CBO1 - Medical Terminology Exam

Explanation:

The correct order of sperm flow begins in the seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. From there, sperm move into the tubulus rectus, a short connecting segment, and then into the rete testis, which acts as a network for transporting sperm to the efferent ductules. Finally, sperm enter the epididymis, where they mature and are stored until ejaculation. This sequential pathway ensures proper maturation and transport from the site of production to storage.

Correct Answer:

Seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Tubulus rectus, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis

This option reverses the starting point; sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules, not the tubulus rectus. Beginning the sequence with the tubulus rectus is anatomically incorrect.

Seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, efferent ductules, rete testis, epididymis

This sequence incorrectly places the efferent ductules before the rete testis. Anatomically, sperm flow from the rete testis into the efferent ductules, making this order inaccurate.

Tubulus rectus, seminiferous tubules, efferent ductules, rete testis, epididymis

This option incorrectly starts with the tubulus rectus and also misorders the ductules and rete testis. It does not reflect the proper anatomical sequence of sperm transport, making it incorrect.

Explanation:

The urethra is the anatomical structure that serves as the conduit for urine to exit the body from the urinary bladder. It is a tubular structure that allows urine to flow from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. This pathway is distinct from the ureters, which carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the renal pelvis, which collects urine within the kidney, or the bladder neck, which is the region connecting the bladder to the urethra.

Correct Answer:

Urethra

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Ureter

The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not from the bladder to the exterior. Confusing ureters with the urethra would be anatomically incorrect.

Renal pelvis

The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure within the kidney that collects urine from the calyces before it enters the ureter. It does not serve as a pathway for urine to exit the body, making this option wrong.

Bladder neck

The bladder neck is the region where the bladder connects to the urethra. While it is part of the passageway, it does not extend to the exterior of the body and thus is not the conduit for urine to exit, making this option inaccurate.

Explanation:

The suffix '-uria' in medical terminology refers to a condition of the urine. It is used to describe the presence, composition, or abnormalities of urine. For example, 'hematuria' indicates blood in the urine, and 'glycosuria' refers to sugar in the urine. This suffix is critical in clinical assessments because it helps identify specific urinary disorders or systemic conditions affecting urine composition.

Correct Answer:

Condition of urine

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Inflammation of the bladder

This is incorrect because inflammation of the bladder is indicated by the suffix '-itis,' specifically 'cystitis,' not '-uria.' '-Uria' describes characteristics of the urine itself, not inflammation.

Excessive thirst

This is incorrect because excessive thirst is termed 'polydipsia,' which does not relate to urine composition or characteristics. '-Uria' is concerned with urine, not the sensation of thirst.

Painful urination

This is incorrect because painful urination is called 'dysuria.' The suffix '-uria' alone does not imply pain; it merely refers to the condition or content of the urine.

Explanation:

The correct pathway of sperm begins in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, where sperm are produced. From there, sperm move to the epididymis for maturation and storage. During ejaculation, sperm travel through the vas deferens, then pass through the ejaculatory duct into the urethra, and finally exit the body via the external urethral orifice. This sequence reflects the physiological route sperm follow from production to external release.

Correct Answer:

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, external urethral orifice

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, urethra, penis meatus

This is incorrect because the seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes fluid to semen but is not part of the direct ductal pathway for sperm. Including it as a step in the sequence misrepresents the anatomical route.

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, glans penis

This is incorrect because the glans penis is part of the external anatomy, but the correct anatomical term for the exit point of sperm is the external urethral orifice. Using 'glans penis' does not precisely define the exit structure.

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penile opening

This is incorrect because 'penile opening' is a nonspecific lay term. The medically accurate term for sperm exit is the external urethral orifice.

Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis meatus

This is incorrect because 'penis meatus' is informal or imprecise; the correct term is 'external urethral orifice' for anatomical accuracy.

Explanation:

The suffix "-gravida" is used in obstetrics to indicate the number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of the outcome of those pregnancies. For example, "primigravida" refers to a woman who is pregnant for the first time, while "multigravida" refers to a woman who has been pregnant more than once. This term specifically quantifies pregnancies rather than complications, duration, or delivery type.

Correct Answer:

Number of pregnancies a woman has had

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Complications during pregnancy

Complications during pregnancy are not indicated by "-gravida." Terms describing complications would include specific diagnostic or descriptive terms like "pre-eclampsia" or "gestational diabetes," so this option is incorrect.

Duration of pregnancy

The length of a pregnancy is typically described using weeks of gestation, not by "-gravida." This suffix only counts the number of pregnancies, making this option irrelevant.

Type of delivery

The type of delivery, such as vaginal or cesarean, is unrelated to the suffix "-gravida." Therefore, this option does not correctly answer the question.

Explanation:

The prefix 'crypt-' in medical terminology signifies "hidden" or "concealed." It is commonly used to describe structures that are not easily visible or that are located in a concealed position. For example, 'cryptorchidism' refers to undescended (hidden) testes. Recognizing this prefix is important for accurately describing anatomical anomalies or conditions involving concealed organs or tissues.

Correct Answer:

Hidden

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Excessive

This is incorrect because the prefix for excessive is 'hyper-.' 'Crypt-' does not indicate quantity or overabundance, but rather concealment.

Inflammation

This is incorrect because inflammation is indicated by the suffix '-itis,' such as in 'appendicitis.' 'Crypt-' does not refer to inflammatory processes.

Enlargement

This is incorrect because enlargement is indicated by the suffix '-megaly.' 'Crypt-' refers to hidden or concealed structures, not size or growth.

Explanation

The prefix 'nephr/o' signifies something relating to the kidney. It is used in medical terms such as 'nephrology,' which is the study of the kidneys, and 'nephrectomy,' which is the surgical removal of a kidney. Understanding this prefix helps accurately interpret medical terminology involving renal anatomy and pathology.

Correct Answer:

Relating to the kidney

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Relating to the bladder

This is incorrect because the bladder is indicated by the prefix 'cyst/o,' not 'nephr/o.' Using 'nephr/o' would incorrectly suggest kidney involvement rather than the bladder.

Relating to the urethra

This is incorrect because the urethra is denoted by the prefix 'urethr/o.' 'Nephr/o' specifically refers to the kidney, not the urinary outflow tract.

Relating to the ureters

This is incorrect because the ureters are indicated by the prefix 'ureter/o.' 'Nephr/o' refers solely to the kidneys, not the connecting tubes.

Explanation:

Nephrosclerosis is a condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the small arteries and arterioles in the kidneys, leading to reduced blood flow and kidney function. The hallmark feature is the loss of elasticity and stiffening of the renal arteries, which contributes to hypertension and can result in chronic kidney damage. This condition is most commonly associated with chronic high blood pressure rather than being a genetic disorder, diabetic complication, or post-infectious sequela.

Correct Answer:

The renal arteries lose their elasticity and becomes stiff

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

It is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hardened nephrons

Nephrosclerosis is not a genetic disorder but a vascular condition caused primarily by chronic hypertension. The term refers to arterial changes, not an inherited pattern of nephron hardening, making this option incorrect.

Diabetes is the most common reason for its development

While diabetes can lead to kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), nephrosclerosis is more specifically associated with hypertension, not diabetes. Diabetes is a separate etiology and not the primary cause of nephrosclerosis.

It usually follows an episode of maltreated GABHS infection

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can occur after a GABHS infection, but nephrosclerosis is unrelated to infections and develops primarily from chronic arterial damage due to high blood pressure. This makes this option inaccurate.

Correct Answer:

renal pelvis

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

urinary bladder

The urinary bladder stores urine but is not referred to by the prefix "pyelo-." Using this prefix to describe the bladder would be anatomically incorrect.

ureter

The ureter is the tube that transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. "Pyelo-" refers specifically to the renal pelvis, not the ureter, making this option inaccurate.

renal cortex

The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney involved in filtration. It is not related to the renal pelvis, so this option does not match the meaning of "pyelo-."