PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College
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Free PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College Questions
A nurse is providing care to a patient with heart failure. Which of the following findings indicate that the patient has left-sided heart failure?
- Peripheral and sacral edema
- Jugular vein distention and ascites
- Coughing with frothy sputum
- Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
Explanation
Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle is unable to effectively pump blood to the body, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which can manifest as coughing with frothy sputum (a sign of fluid in the lungs), shortness of breath, and orthopnea. The frothy sputum occurs because of pulmonary edema, which is a hallmark symptom of left-sided heart failure.
A patient has been diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection following gastrointestinal testing. This infection is a common cause of which of the following conditions?
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Diverticulosis
- Appendicitis
- Cirrhosis
Explanation
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining and is a common cause of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). The infection can lead to inflammation and damage to the stomach's mucosal lining, resulting in the formation of ulcers in the stomach or duodenum. H. pylori infection is often associated with symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and indigestion. It is a key factor in the development of both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
The structure known as the "pacemaker" of the heart is the __________.
- Bundle of His
- SA node
- AV node
- Purkinje fibers
Explanation
The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the natural "pacemaker" of the heart. Located in the right atrium, it initiates electrical impulses that set the rhythm for the heart's contractions. These impulses cause the atria to contract, and the electrical signal is then passed to the AV node and through the rest of the conduction system, triggering the ventricles to contract. The SA node maintains the heart's regular rhythm and rate.
A nurse is explaining differences between transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?
- "Stroke symptoms are usually temporary, lasting only a couple of minutes."
- "Strokes do not cause lasting effects."
- "TIAs occur as a result of permanent loss of oxygen and blood loss to the brain."
- "Symptoms of a TIA last a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve without lasting effects."
Explanation
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in blood supply to part of the brain. The symptoms of a TIA, which can include weakness, numbness, vision changes, or difficulty speaking, typically last from a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve completely without causing permanent brain damage. TIAs are considered a warning sign of a potential future stroke.
A patient is admitted with a stroke that occurred in the left hemisphere of the brain. The nurse would expect the patient to have weakness or paralysis:
- On neither side of the body.
- On both sides of the body.
- On the right side of the body.
- On the left side of the body.
Explanation
The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body due to the crossing of motor pathways in the brainstem (known as contralateral control). Therefore, if a stroke occurs in the left hemisphere, it will typically result in weakness or paralysis on the right side of the body. This can affect both motor functions and sensation.
A term used to describe the narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up is:
- Calcification
- Myocarditis
- Thrombophlebitis
- Atherosclerosis
Explanation
Atherosclerosis is the condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of plaque, which consists of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste, and calcium. Over time, the plaque restricts blood flow through the arteries and can lead to serious complications such as heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. It is a leading cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) and other cardiovascular issues.
A nurse is providing education on hepatitis to a group of nursing students. Which type of hepatitis is primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water?
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis B
Explanation
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, which often occurs when individuals consume food or water contaminated with the virus. This contamination typically results from improper handling or preparation of food by infected individuals, poor sanitation, or contact with contaminated water sources. The virus affects the liver and can cause symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever. Hepatitis A is generally self-limiting, meaning it resolves on its own, but it can lead to severe illness in some cases, especially in older adults or individuals with pre-existing liver conditions. Vaccination against hepatitis A is widely recommended to prevent the infection, particularly in high-risk populations and regions with inadequate sanitation.
A nurse is teaching a patient about risk factors for hypertension. Which of the following should the nurse include as non-modifiable risk factors?
- Obesity
- Gender
- Stress
- Sodium intake
Explanation
Non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension are those that cannot be changed or controlled by lifestyle modifications. Gender is a non-modifiable risk factor because it is determined by biological sex. Men are more likely to develop hypertension at a younger age compared to women, although the risk increases for women after menopause.
The term used to describe the relaxation of the myocardium to allow ventricles to fill with blood is:
- Diastole
- Stroke volume
- Systole
- Afterload
Explanation
Diastole refers to the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, during which the myocardium (heart muscle) relaxes, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood from the atria. This phase is crucial for ensuring that the heart chambers have sufficient blood volume before the next contraction (systole). During diastole, the heart is at rest and prepares for the next phase of pumping blood out of the ventricles.
A client has receptive aphasia. Which part of the brain is most likely affected?
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Explanation
Receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke's aphasia, is a condition where a person has difficulty understanding spoken or written language, even though they can speak fluently. This type of aphasia is typically associated with damage to Wernicke's area, which is located in the temporal lobe of the brain. Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension, and damage to this area leads to problems with understanding language while still being able to produce speech, often in the form of nonsensical or jumbled words.
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