Data Management Foundations (C175 )
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Free Data Management Foundations (C175 ) Questions
You are creating a relational database to store information about instructors and the courses that each instructor teaches. What should you do to create a relationship between the Instructor table and the Course table while keeping duplicate data to a minimum
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Create a new column in the Instructor table.
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Create new columns in the Instructors table for each course taught.
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Create a new table that includes two columns.
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Create a new column in the Course table
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Create a new table that includes two columns.
Explanation
To maintain a normalized database and reduce duplicate data, a junction table should be created with two columns: InstructorID and CourseID. This table establishes a many-to-many relationship between instructors and courses, ensuring that duplicate data is minimized while allowing for efficient queries.
Why other options are wrong
A. Create a new column in the Instructor table: This does not create a proper relationship and leads to a one-to-many structure that cannot represent multiple instructors teaching the same course.
B. Create new columns in the Instructors table for each course taught: This denormalized the database and leads to redundancy, making the structure inflexible for adding or removing courses.
D. Create a new column in the Course table: This creates a one-to-many relationship, which does not accurately represent the scenario where multiple instructors can teach the same course.
What is the purpose of the HAVING clause in SQL SELECT commands
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To join multiple tables
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To sort the result set based on specified columns
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To group rows with similar values
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To filter grouped rows based on aggregate values
Explanation
Correct Answer D. To filter grouped rows based on aggregate values
Explanation
The HAVING clause is used to filter grouped rows after the grouping is performed by the GROUP BY clause. It is often used to specify conditions on aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, or AVG, which cannot be filtered by the WHERE clause.
Why other options are wrong
A. To join multiple tables: Joining tables is done using JOIN statements, not the HAVING clause. HAVING focuses on filtering grouped data.
B. To sort the result set based on specified columns: Sorting is handled by the ORDER BY clause, not HAVING. HAVING is used for filtering grouped results, not sorting them.
C. To group rows with similar values: Grouping rows is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause, not HAVING. HAVING filters the results of grouped data.
What does a left join select in a database system
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All left table rows
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Matching left and right table rows
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All table rows
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All right table rows
Explanation
Correct Answer A. All left table rows
Explanation
A left join retrieves all rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table. If there is no match in the right table, the result will include NULL values for the right table's columns. This ensures that all rows from the left table are represented in the result.
Why other options are wrong
B. Matching left and right table rows
While matching rows between the left and right tables are included, a left join also includes unmatched rows from the left table with NULL values for the right table's columns. This answer is incomplete.
C. All table rows
A left join does not select all rows from both tables. It includes all rows from the left table but only the matching rows from the right table.
D. All right table rows
A left join does not include all rows from the right table unless they match rows in the left table. Unmatched rows from the right table are excluded.
What is the purpose of estimation in Business Intelligence data processing
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Dividing entities based on similarity
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Evaluating relationships between data elements
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Assigning numeric values to objects
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Characterizing data mining results
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Assigning numeric values to objects
Explanation
Estimation in Business Intelligence involves assigning numeric values or predictions to objects or observations based on existing data. This process is commonly used in predictive analytics to forecast outcomes, such as sales predictions or risk assessments.
Why other options are wrong
A. Dividing entities based on similarity is the purpose of clustering, not estimation. Estimation focuses on deriving numeric or predictive outputs.
B. Evaluating relationships between data elements refers to association or correlation, which is different from assigning values through estimation.
D. Characterizing data mining results involves summarizing or interpreting data findings, whereas estimation directly involves making numeric or predictive assignments.
In which normal form should a table be before creating table structures in database design
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Normalize the database before creating table structures
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Consider more important issues such as performance before normalizing
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Only normalize the database when performance problems occur
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Create table structures then normalize the database
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Normalize the database before creating table structures
Explanation
Before creating table structures, the database should be normalized to eliminate data redundancy and ensure the integrity of the data. This process minimizes anomalies and lays the groundwork for an efficient and consistent database design.
Why other options are wrong
B. Consider more important issues such as performance before normalizing: This is incorrect because normalization should be a priority during the initial design phase to ensure a robust structure. Performance issues are addressed after normalization, not before it, to maintain a balance between performance and design integrity.
C. Only normalize the database when performance problems occur: This is wrong because waiting for performance problems to occur before normalizing defeats the purpose of normalization. Preventive normalization ensures that potential issues are avoided in the first place.
D. Create table structures then normalize the database: This is incorrect because creating table structures before normalizing can lead to poor design and data anomalies. Normalization guides the design process by defining efficient and logical table relationships.
What is clustering in the context of Business Intelligence data processing
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Dividing entities based on similarity
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Assigning numeric values to objects
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Evaluating relationships between data elements
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Characterizing data mining results
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Dividing entities based on similarity
Explanation
Clustering in Business Intelligence involves grouping similar data entities into clusters based on shared characteristics or patterns. This technique is often used to identify natural groupings in data, such as customer segmentation, which helps in making informed business decisions.
Why other options are wrong
B. Assigning numeric values to objects is more aligned with processes like scoring or ranking rather than clustering. Clustering focuses on grouping, not numerical assignment.
C. Evaluating relationships between data elements is a different process, often involving correlation or association, not the grouping of similar entities.
D. Characterizing data mining results refers to interpreting or summarizing findings from data mining, which is a step after clustering has been performed.
What does the SQL command 'CREATE TABLE Student' do
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Adds a new column to the Student table
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Updates the data in the Student table
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Creates a table named Student with specified columns and data types
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Deletes the Student table
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Creates a table named Student with specified columns and data types
Explanation
The CREATE TABLE command is used to define a new table in the database. It specifies the table name (Student) and defines its structure, including column names, data types, and any constraints such as primary keys or defaults.
Why other options are wrong
A. Adds a new column to the Student table
The CREATE TABLE command does not add columns to an existing table. Adding columns requires the ALTER TABLE command.
B. Updates the data in the Student table
The CREATE TABLE command does not modify data in an existing table. Updating data is done using the UPDATE command.
D. Deletes the Student table
The CREATE TABLE command does not delete a table. Deleting a table is done with the DROP TABLE command.
Is any column or a combination of columns that can qualify as unique key in a database
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Foreign Key
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Ternary Relationship
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Primary Key
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Candidate Key
Explanation
Correct Answer D. Candidate Key
Explanation
A candidate key is a column or a combination of columns in a database table that can uniquely identify rows within the table. Candidate keys are potential unique identifiers for table records, and one of them can be chosen as the primary key. Unlike the primary key, candidate keys may not necessarily be selected as the table's main identifier.
Why other options are wrong
A. Foreign Key: A foreign key is used to establish a relationship between two tables, linking a column in one table to the primary key in another. It does not qualify as a unique key for the table in which it resides.
B. Ternary Relationship: A ternary relationship involves three entities and does not relate to the concept of unique keys in a table. This term is about the relationships in the entity-relationship model.
C. Primary Key: A primary key is a specific candidate key that has been selected to uniquely identify rows in a table. However, the question asks for any column or combination of columns that can qualify as a unique key, which is the definition of a candidate key.
What does the SQL command 'SELECT RegisteredName,Height,BirthDate FROM Horse WHERE AND OR' do
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Retrieves specific columns from the Horse table with conditions using AND and OR
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Updates data in the Horse table
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Deletes data from the Horse table
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Creates a new table named Horse
Explanation
Correct Answer A. Retrieves specific columns from the Horse table with conditions using AND and OR
Explanation
The SELECT statement retrieves specific columns (RegisteredName, Height, and BirthDate) from the Horse table. The WHERE clause filters rows based on conditions, and the logical operators AND and OR are used to combine these conditions.
Why other options are wrong
B. Updates data in the Horse table
The SELECT command is only used to retrieve data, not to update it. Updating data requires the UPDATE command.
C. Deletes data from the Horse table
The SELECT command does not delete data from the table. Deleting data is done using the DELETE command.
D. Creates a new table named Horse
The SELECT command does not create a table. Creating a table is done using the CREATE TABLE command.
In which normal form should relations be normalized for most business transactional databases
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3NF
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1NF
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2NF
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6NF
Explanation
Correct Answer A. 3NF
Explanation
Most business transactional databases are normalized to the third normal form (3NF). This ensures that the database eliminates transitive dependencies while maintaining data integrity and avoiding redundancy. 3NF is optimal for transactional systems as it balances normalization and performance effectively.
Why other options are wrong
B. 1NF: While 1NF removes repeating groups and ensures the atomicity of attributes, it is the starting point of normalization and does not eliminate partial or transitive dependencies. It is insufficient for most business databases.
C. 2NF: Although 2NF removes partial dependencies, it does not eliminate transitive dependencies, which can still cause anomalies. This is why most databases are normalized to 3NF.
D. 6NF: This level of normalization is rarely used in business transactional databases because it often leads to performance issues and over-normalization, which can complicate queries and reduce efficiency.
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