PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College
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Free PRN 1520 Pathophysiology EXAM 3 at South College Questions
When explaining cholesterol levels to a patient, the nurse understands that:
- A. The goal of treatment is to have high levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
- B. Patients should aim to have low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
- C. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered to be the good cholesterol.
- D. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) may help protect the heart.
Explanation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transports it to the liver for processing and excretion. High levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease, as it aids in preventing the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular conditions.
Functions of the liver include which of the following? (Select All That Apply)
- A. Bile production
- B. Production of cholesterol
- C. Medication detoxification
- D. Destruction of clotting factors
- E. Glucose storage
Explanation
A. Bile production
The liver produces bile, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion.
B. Production of cholesterol
The liver is responsible for producing cholesterol, which is essential for various functions in the body, including the formation of cell membranes and certain hormones.
C. Medication detoxification
The liver plays a crucial role in detoxifying harmful substances, including drugs and alcohol. It breaks down medications and other toxins to make them easier for the body to eliminate.
E. Glucose storage
The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen and releases it into the bloodstream when needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This process is important for energy regulation.
The nurse understands that the primary purposes of the pancreas are:
- A. Pancreatic enzyme secretion and insulin production.
- B. Conversion of bilirubin and production of cholesterol.
- C. Storage and release of bile.
- D. Detoxification of drugs and alcohol.
Explanation
The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine function involves the secretion of hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. The exocrine function involves the production of pancreatic enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases, which are secreted into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. These functions are critical for regulating metabolism and digestion.
Risk factors for stroke include: (Select All That Apply)
- A. Asian descent
- B. High fiber diet
- C. Smoking
- D. Hypertension
- E. Carotid artery stenosis
Explanation
C. Smoking
Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke. It contributes to the development of atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in the arteries), raises blood pressure, increases clot formation, and reduces oxygen delivery to the brain, all of which increase the risk of stroke.
D. Hypertension
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the leading risk factor for stroke. It can damage blood vessels, leading to weakened artery walls, which increases the risk of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Managing blood pressure is crucial in stroke prevention.
E. Carotid artery stenosis
Carotid artery stenosis refers to the narrowing of the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain. When these arteries become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup, it increases the risk of ischemic stroke, as reduced blood flow can cause a stroke.
A patient is experiencing low blood pressure (hypotension). The nurse understands that factors that may contribute to hypotension include which of the following? (Select All That Apply)
- A. Decreased cardiac output
- B. High fiber diet
- C. Dehydration
- D. High sodium intake
- E. Blood loss
Explanation
A. Decreased cardiac output
A decreased cardiac output means the heart is not pumping enough blood to meet the body's demands, leading to low blood pressure (hypotension). Conditions such as heart failure or severe arrhythmias can reduce cardiac output and contribute to hypotension.
C. Dehydration
Dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood volume, which lowers blood pressure. When the body loses fluids (due to vomiting, diarrhea, or insufficient fluid intake), the heart has less fluid to pump, causing hypotension.
E. Blood loss
Significant blood loss (due to trauma, surgery, or internal bleeding) reduces the total blood volume, leading to hypovolemic shock and hypotension. With less blood circulating, the heart cannot maintain adequate blood pressure.
A nurse is caring for a child who is admitted with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Which condition does the nurse suspect?
- A. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- B. Cholecystitis
- C. Cirrhosis
- D. Appendicitis
Explanation
Appendicitis is the most likely condition in a child presenting with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The pain often starts around the umbilical area and then localizes to the right lower quadrant, where the appendix is located. Other common symptoms include fever and loss of appetite. Appendicitis is caused by inflammation of the appendix and is considered a medical emergency, requiring prompt surgical intervention to avoid rupture and peritonitis.
A nurse is providing care for a patient who is experiencing difficulty swallowing. The nurse would document this finding as:
- A. Dysphagia
- B. Angina
- C. Aphasia
- D. Dyspnea
Explanation
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty swallowing. It can result from a variety of causes, including neurological disorders, esophageal problems, or structural obstructions. This condition can lead to discomfort, choking, or the sensation of food being stuck in the throat or chest. Dysphagia requires assessment to determine the underlying cause and appropriate interventions.
A nurse is explaining differences between transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and stroke. Which of the following statements should the nurse include?
- A. "Stroke symptoms are usually temporary, lasting only a couple of minutes."
- B. "Strokes do not cause lasting effects."
- C. "TIAs occur as a result of permanent loss of oxygen and blood loss to the brain."
- D. "Symptoms of a TIA last a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve without lasting effects."
Explanation
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a brief interruption in blood supply to part of the brain. The symptoms of a TIA, which can include weakness, numbness, vision changes, or difficulty speaking, typically last from a few minutes to a couple of hours and resolve completely without causing permanent brain damage. TIAs are considered a warning sign of a potential future stroke.
Which findings are consistent with right-sided heart failure? Select All That Apply.
- A. Orthopnea
- B. Ascites
- C. Dependent edema
- D. Pulmonary congestion
- E. Hepatomegaly
Explanation
B. Ascites
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and is a common finding in right-sided heart failure. When the right ventricle fails, blood backs up into the systemic circulation, leading to fluid buildup in the abdomen.
C. Dependent edema
Dependent edema refers to swelling in the lower extremities, such as the legs and feet. It is caused by the backup of blood into the veins, which occurs in right-sided heart failure, leading to fluid retention in the lower parts of the body.
E. Hepatomegaly
Hepatomegaly (enlargement of the liver) is often seen in right-sided heart failure due to the backup of blood in the veins, including those that drain the liver. This causes congestion in the liver, leading to its enlargement.
A client presents with yellowing of the eyes and skin. Which of the following should the nurse evaluate as a potential cause of this condition?
- A. Cirrhosis
- B. Diverticulosis
- C. Appendicitis
- D. Ulcerative colitis
Explanation
The yellowing of the eyes and skin is known as jaundice, and it is most commonly caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown, and when the liver is unable to process or excrete it properly, it builds up, resulting in jaundice. Cirrhosis, which is scarring of the liver due to chronic liver damage (often from alcohol use, hepatitis, or fatty liver disease), impairs the liver’s ability to filter bilirubin, leading to its accumulation. The liver damage in cirrhosis can obstruct bile flow, further contributing to the development of jaundice.
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