PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College
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Free PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College Questions
Which condition is associated with postural instability and "pill-rolling" tremors?
- A. Multiple sclerosis
- B. Parkinson's disease
- C. Huntington's disease
- D. Alzheimer's disease
Explanation
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement control. It is characterized by "pill-rolling" tremors (a resting tremor where the thumb and fingers move as if rolling a pill) and postural instability (difficulty maintaining balance). These symptoms result from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra, which is responsible for regulating smooth and controlled movements.
Perforation of the gastric wall as a result of severe peptic ulcer disease (PUD) may result in which complication?
- A. Pancreatitis
- B. Hemorrhage
- C. Cholelithiasis
- D. Gastritis
Explanation
Perforation of the gastric wall occurs when a severe peptic ulcer (PUD) erodes through the stomach or duodenal lining, leading to the leakage of gastric contents into the abdominal cavity. This can cause peritonitis, a life-threatening infection of the peritoneum, which can also result in severe hemorrhage. The ulceration can damage blood vessels, leading to internal bleeding. This bleeding can be massive and requires immediate medical intervention, often in the form of surgery, to control the hemorrhage and prevent further complications.
An inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, that includes the heart valves, is called:
- A. Myocarditis
- B. Pericarditis
- C. Thrombophlebitis
- D. Endocarditis
Explanation
Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium, the innermost layer of the heart that lines the heart chambers and valves. It is most commonly caused by infection, often from bacteria that enter the bloodstream and attach to the heart valves. Endocarditis can lead to serious complications, such as valve damage and blood clots, if not treated promptly.
A nurse is teaching a patient about risk factors for hypertension. Which of the following should the nurse include as non-modifiable risk factors?
- A. Obesity
- B. Gender
- C. Stress
- D. Sodium intake
Explanation
Non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension are those that cannot be changed or controlled by lifestyle modifications. Gender is a non-modifiable risk factor because it is determined by biological sex. Men are more likely to develop hypertension at a younger age compared to women, although the risk increases for women after menopause.
A patient is admitted with a stroke that occurred in the left hemisphere of the brain. The nurse would expect the patient to have weakness or paralysis:
- A. On neither side of the body.
- B. On both sides of the body.
- C. On the right side of the body.
- D. On the left side of the body.
Explanation
The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body due to the crossing of motor pathways in the brainstem (known as contralateral control). Therefore, if a stroke occurs in the left hemisphere, it will typically result in weakness or paralysis on the right side of the body. This can affect both motor functions and sensation.
Which clinical finding most strongly suggests development of pulmonary edema in a client with left-sided heart failure?
- A. Productive cough with frothy sputum
- B. Bounding peripheral pulses
- C. Increased urinary output at night
- D. Constipation and dry mucous membranes
Explanation
A productive cough with frothy sputum is a classic sign of pulmonary edema, which occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure. The frothy sputum often appears pink or white and is produced because of the fluid leaking into the alveoli, causing impaired gas exchange. This clinical finding is the most specific sign of pulmonary edema among the options and requires prompt intervention.
A nurse is providing care to a patient with heart failure. Which of the following findings indicate that the patient has left-sided heart failure?
- A. Peripheral and sacral edema
- B. Jugular vein distention and ascites
- C. Coughing with frothy sputum
- D. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
Explanation
Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle is unable to effectively pump blood to the body, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which can manifest as coughing with frothy sputum (a sign of fluid in the lungs), shortness of breath, and orthopnea. The frothy sputum occurs because of pulmonary edema, which is a hallmark symptom of left-sided heart failure.
A patient states he often has chest pain when he is exercising. The pain goes away with rest and lasts less than 15 minutes. The nurse understands that the patient is experiencing:
- A. A myocardial infarction
- B. Stable angina
- C. Unstable angina
- D. Myocarditis
Explanation
Stable angina is chest pain that occurs during physical exertion or stress, often related to increased oxygen demand by the heart. The pain typically resolves with rest and is usually brief, lasting less than 15 minutes. This type of angina is predictable and does not cause lasting damage to the heart. It occurs when the heart's oxygen supply temporarily cannot meet its increased demand due to narrowed coronary arteries but is relieved with rest.
Which characteristic differentiates Parkinson's disease from other neurologic conditions?
- A. Peripheral nerve demyelination
- B. Cognitive decline is the earliest symptom
- C. Excess acetylcholine in the brain
- D. Resting tremors and muscle rigidity
Explanation
Parkinson's disease is primarily characterized by resting tremors (shaking when the muscles are relaxed) and muscle rigidity (stiffness or resistance to movement). These symptoms are caused by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia, which plays a key role in regulating movement. These hallmark motor symptoms help differentiate Parkinson's disease from other neurological conditions.
A patient has been diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection following gastrointestinal testing. This infection is a common cause of which of the following conditions?
- A. Peptic ulcer disease
- B. Diverticulosis
- C. Appendicitis
- D. Cirrhosis
Explanation
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining and is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The infection can lead to inflammation and damage to the stomach's mucosal lining, resulting in the formation of ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. H. pylori infection is often associated with symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and indigestion. It is a key factor in the development of both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
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