Copernican Revolution was not only a shift in astronomy but also in
- philosophy
- physics
- religion
- chemistry
Explanation
The Copernican Revolution fundamentally altered humanity’s understanding of the universe by proposing a heliocentric model, placing the sun at the center rather than the Earth. This shift had profound implications beyond astronomy, influencing philosophy by challenging established views on humanity’s place in the cosmos and prompting debates about knowledge, reason, and observation. It also impacted religion, as it questioned interpretations of scripture that supported geocentrism, leading to conflicts and eventual re-evaluations of religious authority. The revolution thus marked a major intellectual transformation across multiple domains of thought.
8. Addressing the concerns of those who are disproportionately affected by climate change is
- Redistribution of resources.
- Climate action.
- Environmental justice.
- Global intervention.
Explanation
Environmental justice focuses on ensuring that the benefits and burdens of environmental policies and practices are distributed fairly among all populations. It emphasizes protecting vulnerable groups—often low-income communities and marginalized populations—who are disproportionately impacted by environmental degradation and climate change. The goal is to promote equity by addressing systemic inequalities and ensuring that all individuals have equal access to a healthy environment.
9. What is a key benefit of transforming government-funded research into commercial products?
- It enhances the visibility of academic institutions
- It ensures that research findings are disseminated to the public
- It generates revenue that can be reinvested into further research
- It reduces the need for private sector investment
Explanation
Transforming government-funded research into commercial products bridges the gap between scientific discovery and real-world application. When publicly funded innovations are commercialized, they can generate revenue through licensing, patents, and product sales. This revenue can then be reinvested into new research initiatives, fostering continuous innovation and technological advancement. Moreover, commercialization ensures that scientific breakthroughs provide tangible economic and societal benefits beyond academia.
10. Which of the following discoveries made by Galileo Galilei provided evidence for the heliocentric model of the solar system?
- The phases of Venus
- The rings of Saturn
- The moons of Mars
- The craters of the Moon
Explanation
Galileo Galilei’s observation of the phases of Venus provided direct evidence supporting the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus. By using a telescope, Galileo discovered that Venus exhibited a full set of phases—similar to those of the Moon—which could only occur if Venus orbited the Sun rather than the Earth. This observation contradicted the geocentric model, which could not account for these phases, and strongly supported the idea that the planets revolve around the Sun.
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