PN 106 Foundations of Nursing Fundamentals at Nightgale College PN
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Free PN 106 Foundations of Nursing Fundamentals at Nightgale College PN Questions
A nurse is preparing a diabetic patient for a diagnostic procedure using iodine-based contrast. Which medication should be withheld before the procedure?
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Insulin glargine (Lantus)
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Metformin
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Glipizide
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Pioglitazone
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Metformin
Explanation of Correct Answer
Metformin should be stopped prior to procedures involving iodine-based contrast because the combination can increase the risk of lactic acidosis, especially in patients with reduced kidney function. Contrast dye may temporarily impair renal clearance, leading to accumulation of metformin. The drug is usually withheld on the day of the procedure and restarted only after renal function is confirmed to be stable.
A nurse is assessing a patient with frequent diarrhea. Which finding would be the greatest concern and require prompt intervention?
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Dehydration
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Decreased skin turgor
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Dry mucous membranes with thick saliva
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Increased thirst
Explanation
Correct Answer:
A. Dehydration
Explanation of Correct Answer
The most concerning complication of diarrhea is dehydration, which can quickly develop due to excessive fluid loss. Dehydration can lead to electrolyte imbalance, hypovolemia, and impaired organ function if not corrected promptly. While decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, and increased thirst are all signs of dehydration, the overall condition of dehydration itself represents the most urgent clinical concern requiring immediate management.
A nurse is teaching a patient about progression from a clear liquid diet to a full liquid diet. Which foods are included in a full liquid diet?
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Toast, scrambled eggs, and oatmeal
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Milk, yogurt, custard, strained fruit juices, and vegetable juice
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Baked chicken, mashed potatoes, and pudding
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Fresh fruit, raw vegetables, and nuts
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Milk, yogurt, custard, strained fruit juices, and vegetable juice
Explanation of Correct Answer
A full liquid diet includes all foods allowed on a clear liquid diet plus foods that are liquid or can be strained to liquid form at room temperature. Examples include milk, yogurt, custard, pudding, strained fruit juices, sherbet, popsicles, strained gruels, vegetable juice, and puréed meats. This diet provides more calories, protein, and nutrition than a clear liquid diet while still being easy to digest.
A nurse is reviewing dietary preferences with a patient who follows a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. Which foods would be included in this diet?
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Plant foods only, with no animal products
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Dairy products, eggs, and plant foods
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Fish, poultry, and plant foods
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Dairy products, poultry, and plant foods
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Dairy products, eggs, and plant foods
Explanation of Correct Answer
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians consume plant-based foods along with dairy products and eggs but exclude meat, poultry, and fish. This diet provides protein through eggs and dairy while still emphasizing plant-based nutrition. It allows for a wide variety of nutrients and is considered more flexible than a vegan diet, making it easier to meet protein and calcium requirements without relying on animal flesh.
A client is attempting to put pills in his mouth from a medicine cup and drops one pill on the bed sheet. The nurse should:
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retrieve the pill from the linens and allow the client to take it.
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discard the pill and get another from the dose pack.
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scoop up the pill in a souffle cup and hand the cup to the client.
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report the loss of the pill as a medication error.
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. discard the pill and get another from the dose pack.
Explanation of Correct Answer
A pill that has fallen onto bed linens is considered contaminated and unsafe to administer. To ensure infection control and medication safety, the nurse must discard the dropped pill and obtain a new one from the original supply or dose pack. This protects the client from potential pathogens while ensuring the correct medication is given as prescribed.
A nurse is reviewing urinalysis results for a patient with suspected renal disease. The nurse notes elevated protein and glucose levels in the urine. Which terms describe these findings?
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Hematuria and polyuria
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Proteinuria and glycosuria
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Ketonuria and oliguria
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Pyuria and anuria
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Proteinuria and glycosuria
Explanation of Correct Answer
The presence of excess protein in the urine is termed proteinuria, and the presence of glucose in the urine is termed glycosuria. Both findings are abnormal and may indicate underlying conditions such as kidney disease, uncontrolled diabetes, or other metabolic or renal impairments that affect normal kidney filtration and reabsorption.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has just started on continuous tube feeding. Which assessment finding should the nurse report to the provider?
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Active bowel sounds present in all four quadrants
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Abdomen distention, nausea, or diarrhea
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Stable blood glucose within normal limits
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Tolerating the feeding without discomfort
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Abdomen distention, nausea, or diarrhea
Explanation of Correct Answer
After initiating continuous tube feeding, concerning assessment findings include abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. These symptoms may indicate feeding intolerance, delayed gastric emptying, or complications such as aspiration risk. Monitoring bowel sounds and blood glucose is important, but distention and gastrointestinal symptoms are critical to report promptly to prevent further complications and adjust feeding as necessary.
A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a patient who developed diarrhea after taking antibiotics. Which food should the nurse recommend to help restore normal intestinal flora?
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Fried foods and spicy meals
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Yogurt, buttermilk, and probiotics
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Processed meats and cheeses
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High-sugar desserts and sodas
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. Yogurt, buttermilk, and probiotics
Explanation of Correct Answer
Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of normal intestinal bacteria, leading to diarrhea. Foods such as yogurt and buttermilk, along with probiotic supplements, help restore healthy gut flora by introducing beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus. These foods improve digestion, reduce antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and support intestinal health. In contrast, greasy, sugary, or processed foods may worsen diarrhea and should be avoided.
A nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a patient with a urinary condition. The nurse knows that the normal range for urine specific gravity is which of the following?
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1.000 to 1.005
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1.010 to 1.030
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1.040 to 1.060
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1.070 to 1.090
Explanation
Correct Answer:
B. 1.010 to 1.030
Explanation of Correct Answer
The normal specific gravity of urine ranges from 1.010 to 1.030. This value reflects the kidney’s ability to concentrate or dilute urine based on the body’s hydration status. A low specific gravity indicates dilute urine and possible overhydration, while a high value suggests concentrated urine, often due to dehydration or reduced renal function.
A nurse is inserting a urinary catheter into a female patient and accidentally places the catheter into the vaginal opening. What should the nurse do next?
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Leave the catheter in place and insert a new one into the urethra using the same kit
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Remove the catheter, clean it, and try inserting it again
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Stop the procedure and begin again with a new sterile kit
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Continue using the catheter that was placed in the vagina
Explanation
Correct Answer:
C. Stop the procedure and begin again with a new sterile kit
Explanation of Correct Answer
If the catheter is inadvertently inserted into the vagina, sterility has been broken, and the catheter can no longer be used. The nurse must stop the procedure and obtain a new sterile catheter kit before attempting reinsertion. This prevents introducing bacteria into the urinary tract, which could cause infection. Maintaining strict sterile technique is essential for safe catheterization.
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