Healthcare Models and System (D511)

Correct Answer A. Cholera

Explanation

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, which typically results in acute diarrhea and dehydration. It is contracted through the consumption of contaminated food or water, often in areas with inadequate sanitation or unsafe drinking water sources. Prompt rehydration and antibiotic treatment are essential in managing cholera outbreaks.

Why other options are wrong

B. Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and division, not an acute intestinal infection. It can be caused by genetic factors, environmental exposures, or a combination of both, but it is not transmitted through contaminated food or water

C. Malaria

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. While it affects the liver and red blood cells, it is not an intestinal infection caused by contaminated food or water.

D. Dengue

Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, not by contaminated food or water. It causes flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, and severe muscle and joint pain. It does not result in acute intestinal infection.

Correct Answer B. Being able to understand and use the information

Explanation

Health literacy involves not only the ability to read and comprehend health information but also the capacity to use that information to make appropriate health decisions. It encompasses skills such as interpreting medication labels, understanding health instructions, navigating the healthcare system, and applying health knowledge in real-life situations. The ultimate goal is to empower individuals to take control of their health and make informed decisions.

Why other options are wrong

A. Understanding material

While understanding is a component of health literacy, it is not sufficient on its own. Health literacy also requires individuals to apply the information effectively in decision-making processes.

C. Being able to explain the information

Explaining health information might be a useful skill, particularly for healthcare professionals, but it is not the primary goal of health literacy for the general public. The emphasis is on comprehension and application, not communication.

D. Being able to read the information

Reading is a basic skill required for health literacy, but literacy extends far beyond that. Health literacy includes comprehension, interpretation, critical thinking, and the ability to act based on the information received.

Correct Answer A. Influencing health opportunities and outcomes for all people so that they can attain the highest possible level of health

Explanation

The main focus of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to ensure that all people have the opportunity to attain the highest level of health. WHO's work focuses on global health issues, providing leadership on international public health matters, setting standards, and helping countries improve their healthcare systems. It aims to influence both health opportunities and outcomes worldwide, making it a global authority on health and well-being.

Why other options are wrong

B. Outlining nationwide health promotion and disease prevention

While WHO provides global guidelines, outlining nationwide health promotion and disease prevention is typically the responsibility of national governments and health organizations within individual countries. WHO provides the frameworks, but it is up to nations to implement health promotion strategies.

C. Supporting communities in addressing health disparities

While WHO works to reduce health disparities globally, its primary mission is broader, aiming to influence health outcomes for all people and not only supporting specific communities. The goal is to promote health for all, across all populations.

D. Protecting minority populations through development of health policies

This statement is too narrow. While WHO certainly addresses issues related to minority populations and health disparities, its broader mission encompasses the health of all populations worldwide, not just focusing on minority groups. WHO’s work is aimed at influencing global health outcomes across all demographics.

Correct Answer B. To ensure healthcare is culturally appropriate and accessible

Explanation

The primary focus of the Indian Health Services (IHS) is to provide healthcare that is both culturally appropriate and accessible to members of federally recognized tribes. This approach ensures that healthcare services align with the traditions and values of the Indigenous communities they serve, while also addressing barriers related to access to care in rural or remote areas. The goal is to improve health outcomes for these communities in a way that is respectful of their culture and needs.

Why other options are wrong

A. To provide healthcare that is exclusively physical in nature

This option is incorrect because IHS provides comprehensive healthcare services, which include physical, mental, and preventative care, rather than focusing solely on physical health. The holistic approach to healthcare is essential in addressing the varied needs of the communities served.

C. To prioritize financial profit in healthcare delivery

IHS is a government-funded agency aimed at improving the health of Native American populations, not focused on generating profit. Its mission is centered around health equity and access, not financial gains. This makes the option inaccurate in the context of IHS's goals.

D. To limit healthcare services to emergency situations only

IHS provides a full range of healthcare services, including preventative care, mental health services, dental care, and more. Limiting care to emergencies only would not address the broader health needs of the communities served. IHS works to offer comprehensive and continuous healthcare, not just emergency services.

Correct Answer D. County laws prohibiting smoking in bars

Explanation

Local policies aimed at reducing health risks associated with tobacco use often focus on specific community behaviors and environments. A county law prohibiting smoking in bars directly targets one such environment where smoking can contribute to public health risks, such as exposure to secondhand smoke. By implementing this kind of regulation, local governments can help protect public health in more specific, localized settings.

Why other options are wrong

A. State regulations mandating smoke-free public parks – While important, this is not a local policy but rather a state-level regulation.

B. County laws prohibiting smoking in public transportation – Although effective at reducing exposure to secondhand smoke, this is a broader policy typically regulated by local governments at a higher level (such as city or county regulations), but it still targets a different public area.

C. City ordinances banning the sale of tobacco products to minors – This is also an important local policy but focuses on limiting tobacco access rather than reducing direct tobacco use in specific environments like bars.

Correct Answer A. Persons 65 years of age and older

Explanation

Medicare is a federal health insurance program primarily designed for individuals 65 years of age and older. It provides health coverage for retirees who may not have access to employer-sponsored health plans. While there are other programs for different groups, Medicare is specifically targeted to seniors.

Why other options are wrong

B. Families with low incomes – Medicaid, not Medicare, is designed for families with low incomes. Medicaid provides healthcare assistance to low-income individuals and families, particularly those who meet certain criteria.

C. Individuals and families who buy the insurance – This describes private health insurance or the marketplace for health insurance under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Medicare is not purchased directly by individuals and is a federal program for seniors.

D. Groups of individuals who buy the insurance – This description applies more to employer-sponsored insurance plans or group health insurance policies. Medicare is not a group plan but is an individual health insurance program for seniors.

Correct Answer C. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)

Explanation

The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) of 1938 established the FDA and provided the agency with the authority to oversee the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics. It required new drugs to be tested for safety before being marketed and introduced the regulation of cosmetic products. This act also clearly defined adulteration and misbranding, making it a significant step in regulating the food and drug industries in the U.S.

Why other options are wrong

A. Kefauver-Harris Act

The Kefauver-Harris Act of 1962 amended the FDCA to require drug manufacturers to provide proof of the effectiveness of their products before approval. While it plays an important role in drug regulation, it was not the act that created the FDA.

B. Pure Food and Drug Act

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was an earlier law that laid the foundation for food and drug regulation in the U.S., but it did not create the FDA. The FDCA of 1938 created the FDA and significantly expanded its regulatory powers.

D. Durham-Humphrey Act

The Durham-Humphrey Act of 1951 focused on the regulation of prescription drugs, distinguishing them from over-the-counter products, but it did not create the FDA. The FDA was established by the FDCA of 1938.

Correct Answer D. Cultural and Ecological Context

Explanation

The five domains of the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are Economic Stability, Education Access and Quality, Health Care Access and Quality, Neighborhood and Built Environment, and Social and Community Context. "Cultural and Ecological Context" is not a recognized domain within the framework of SDOH. These domains aim to address the various factors that can impact an individual's health outcomes beyond traditional medical care. Cultural and ecological contexts, while important, are not included in the established five domains of SDOH.

Why other options are wrong

A. Economic Stability

Economic Stability is one of the key domains of SDOH. It includes factors such as income level, employment status, and financial security, all of which significantly influence health outcomes. Economic conditions directly affect access to resources necessary for maintaining good health.

B. Education Access and Quality

Education Access and Quality is another critical domain in SDOH. Higher levels of education have been linked to improved health outcomes, as they often lead to better health literacy and more opportunities for socioeconomic mobility. This domain emphasizes the importance of quality education as a determinant of health.

C. Health Care Access and Quality

Health Care Access and Quality is a fundamental domain of SDOH. It refers to the accessibility and quality of healthcare services available to individuals, which is directly tied to their health outcomes. A lack of access to quality healthcare can result in unmet health needs, poor health management, and health disparities.

Correct Answer D. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Explanation

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a U.S. government agency, not part of the World Health Organization (WHO). While the HHS may collaborate with WHO, it does not directly influence the methods or tools WHO uses to prioritize global health programs. WHO's focus is on global health issues, and its priorities are determined through its internal structures, including the World Health Assembly and assessments such as the global burden of disease.

Why other options are wrong

A. Global burden of disease assessments

These are one of the critical tools that the WHO uses to assess and prioritize health issues worldwide. They provide valuable data about the impact of diseases on populations, guiding WHO's priorities.

B. The World Health Assembly, the decision-making body of WHO

The World Health Assembly plays a vital role in making decisions about the WHO's health priorities and policies. This is a core aspect of WHO's functioning.

C. Leadership of the WHO director-general

The director-general provides leadership in setting priorities and directing WHO’s activities. This role is essential to the WHO's effectiveness in tackling global health challenges.