CHEM 101 (E-1) Chemistry I - Ramsey Exam 2 - Eastwick College
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Free CHEM 101 (E-1) Chemistry I - Ramsey Exam 2 - Eastwick College Questions
Which of these will not form a positive ion in an ionic compound?
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Mg
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Sn
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Ba
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P
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Rb
Explanation
Phosphorus is a nonmetal in Group 15 with 5 valence electrons. Nonmetals typically gain electrons rather than lose them to achieve a stable electron configuration, forming negatively charged anions rather than positively charged cations. Phosphorus commonly forms a P3- ion by gaining 3 electrons, and therefore will not form a positive ion in an ionic compound.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Mg Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal in Group 2 that readily loses 2 valence electrons to form a Mg2+ cation in ionic compounds.
B. Sn Tin is a metal that commonly forms Sn2+ or Sn4+ positive ions in ionic compounds by losing valence electrons.
C. Ba Barium is an alkaline earth metal in Group 2 that readily loses 2 valence electrons to form a Ba2+ cation in ionic compounds.
E. Rb Rubidium is an alkali metal in Group 1 that readily loses its single valence electron to form a Rb+ cation in ionic compounds.
What are the Z and A values for an atom of krypton that contains 46 neutrons?
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Z=36, A=46
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Z=46, A=36
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Z=82, A=46
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Z=36, A=82
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Z=82, A=36
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (D) Z=36, A=82
Krypton (Kr) has an atomic number (Z) of 36, meaning it has 36 protons. The mass number (A) is the sum of protons and neutrons: A = 36 + 46 = 82. Therefore Z = 36 and A = 82.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. Z=36, A=46 — While Z is correct, A=46 only accounts for the neutrons and ignores the 36 protons. Mass number must include both protons and neutrons.
B. Z=46, A=36 — This reverses the values, assigning the neutron count to Z and the proton count to A, which is the opposite of the correct calculation.
C. Z=82, A=46 — This incorrectly uses the mass number as the atomic number and the neutron count as the mass number, confusing all three values.
E. Z=82, A=36 — This assigns the mass number to Z and the atomic number to A, completely reversing the correct values for krypton.
The element with the highest electronegativity is ____.
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hydrogen
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fluorine
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chlorine
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neon
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helium
Explanation
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements on the periodic table, with a value of approximately 3.98 on the Pauling scale. Its position at the top right of the periodic table (excluding noble gases), combined with its small atomic radius and strong nuclear charge, gives it an exceptionally strong ability to attract bonding electrons toward itself.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Hydrogen Hydrogen has a relatively low electronegativity of approximately 2.20, far below fluorine's value.
C. Chlorine Chlorine is the second most electronegative nonmetal commonly encountered in chemistry, with an electronegativity of approximately 3.16, but it is still lower than fluorine's.
D. Neon Noble gases like neon do not have a defined Pauling electronegativity because they do not typically form chemical bonds, making them irrelevant to the electronegativity scale in the conventional sense.
E. Helium Like neon, helium is a noble gas that does not form bonds under normal conditions and does not have a meaningful Pauling electronegativity value.
The simplest form of a substance is known as a(n) ____.
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compound
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nucleus
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ion
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mixture
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element
Explanation
Correct Answer: (E) element
An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. It consists of only one type of atom, making it the simplest and most fundamental form of matter among pure substances. All compounds and mixtures are ultimately composed of combinations of elements.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Compound A compound is formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions. It is more complex than an element since it requires multiple types of atoms bonded together.
B. Nucleus The nucleus is the dense central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons. It is a subatomic structure, not a classification of substance.
C. Ion An ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule resulting from the gain or loss of electrons. It is not classified as the simplest form of a substance.
D. Mixture A mixture consists of two or more substances physically combined without a fixed ratio, making it more complex than a single element.
Which of these statements about atoms is incorrect?
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The smallest identifiable unit of an element is the atom.
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Atoms are the smallest visible particles of an element.
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Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Atoms are the building blocks of all matter.
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There are 91 different naturally occurring atoms.
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (B) Atoms are the smallest visible particles of an element.
This statement is incorrect because atoms are not visible to the naked eye or even through ordinary optical microscopes. Atoms are nanoscale particles that can only be observed using advanced instruments such as scanning tunneling microscopes. The word "visible" makes this statement factually wrong.
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
A. The smallest identifiable unit of an element is the atom — This is a true and foundational statement in chemistry. An atom is the smallest unit that retains the chemical identity of an element.
C. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons — This is correct. These three subatomic particles make up all atoms, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons in the surrounding energy levels.
D. Atoms are the building blocks of all matter — This is a true statement. All matter is made up of atoms, making them the fundamental units of physical substances.
E. There are 91 different naturally occurring atoms — This is considered approximately true, as 94 elements are found naturally on Earth but some sources cite 91 stable or significantly naturally occurring ones. This statement is close enough to accepted fact to not be the "incorrect" answer.
I. Steam II. Crude oil III. Salt water IV. Gun powder V. Oxygen VI. Mercury
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I, II, III, and V
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I, V, and VI
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I, II, and III
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I and III
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I, III, and V
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) I, V, and VI
Pure substances consist of only one type of element or compound with a fixed composition. Steam is a pure substance because it is water (H2O) in its gaseous state. Oxygen is a pure element. Mercury is also a pure element. None of these three vary in composition, making them all classified as pure substances.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. I, II, III, and V Crude oil and salt water are both mixtures, not pure substances, since crude oil contains a variable blend of hydrocarbons and salt water is a solution of dissolved salt in water.
C. I, II, and III Crude oil and salt water are mixtures, not pure substances, making their inclusion incorrect.
D. I and III Salt water is a mixture, not a pure substance, since it consists of dissolved salt in water with variable concentration.
E. I, III, and V Salt water is a mixture, not a pure substance, making its inclusion in this list incorrect.
What is the standard SI unit for mass?
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Pound
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Kilogram
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Gram
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Ton
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Ounce
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Kilogram
The kilogram is the base SI (International System of Units) unit for mass. It is defined by fundamental physical constants and serves as the foundation from which all other mass units in the metric system, such as grams and milligrams, are derived through powers of ten.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Pound The pound is a unit of mass used in the imperial and US customary systems, not the SI system.
C. Gram While the gram is a metric unit of mass, it is not the base SI unit; the kilogram holds that designation, with the gram being one-thousandth of a kilogram.
D. Ton The ton is a larger unit of mass used informally or in specific industrial contexts and is not the base SI unit of mass.
E. Ounce The ounce is a unit of mass used in the imperial and US customary systems, not part of the SI system.
Which of these is not an alkane?
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CH4
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C3H8
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C2H2
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C4H10
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C5H14
Explanation
Alkanes follow the general molecular formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂, representing saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms. For C2H2, applying the formula gives C2H(2×2+2) = C2H6 for a saturated two-carbon chain. C2H2 instead represents ethyne (acetylene), which contains a carbon-carbon triple bond, classifying it as an alkyne, not an alkane.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. CH4 This is methane, a one-carbon alkane that fits the formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (n=1: C1H4), confirming it as a valid alkane.
B. C3H8 This is propane, a three-carbon alkane that fits the formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (n=3: C3H8), confirming it as a valid alkane.
D. C4H10 This is butane, a four-carbon alkane that fits the formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (n=4: C4H10), confirming it as a valid alkane.
E. C5H14 Applying the alkane formula for five carbons gives C5H12, not C5H14, which means C5H14 also does not fit the alkane formula and would not be a valid hydrocarbon. However, among the options, C2H2 is the most clearly identifiable as a named compound (ethyne/acetylene) that belongs to a different hydrocarbon class.
If 12.0 g of carbon react with 32.0 g of oxygen to form 44.0 g of carbon dioxide, which of these statements is false?
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36.0 g of carbon is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide.
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48.0 g of oxygen is needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide.
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96.0 g of oxygen is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide.
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48.0 g of carbon is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide.
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18.0 g of carbon is needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) 48.0 g of carbon is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide
By the law of definite proportions, the ratio of carbon to carbon dioxide is fixed at 12.0 g carbon to 44.0 g carbon dioxide. To produce 132.0 g of carbon dioxide, the required mass of carbon is calculated as (12.0/44.0) × 132.0 = 36.0 g, not 48.0 g. Therefore, the statement claiming 48.0 g of carbon is needed is false.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. 36.0 g of carbon is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide This statement is true, as confirmed by the calculation (12.0/44.0) × 132.0 = 36.0 g.
B. 48.0 g of oxygen is needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide This statement is true, as confirmed by the calculation (32.0/44.0) × 66.0 = 48.0 g.
C. 96.0 g of oxygen is needed to form 132.0 g of carbon dioxide This statement is true, as confirmed by the calculation (32.0/44.0) × 132.0 = 96.0 g.
E. 18.0 g of carbon is needed to form 66.0 g of carbon dioxide This statement is true, as confirmed by the calculation (12.0/44.0) × 66.0 = 18.0 g.
How many moles of oxygen atoms are present in 0.6163 grams of niacin, C6H5NO2?
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3.00 × 10⁻² moles
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5.14 × 10⁻² moles
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8.56 × 10⁻³ moles
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5.01 × 10⁻³ moles
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1.00 × 10⁻² moles
Explanation
The molar mass of niacin (C6H5NO2) is calculated as approximately 123.11 g/mol. Dividing the given mass by the molar mass: 0.6163 g ÷ 123.11 g/mol ≈ 0.005006 moles of niacin. Since each molecule of niacin contains 2 oxygen atoms, the moles of oxygen atoms are found by multiplying by 2: 0.005006 × 2 ≈ 1.00 × 10⁻² moles, confirmed by calculation.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. 3.00 × 10⁻² moles This value is too high and does not result from the correct calculation of moles of niacin multiplied by the number of oxygen atoms per molecule.
B. 5.14 × 10⁻² moles This value is significantly too high and inconsistent with the correct molar mass and stoichiometric calculation.
C. 8.56 × 10⁻³ moles This value is close to but does not match the precise calculated value of 1.00 × 10⁻² moles based on the given mass and molar mass.
D. 5.01 × 10⁻³ moles This value represents the moles of niacin itself, not the moles of oxygen atoms, which must be doubled since there are 2 oxygen atoms per niacin molecule.
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