N 108 Hesi Nursing Research

 Correct Answer B: Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) reference.

Explanation:

CINAHL is a comprehensive and specialized nursing and allied health database that indexes scholarly, peer-reviewed articles, including those authored by nurses. It is specifically designed to retrieve information on nursing practices, interventions, and outcomes. For a topic like nurse-authored client education programs aimed at reducing STIs, CINAHL is the most reliable and focused source, offering a high volume of relevant, evidence-based studies that are searchable using key terms like “sexually transmitted infections,” “teenagers,” and “nurse-led education.”

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Google Internet meta-search engine search by subject matter (STIs)

Google results are broad, unfiltered, and often include non-scholarly or commercially biased information. While it may provide general awareness, it is not a reliable source for scholarly nursing research or nurse-authored interventions.

C. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Website for the public

This website offers public health education, but it is not focused on nursing research or nurse-authored client education programs. Its target audience is patients and providers in obstetrics and gynecology, not researchers or nursing students.

D. US Department of Health and Human Services epidemiology webpage

While this source may offer statistical data about STI rates, it does not focus on nursing interventions or education programs. It is useful for background or prevalence data but does not meet the specific requirement for nurse-authored education program information.

Correct Answer C: Cultural immersion experience

Explanation:

The independent variable is the factor that the researcher manipulates or introduces to observe its effect on the outcome. In this study, the cultural immersion experience is the intervention being tested to determine whether it influences the dependent variables—cultural sensitivity and cultural self-efficacy. It is the experimental condition applied to senior nursing students to measure its impact.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Cultural sensitivity

Cultural sensitivity is a dependent variable—it's one of the outcomes being measured to see if it changes as a result of the immersion experience.

B. Senior nursing students

The participants in the study (senior nursing students) are not variables—they are the sample population being studied. A population group is not considered an independent or dependent variable.

D. Cultural self-efficacy

Like cultural sensitivity, this is also a dependent variable. It is the second outcome the study is evaluating to determine the effect of the cultural immersion experience.

Correct Answer B: r = 0.63

Explanation:

The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to +1. The closer the absolute value of r is to 1, the stronger the linear relationship. The sign indicates the direction (positive or negative), but the strength is based on the absolute value.

Here are the absolute values of the options:

A. |−0.57| = 0.57

B. |0.63| = 0.63

C. |0.00| = 0.00

D. |−0.48| = 0.48

The strongest correlation is 0.63, which reflects a moderately strong positive linear relationship between the two variables.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. r = -0.57

Although this indicates a moderate negative relationship, it is weaker than 0.63 in absolute value.

C. r = 0.00

An r-value of 0 means no linear relationship exists between the two variables, making it the weakest option.

D. r = -0.48

This indicates a moderate negative correlation, but its absolute value is less than 0.63, so the relationship is weaker.

Correct Answer D: Examine the methods currently used to deliver antenatal education.

Explanation:

The research findings suggest that existing health education methods are not effectively translating into appropriate health behaviors and that cultural beliefs may be contributing to poor service utilization. The most direct and practical response is to evaluate the current education delivery methods to identify gaps or cultural mismatches. By examining how education is currently provided, nurses can make evidence-based improvements to increase effectiveness and cultural relevance.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Initiate similar focus groups to determine clients' health behaviors

While focus groups helped in the original study, repeating the process is not immediately actionable or necessary for implementing change at the clinic level based on already available findings.

B. Survey clients to determine preferences for delivering antepartal education

Although client feedback is valuable, this approach does not directly address the issue of cultural beliefs interfering with behavior and may miss deeper structural or delivery problems in current education methods.

C. Encourage culturally diverse nurses to deliver antenatal education

Increasing cultural representation can be beneficial, but on its own, it does not guarantee the content or methods of education will change or become more effective. It is a partial solution that does not address the root issue highlighted in the study findings.

Correct Answer C: Categorize, label, and manipulate the data obtained.

Explanation:

In quantitative research, a codebook is a tool used to organize and structure data for analysis. It contains definitions for variables, coding schemes, labels, and instructions for how to interpret and manage the data gathered from instruments such as questionnaires. It allows the researcher to categorize responses, assign numerical codes, and prepare the data for statistical analysis. Since the nurse is using a quantitative design and questionnaires, the codebook is essential for accurate data categorization and manipulation.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Correlate demographic data with client responses

While correlating demographic data may be part of the data analysis, this is not the main function of a codebook. The codebook provides the structure needed before correlations or other analyses can be conducted.

B. Describe dissemination resources for the findings

Dissemination resources refer to how and where findings are shared (e.g., journals, conferences). This has nothing to do with the function of a codebook.

D. Identify themes that emerged from the clients' statements

This option describes a qualitative research approach. Identifying themes is done in qualitative studies, not in a quantitative design as specified in the question.

Correct Answer D: The researcher is 95% confident that the result did not happen randomly.

Explanation:

When a researcher reports that p < .05, it means there is less than a 5% probability that the observed result occurred by random chance alone. In other words, the researcher is at least 95% confident that the result is statistically significant and reflects a true effect or relationship, not a random occurrence. This level of significance is the most commonly accepted threshold in nursing and medical research.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Only 5 out of 100 nursing research studies would report this result as significant.

This statement misinterprets the meaning of p-value. The p-value relates to the probability of a result occurring in one particular study, not across multiple studies. It does not speak to how many other studies will report similar findings.

B. There is a 1-in-5 chance of the result occurring again by chance alone.

This option incorrectly reverses the probability. A p-value of .05 indicates a 1-in-20 (not 1-in-5) chance of a result occurring by chance. Also, the p-value does not predict the chance of replication but rather evaluates the likelihood that the current results are due to chance.

C. The result is not significant for most nursing research, which requires more rigor.

This is incorrect. A p-value of less than .05 is widely accepted in nursing and most other health-related disciplines as statistically significant. While more stringent thresholds (like p < .01) are sometimes used, p < .05 is generally adequate.

Correct Answer C: 57 subjects; p < .002

Explanation:

The best choice combines a reasonably large sample size and a very low p-value, which indicates strong statistical significance. In option C, the sample size of 57 is moderate, and the p-value of < .002 means there's only a 0.2% probability that the results happened by chance—strong evidence in favor of the findings. This makes it the strongest article for proposing evidence-based practice changes.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. 70 subjects; p < .23

Although this has the largest sample size, the p-value is not statistically significant. A p-value of 0.23 means there is a 23% chance the results occurred randomly, which is too high to support a practice change.

B. 42 subjects; p < .016

This has a statistically significant p-value, but the sample size is smaller than option C. While it supports the findings, it is not as strong as C in terms of both sample size and significance.

D. 36 subjects; p < .15

This has the smallest sample size and a high p-value, meaning weak statistical support and less generalizability. It does not provide strong enough evidence to support a practice change.

Correct Answer C: How does massage therapy affect sepsis outcomes of preterm neonates hospitalized on a neonatal unit?

Explanation:

This clinical question is well-targeted for a literature search focused on the effectiveness of massage therapy in influencing sepsis outcomes. It clearly defines the population (preterm neonates), intervention (massage therapy), and outcome (sepsis), making it specific enough to locate relevant studies. It does not require a comparison group to assess impact, which makes it appropriate for a broad evidence search including observational and experimental research.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. How does massage therapy compare to standard treatments in decreasing sepsis among preterm neonates on a neonatal unit?

This question adds a comparison component, which can be helpful, but it may unnecessarily narrow the search and exclude relevant studies that do not include a comparison group.

B. What interventions are most commonly used to decrease sepsis in preterm neonates who are hospitalized on a neonatal unit?

This question is too broad and does not focus on massage therapy specifically, which is the nurse’s area of interest.

D. Should massage therapy be included in the care of preterm neonates in a neonatal unit to prevent sepsis?

This is a decision-based question rather than a research-oriented one. It assumes consideration of implementation before evidence is reviewed, which is not ideal for initiating a literature search.

Correct Answer C: Readmission rates

Explanation:

The dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured or affected in a study. In this case, the title indicates the study is examining the effect of family members’ support on readmission rates. Therefore, readmission rates are what the researchers are measuring as a result of the level of support provided by family members.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Patients in program

This describes the population being studied, not the variable being measured. The patients are the subjects, not the dependent variable.

B. Family members' support

This is the independent variable—the factor being manipulated or studied to see its effect on another variable (readmission rates).

D. Substance abuse program

This is the setting or context of the study, not a variable being measured or manipulated. It provides background but is not a dependent variable.