CBO1 - Medical Terminology Exam

Explanation:

The correct combination is Hyster/o + Salping/o + -graphy. 'Hyster/o' refers to the uterus, 'salping/o' refers to the fallopian tubes, and '-graphy' indicates the process of recording or imaging. The resulting term, 'hysterosalpingography,' is a diagnostic imaging procedure used to evaluate the uterus and fallopian tubes, often to investigate infertility or structural abnormalities.

Correct Answer:

Hyster/o + Salping/o + -graphy

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Hyster/o + Salping/o + -scopy

This is incorrect because '-scopy' refers to visual examination using an instrument. While this would imply looking inside the uterus and tubes, the specific term for imaging is '-graphy,' not '-scopy.'

Uter/o + Oophor/o + -graphy

This is incorrect because 'oophor/o' refers to the ovaries, not the fallopian tubes. The term formed would relate to imaging the uterus and ovaries, not the uterus and fallopian tubes.

Endometr/o + Salping/o + -metry

This is incorrect because 'endometr/o' refers to the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and '-metry' refers to measurement. This combination would imply measuring the endometrial lining and tubes, not the imaging process of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

Explanation:

Dysmenorrhea is the medical term used to describe painful menstruation. It involves cramping and discomfort in the lower abdomen during menstrual periods and can be classified as primary (without underlying pathology) or secondary (caused by conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids). This term specifically refers to menstrual pain, distinguishing it from irregular cycles, premenstrual symptoms, or pain unrelated to menstruation.

Correct Answer:

dysmenorrhea

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

polymenorrhea

Polymenorrhea refers to menstrual cycles that are abnormally frequent, typically occurring less than 21 days apart. It does not indicate pain associated with menstruation, making this option incorrect.

premenstrual syndrome

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) involves physical and emotional symptoms occurring before menstruation, such as bloating, mood swings, and breast tenderness. Pain during menstruation is not a defining feature of PMS, so this option is inaccurate.

endometriosis

Endometriosis is a pathological condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. While it can cause secondary dysmenorrhea, it is not synonymous with painful menstruation itself.

dyspareunia

Dyspareunia refers to pain during sexual intercourse, which is unrelated to menstruation. This makes the option incorrect.

Explanation:

The suffix '-stenosis' in medical terminology refers specifically to the narrowing of a passage or opening in the body. This can apply to blood vessels, heart valves, or other tubular structures. The term originates from the Greek word "stenos," meaning narrow. Understanding this suffix is essential in medical contexts because it describes conditions that can impede normal flow or function, such as aortic stenosis, where the aortic valve is narrowed and restricts blood flow from the heart.

Correct Answer:

Narrowing of a passage or opening

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Inflammation of a structure

This is incorrect because the suffix for inflammation is '-itis,' not '-stenosis.' For example, 'appendicitis' refers to inflammation of the appendix, which is distinct from a narrowing of a passage.

Enlargement of an organ

This is incorrect because enlargement is indicated by the suffix '-megaly.' Conditions like 'cardiomegaly' describe an enlarged heart, which is unrelated to the narrowing implied by '-stenosis.'

Abnormal growth of tissue

This is incorrect because abnormal growth is indicated by the suffix '-plasia' or '-oma' for tumors. For instance, 'hyperplasia' refers to an increased number of cells, not a narrowed passage.

Explanation:

The suffix '-algia' in medical terminology signifies pain. It is used to describe discomfort or pain in a specific part of the body. For example, 'neuralgia' refers to nerve pain, and 'myalgia' refers to muscle pain. Recognizing this suffix is important for identifying symptoms and accurately documenting patient complaints.

Correct Answer:

Pain

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Inflammation

This is incorrect because inflammation is indicated by the suffix '-itis,' such as in 'appendicitis' for inflammation of the appendix. '-Algia' specifically refers to pain rather than inflammatory processes.

Infection

This is incorrect because infection is indicated by terms such as '-emia' for blood infections or '-itis' for organ inflammation due to infection. '-Algia' does not denote the presence of pathogens or infection.

Condition of

This is incorrect because the suffix '-osis' or '-ia' is used to indicate a condition or state, not specifically pain. '-Algia' strictly refers to a painful condition rather than a general state of being.

Explanation:

The condition where one or both testicles have not descended into the scrotum is called Cryptorchidism. This congenital condition occurs when the testes fail to move from the abdomen or inguinal canal into the scrotal sac before birth. Cryptorchidism can increase the risk of infertility and testicular cancer if left untreated, making early diagnosis and management important in pediatric care.

Correct Answer:

Cryptorchidism

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Testicular torsion

This is incorrect because testicular torsion refers to the twisting of the spermatic cord, which can cut off blood supply to the testicle. It is an acute, painful condition, not a failure of descent.

Hydrocele

This is incorrect because hydrocele refers to the accumulation of fluid around the testicle, causing swelling. It does not involve undescended testes.

Orchitis

This is incorrect because orchitis refers to inflammation of the testicle, often due to infection. It does not describe a developmental failure of testicular descent.

Explanation:

Nephrolithiasis refers to the presence of calculi, or kidney stones, within the kidney. These stones are solid concretions formed from minerals and salts in the urine, and they can cause pain, hematuria, or obstruction of urine flow. The term specifically describes the formation of stones, not surgical procedures, displacement, or inflammation of the kidney.

Correct Answer:

presence of calculi in the kidney

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

incision into the kidney

An incision into the kidney is referred to as "nephrotomy." Nephrolithiasis does not involve surgical intervention but the actual presence of stones, making this option incorrect.

downward displacement of the kidney

Downward displacement of the kidney is called "nephroptosis." This condition is unrelated to the formation of calculi, so this option is inaccurate.

inflammation of the kidney

Inflammation of the kidney is termed "nephritis." Nephrolithiasis involves stone formation, not inflammation, making this option incorrect.

Explanation:

Asking "Have you ever had the mumps?" demonstrates an understanding of the etiology of orchitis. Orchitis, an inflammation of the testes, can be caused by viral infections, with mumps being a common viral etiology, especially in post-pubertal males. This question helps identify potential viral exposure that could explain the onset of orchitis.

Correct Answer:

"Have you ever had the mumps?"

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

"Are you prone to prolonged erections?"

This is incorrect because prolonged erections (priapism) are unrelated to the viral or bacterial causes of orchitis. This question does not address the etiology of testicular inflammation.

"Has your sperm count ever been tested?"

This is incorrect because sperm count assessment evaluates fertility but does not identify the cause of orchitis. It does not help determine the infectious or inflammatory origin.

"Have you ever been diagnosed with candidiasis?"

This is incorrect because candidiasis is a fungal infection that typically affects mucosal surfaces and is not a common cause of orchitis. Asking about it does not provide relevant etiological information.

Explanation:

The prefix 'myel/o' specifically denotes the spinal cord or bone marrow. It is used in medical terms such as 'myelopathy,' which refers to a disease of the spinal cord, and 'multiple myeloma,' a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow. Recognizing this prefix is essential for accurately identifying conditions involving either the central nervous system or hematopoietic tissue, differentiating it from terms related to muscles, nerves, or joints.

Correct Answer:

Spinal cord or bone marrow

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Muscle tissue

This is incorrect because muscle tissue is indicated by the prefix 'my/o' or 'myos/o.' 'Myel/o' does not refer to muscles.

Nerve endings

This is incorrect because nerve endings are associated with 'neur/o.' 'Myel/o' specifically refers to the spinal cord or bone marrow, not peripheral nerve structures.

Joint fluid

This is incorrect because joint fluid is indicated by the prefix 'synov/o.' 'Myel/o' does not relate to synovial fluid or joints.

Explanation:

The prefix "men/o" in medical terminology specifically relates to menstruation, which is the monthly cyclical shedding of the uterine lining. It is used in terms like "menorrhagia" (excessive menstrual bleeding) or "menstrual cycle" (the recurring monthly cycle of menstruation). While related terms like menopause involve menstruation, the prefix itself directly denotes the process of menstruation rather than its cessation or specific conditions associated with it.

Correct Answer:

Menstruation

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Menopause

Menopause refers to the cessation of menstruation, typically occurring in middle-aged women. While related to menstrual function, it is a specific event and not the general meaning of "men/o," making this option incorrect.

Menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle refers to the full monthly reproductive cycle, including ovulation and menstruation. Although "men/o" appears in the term, the prefix itself specifically refers to menstruation, not the entire cycle, so this option is inaccurate.

Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia describes abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. "Men/o" relates to menstruation in general, not specifically to pathological bleeding, so this option is not the best answer.