N 108 Hesi Nursing Research

Correct Answer D: The researcher is 95% confident that the result did not happen randomly.

Explanation:

When a researcher reports that p < .05, it means there is less than a 5% probability that the observed result occurred by random chance alone. In other words, the researcher is at least 95% confident that the result is statistically significant and reflects a true effect or relationship, not a random occurrence. This level of significance is the most commonly accepted threshold in nursing and medical research.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Only 5 out of 100 nursing research studies would report this result as significant.

This statement misinterprets the meaning of p-value. The p-value relates to the probability of a result occurring in one particular study, not across multiple studies. It does not speak to how many other studies will report similar findings.

B. There is a 1-in-5 chance of the result occurring again by chance alone.

This option incorrectly reverses the probability. A p-value of .05 indicates a 1-in-20 (not 1-in-5) chance of a result occurring by chance. Also, the p-value does not predict the chance of replication but rather evaluates the likelihood that the current results are due to chance.

C. The result is not significant for most nursing research, which requires more rigor.

This is incorrect. A p-value of less than .05 is widely accepted in nursing and most other health-related disciplines as statistically significant. While more stringent thresholds (like p < .01) are sometimes used, p < .05 is generally adequate.

Correct Answer D: How does rocking-chair motion compare to standard care in treatment of adults with a postoperative ileus?

Explanation:

This question is structured in a way that directly supports an evidence-based literature search using the PICO format (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome). It compares rocking-chair motion (intervention) to standard care (comparison) in treating postoperative ileus (condition) in adults (population), aiming to evaluate its effectiveness. This makes it the best choice for finding relevant research studies on the intervention’s outcomes.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. How do postoperative clients who have had abdominal surgery perceive rocking-chair motion after surgery?

This is a qualitative question focused on patient perceptions, not effectiveness. It wouldn't yield studies measuring clinical outcomes of rocking-chair use.

B. What are the most commonly used methods to decrease postoperative ileus in adults who have had abdominal surgery?

This is a broad descriptive question that looks at multiple interventions, not specifically at rocking-chair motion or its effectiveness compared to other methods.

C. Should rocking-chair motion be included in the care of clients who have a postoperative ileus following abdominal surgery?

This is a clinical decision-making question, but it lacks specificity for conducting a precise literature search, especially when compared to the structure and clarity of option D

Correct Answer C: Experimental

Explanation:

This study uses a true experimental design, which is characterized by three key features: random assignment, the presence of both a control group and an experimental group, and the use of a pretest-posttest structure to measure changes in the dependent variable (in this case, knowledge levels). The goal is to test the cause-and-effect relationship between the type of instruction and the participants’ knowledge.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Longitudinal

Longitudinal studies observe participants over an extended period of time to identify trends or changes. The given study does not mention a long-term follow-up; it only involves a pretest and posttest, making it not longitudinal.

B. Quasi-experimental

Quasi-experimental studies lack random assignment, which introduces potential bias. Since this study randomly assigns subjects to groups, it is not quasi-experimental.

D. Descriptive

Descriptive research only observes and describes characteristics or behaviors without manipulating variables or introducing interventions. This study includes an intervention and comparison, so it is not descriptive.

Correct Answer D: Examine the methods currently used to deliver antenatal education.

Explanation:

The research findings suggest that existing health education methods are not effectively translating into appropriate health behaviors and that cultural beliefs may be contributing to poor service utilization. The most direct and practical response is to evaluate the current education delivery methods to identify gaps or cultural mismatches. By examining how education is currently provided, nurses can make evidence-based improvements to increase effectiveness and cultural relevance.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Initiate similar focus groups to determine clients' health behaviors

While focus groups helped in the original study, repeating the process is not immediately actionable or necessary for implementing change at the clinic level based on already available findings.

B. Survey clients to determine preferences for delivering antepartal education

Although client feedback is valuable, this approach does not directly address the issue of cultural beliefs interfering with behavior and may miss deeper structural or delivery problems in current education methods.

C. Encourage culturally diverse nurses to deliver antenatal education

Increasing cultural representation can be beneficial, but on its own, it does not guarantee the content or methods of education will change or become more effective. It is a partial solution that does not address the root issue highlighted in the study findings.

Correct Answer B: A cross-sectional design

Explanation:

A cross-sectional design is the most appropriate for describing the characteristics and attitudes of a specific population—such as nurses—at a single point in time. It allows researchers to gather data on variables like demographics, beliefs, and attitudes efficiently without needing long-term follow-up. Since the research question is descriptive and does not involve interventions or changes over time, a cross-sectional study fits best.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. A longitudinal study

This approach involves collecting data over an extended period to observe changes or trends. It is unnecessary when the goal is to describe current attitudes and characteristics, not how they evolve.

C. A retrospective design

Retrospective studies analyze past events or data, which is not suitable for assessing current attitudes or personal characteristics unless you're examining historical changes.

D. An experimental design

Experimental designs involve manipulating variables to observe effects, which is not appropriate here. The research question is descriptive, not testing a hypothesis or intervention.

Correct Answer B: What discharge medication instruction can clients most often re-state at the first follow-up clinic visit?

Explanation:

This question directly relates to nursing practice because it evaluates client comprehension and recall of medication instructions — an essential component of nursing education and discharge planning. Assessing which parts of medication education clients remember most helps nurses improve communication techniques and enhance adherence to treatment plans, making it a relevant and actionable nursing research focus.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Which flavored syrups do clients choose most often for prescribed cough elixirs: strawberry or grape?

This option addresses patient preference, not adherence or education, and does not provide insight into improving nursing practice related to medication administration.

C. Why do clients have a tendency to forget to take their morning medications while they are on vacation?

While this may be useful, it is more behavioral and exploratory in nature and less directly focused on a measurable nursing intervention or education strategy.

D. Are clients who have pets more responsible about taking medications than those without pets?

This is an interesting sociobehavioral question but does not specifically relate to nursing roles in education or discharge planning for medication adherence.

Correct Answer D: Children who are exposed to classical music in utero through 2 years of age will score higher on IQ tests and will demonstrate more aptitude in mathematical ability on standardized achievement tests than children who were not exposed to classical music until after 2 years of age.

Explanation:

This hypothesis contains two dependent variables: 1) IQ scores and 2) aptitude in mathematical ability. Both are outcomes being measured in response to the independent variable, which is exposure to classical music. The study aims to assess whether early music exposure influences both cognitive and mathematical development.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Do mothers who stop breastfeeding their infants before the age of 3 months exhibit greater or lesser confidence in their caregiving abilities than mothers who breastfeed their babies for more than 3 months?

This question examines one dependent variable—caregiving confidence—based on different durations of breastfeeding.

B. How effective are public service announcements on television in reducing smoking among pregnant adolescents under the age of 16?

This option has a single dependent variable—smoking behavior among pregnant adolescents.

C. Are 2 different instructional methods (a live 30 minute tour of the cath lab suite with demonstration of equipment or the viewing of a 15 minute video that visually orients the client to the cath lab suite), equally effective in reducing client anxiety prior to cardiac catheterization?

The dependent variable here is anxiety levels prior to a cardiac catheterization, measured in response to two instructional methods.

Correct Answer C: Differences in math test scores of randomly-selected students were detected between those tutored and those who were not tutored.

Explanation:

This study uses random selection and includes a clear comparison between an intervention group (tutored students) and a control group (non-tutored students). The tutoring is the manipulated independent variable, and the outcome (math test scores) is the dependent variable. The presence of randomization and intervention makes this an experimental design.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Differences in compliance with medications were evaluated in a matched sample of English-speaking and non-English-speaking clients.

This is an observational study comparing naturally occurring groups. There is no intervention or manipulation, and participants were not randomly assigned, so it is not experimental.

B. A stratified sample was used to compare outcomes of clients who experienced infections within 6 weeks following total joint replacement.

This is a comparative or retrospective study using stratification to observe differences in outcomes. No intervention or randomization is involved.

D. A convenience sample of 35 RNs who responded to a questionnaire about their job satisfaction within 2 years of employment at the hospital.

This is a descriptive study collecting self-reported data without any intervention, manipulation, or random assignment. Therefore, it does not meet the criteria for experimental design.

 Correct Answer D: Review research abstracts on preoperative teaching with a similar client population.

Explanation:

The most efficient and logical first step when conducting a literature review is to scan research abstracts. Abstracts provide concise summaries of published studies, including purpose, methods, population, and key findings. This allows the nurse to quickly assess the relevance of numerous studies before selecting which full-text articles are worth reading in detail. Reviewing abstracts related to preoperative teaching in similar client populations ensures that the nurse gathers existing evidence, avoids duplication, and builds on prior knowledge when designing the new study.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Ask orthopedic surgeons which topics should be covered preoperatively with clients.

While consulting experts can be helpful later in study design or to ensure clinical relevance, it does not directly identify previous research. This step is more about content development than literature review.

B. Read full-text articles in nursing journals about designing client teaching sessions.

Reading full-text articles is useful, but it is not efficient as a first step. Without screening abstracts first, the nurse risks spending time on articles that may not be directly relevant to the research question.

C. Interview clients to determine if they remembered concepts taught preoperatively.

This is a form of primary data collection, which should occur after reviewing existing research. Interviews help explore gaps or validate findings but are not appropriate as the first method for identifying existing evidence.