NU 160 Final Spring 2025
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Free NU 160 Final Spring 2025 Questions
A nurse is teaching a client who has peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching to explain peripheral arterial disease
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Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood.
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Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs
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Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure
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Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract.
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood.
Explanation:
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to narrowing and hardening of the arteries. This reduces blood flow, especially to the extremities, impairing oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues. Symptoms often include pain, cramping, and non-healing wounds in the legs due to poor perfusion.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
B. Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs.
This describes venous insufficiency, not peripheral arterial disease. In PAD, the issue is restricted flow to the tissues, not pooling of blood. Pooling is typical in venous disorders, leading to varicose veins and edema, not ischemia.
C. Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure.":
This again refers to a venous condition, such as chronic venous insufficiency. Valvular incompetence leads to backflow and pressure buildup, not reduced arterial supply, which is the hallmark of PAD.
D. Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract.":
This describes heart failure, particularly dilated cardiomyopathy, not peripheral arterial disease. PAD is a vascular condition, not a direct cardiac muscle problem.
A nurse in a provider's office is assessing a client. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings are manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis
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Blood in the sputum
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Low-grade fever
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Weight gain
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Flushed cheeks
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Night sweats
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Blood in the sputum
B. Low-grade fever
E. Night sweats
Explanation:
A. Blood in the sputum
Hemoptysis, or coughing up blood, is a common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis and indicates damage to lung tissue.
B. Low-grade fever
A persistent low-grade fever, particularly in the afternoon, is a typical symptom of TB due to the chronic inflammatory response.
E. Night sweats
Night sweats are a hallmark symptom of TB and result from the body’s immune response to the infection.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
C. Weight gain
Clients with TB typically experience weight loss, not weight gain, due to decreased appetite and the body's metabolic demands from the infection.
D. Flushed cheeks
Flushed cheeks are not a typical sign of tuberculosis and are more commonly associated with fever from other causes or emotional responses.
A nurse is providing teaching to a group of clients about the changes that occur when clients experience cataracts. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching
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Vision changes occur when the cloudy lens alters the passage of light through the eye.
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Vision changes occur when blood vessels leak fluid or blood under a portion of the retina.
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Vision changes occur when retinal tissue pulls away from the blood vessels in the eye.
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Vision changes occur when pressure in the eye is increased due to a decrease of aqueous humor
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Vision changes occur when the cloudy lens alters the passage of light through the eye.
Explanation:
Cataracts develop when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy, often due to aging or long-term exposure to ultraviolet light. This cloudiness scatters or blocks light, leading to blurry or dim vision. It does not involve the retina or intraocular pressure. Cataract-related vision changes are usually gradual and painless.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
B. Vision changes occur when blood vessels leak fluid or blood under a portion of the retina.”
This describes conditions like diabetic retinopathy or macular degeneration, not cataracts. These disorders involve vascular changes, while cataracts involve changes to the lens.
C. Vision changes occur when retinal tissue pulls away from the blood vessels in the eye.”
This describes a retinal detachment, a medical emergency unrelated to cataracts.
D. Vision changes occur when pressure in the eye is increased due to a decrease of aqueous humor.”
This is characteristic of glaucoma, not cataracts. Cataracts do not affect intraocular pressure.
Which of the following are risk factors for pulmonary embolism
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Pregnancy
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Obesity
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Atrial fibrillation
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Marathon running
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Young age
Explanation
Correct Answers:
A. Pregnancy
B. Obesity
C.Atrial fibrillation
Explanation:
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs, often originating in the deep veins of the legs. Risk factors include anything that promotes blood stasis, vessel injury, or hypercoagulability. Pregnancy increases clotting factors and pressure on veins, obesity contributes to decreased mobility and vascular strain, and atrial fibrillation can lead to thrombus formation in the heart that can embolize to the lungs.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
D. Marathon running:
Although strenuous exercise has risks, marathon running improves circulation and cardiovascular health, lowering the risk for venous thromboembolism. It is not a risk factor for PE.
E. Young age:
Youth is generally a protective factor. Older adults, especially those with comorbidities or reduced mobility, are at greater risk for PE. Young individuals without other risk factors rarely develop PE.
A nurse is teaching a client, who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, about insulin safety. Which of the following statements by the nurse is appropriate
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All insulins can be mixed in the same syringe.
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Storing insulin in the freezer will prolong its stability.
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Insulin is stable at room temperature for one month.
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Clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus should keep backup medication and supplies in their car.
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Insulin is stable at room temperature for one month.
Explanation:
Most insulins are safe to store at room temperature (below 86°F/30°C) for up to 28–30 days once opened. This makes it easier for clients to carry and use insulin without constantly needing refrigeration, while still maintaining efficacy.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
A. All insulins can be mixed in the same syringe.
Not all types of insulin are compatible for mixing. For example, long-acting insulins like glargine or detemir should not be mixed with other types. Mixing incompatible insulins can alter absorption and effectiveness.
B. Storing insulin in the freezer will prolong its stability.
Freezing insulin destroys its molecular structure, rendering it ineffective and potentially dangerous. Insulin should never be frozen.
D. Clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus should keep backup medication and supplies in their car.
This is unsafe because temperature fluctuations in a car (especially extreme heat or cold) can degrade insulin. Backup supplies should be kept in a temperature-controlled environment.
A nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child who has a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and is distressed after an insulin injection. Which of the following play activities should the nurse recognize is therapeutic in helping the child deal with the injection
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A video game
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A story book about a child who has diabetes
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A period of play in the playroom
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A needleless syringe and a doll
Explanation
Correct Answer D: A needleless syringe and a doll
Explanation:
Therapeutic play helps children express feelings, understand medical procedures, and cope with fear. Giving a child a needleless syringe and a doll allows them to act out their experience with insulin injections in a safe, controlled way. This form of role play can reduce anxiety and increase a sense of control.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
A video game
This can serve as a distraction but does not directly address the child's fear or provide understanding of the medical procedure.
A story book about a child who has diabetes
While informative, reading a book is less interactive and does not provide the same emotional outlet or behavioral processing that therapeutic play offers.
A period of play in the playroom
Free play is beneficial for general well-being but does not offer specific therapeutic value in relation to the injection or help the child process that experience.
A nurse is evaluating the plan of care during a postoperative visit for a client who had a retinal reattachment procedure. Which of the following statements indicates the client is following the instructions in the plan of care
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I'm glad that I can work remotely from my computer.
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I will be relieved once I can drive myself to the store.
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I can't wait to be able to take a bath.
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I get bored only being able to watch television
Explanation
Correct Answer D: I get bored only being able to watch television.
Explanation:
Clients recovering from retinal reattachment are typically restricted in physical activity and positioning. They may be advised to avoid bending, straining, bathing, and driving, and are often limited to passive activities such as watching TV. This statement shows that the client understands and is complying with these restrictions, even if finding them monotonous.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
A. I'm glad that I can work remotely from my computer.
Using a computer can involve eye strain, head movement, and extended focus, which may contradict positioning instructions postoperatively.
B. I will be relieved once I can drive myself to the store.
Driving is generally not allowed immediately after retinal surgery due to impaired vision, medication effects, and healing requirements.
C. I can't wait to be able to take a bath.
Bathing is usually restricted in the early postoperative period to avoid water entering the eye, which can increase the risk of infection or disrupt healing.
A nurse is caring for a client who has chronic respiratory acidosis due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect with this client
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Anxiety and depression
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Polyuria
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Delirium
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Osteoporosis
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Delirium
Explanation:
Chronic respiratory acidosis causes elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood, leading to changes in mental status. As CO₂ builds up, it can affect brain function, resulting in confusion, restlessness, and eventually delirium. This is a hallmark symptom of severe, untreated or poorly managed respiratory acidosis.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
A. Anxiety and depression:
While clients with chronic illnesses may experience emotional disturbances, these are not specific clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis. Delirium is a more acute and direct indicator of CO₂ retention.
B. Polyuria:
Polyuria is not associated with respiratory acidosis or COPD. It is more commonly linked to diabetes mellitus, diuretic use, or disorders of fluid regulation, not acid-base imbalances.
D. Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is not a direct outcome of COPD or respiratory acidosis. It may occur due to long-term corticosteroid use in some COPD patients, but it is not a symptom or expected finding of acidosis itself.
A client who has a history of myocardial infarction (MI) is prescribed aspirin 325 mg. The nurse recognizes that the aspirin is given due to which of the following actions of the medication
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Antiplatelet aggregate
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Antipyretic
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Anti-inflammatory
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Analgesic
Explanation
Correct Answer A: Antiplatelet aggregate
Explanation:
Aspirin is given in the context of myocardial infarction (MI) for its antiplatelet effect. It inhibits the formation of thromboxane A2, which reduces platelet aggregation. This action helps prevent the formation of blood clots, which is critical in reducing the risk of recurrent MI and promoting blood flow in coronary arteries.
Why Other Options are Wrong:
B. Antipyretic
While aspirin does reduce fever, this property is not the reason it is used in the treatment or prevention of MI.
C. Anti-inflammatory
Aspirin has anti-inflammatory properties at higher doses, but in the case of MI, the dose prescribed (often 81–325 mg) is specifically for its cardioprotective antiplatelet action, not inflammation.
D. Analgesic
Although aspirin can reduce pain, this is not its primary purpose in the treatment of MI. Other medications are typically used for pain control in that setting.
A nurse is planning care for a client who has peripheral venous disease. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care
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Ankle-brachial index test
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Exercise
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Elevation of legs
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Intermittent pneumatic compression pumps
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Layered wraps
Explanation
Correct Answers:
B. Exercise
C. Elevation of legs
D. Intermittent pneumatic compression pumps
E. Layered wraps
Explanation:
Peripheral venous disease (PVD), especially chronic venous insufficiency, involves poor blood return from the legs. Management focuses on improving venous circulation, preventing stasis, and promoting return to the heart.
B. Exercise helps strengthen calf muscles, improving venous return.
C. Elevation of legs reduces venous pressure and edema.
D. Intermittent pneumatic compression pumps promote circulation and reduce the risk of venous stasis.
E. Layered wraps provide compression therapy to support venous return and reduce swelling.
Why Other Option is Wrong:
A. Ankle-brachial index test:
This diagnostic test is used to assess arterial insufficiency, not venous disease. It helps differentiate between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and PVD, so while useful diagnostically, it is not a direct intervention for venous disease care.
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