CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing

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Free CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing Questions

1.

Name the following functional group presented in this compound.
​​​​​​​

  • Amine

  • Amide

  • Alcohol

  • Ester

Explanation

Correct Answer: B. Amide

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

The structure shows a carbonyl group (C=O) directly attached to a nitrogen (–C(=O)–NH–). This is the defining feature of an amide functional group. An amine would have a nitrogen attached to carbon without a carbonyl. An alcohol would contain an –OH group, which is not present here. An ester would have –C(=O)–O–R, with an oxygen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, which this compound does not have.


2.

Which of the following claims about enzymes is untrue?

  • They are not involved directly in the chemical reaction.

  • They can exist as apoenzymes.

  • When bound to a substrate, they form an enzyme-substrate complex.

  • ​​​​​​​They increase activation energy.

Explanation

Correct Answer: B. They increase activation energy.

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

Enzymes function as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction, allowing it to occur more rapidly under physiological conditions. Therefore, the statement that enzymes increase activation energy is false. Enzymes participate directly in reactions by forming a temporary enzyme-substrate complex and can exist as apoenzymes (protein portion without cofactor) or holoenzymes (active enzyme with cofactor).


3.

What is the correct classification for the alcohol shown below?
​​​​​​​

  • Secondary​​​​​​​

  • Primary

  • Quaternary

  • Tertiary

Explanation

Correct Answer: A. Secondary

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

The hydroxyl (–OH) group is attached to a carbon that is itself attached to two other carbons. The structure is CH₃–CH(CH₃)–CH₂–CH(OH)–CH₃. The carbon bearing the –OH is bonded to the CH₂ group on the left and a CH₃ group on the right, so it has two carbon neighbors. That makes it a secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol would have the –OH on a carbon attached to only one other carbon, and a tertiary alcohol would have it on a carbon attached to three other carbons. "Quaternary" is not used for alcohol classification.


4.

What factors affect enzyme activity?

  • Substrate concentration

  • pH

  • Temperature

  • All of these are correct

Explanation

Correct Answer: D. All of these are correct

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

Enzyme activity is influenced by several factors, including substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Each factor alters the enzyme’s structure or the rate at which substrates bind to its active site. Optimal pH and temperature maintain enzyme stability and activity, while deviations can denature the enzyme. Similarly, substrate concentration affects reaction rate until the enzyme becomes saturated, beyond which activity levels off.


5.

Which of the following organic compounds is an aldehyde?

  • ​​​​​​​

  • ​​​​​​​

  • ​​​​​​​

  • ​​​​​​​

Explanation

Correct Answer: D. H–C(=O)–CH₃

Explanation of Correct Answer:

An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O) directly bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. In H–C(=O)–CH₃ (ethanal or acetaldehyde), the carbonyl carbon is attached to one hydrogen and one carbon atom, matching the aldehyde definition.

The other options represent different functional groups:

A is an ester (CH₃COOCH₃).

B is a ketone (CH₃COCH₃).

C is a carboxylic acid (CH₃COOH).


6.

According to Le Chatelier's Principle, factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a system are:

  • Concentration

  • Temperature

  • Volume

  • All of the above

Explanation

Correct Answer: D. All of the above

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

Le Chatelier’s Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure (volume), it shifts in the direction that counteracts the disturbance. Changing the concentration of reactants or products alters the equilibrium position, temperature changes affect the favorability of endothermic or exothermic reactions, and volume (or pressure) changes impact reactions involving gases. Therefore, all three factors influence equilibrium conditions.


7.

What is a characteristic of alkanes?

  • Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms, and all bonds are single bonds.

  • Carbon atoms form a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds.

  • They contain at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond.

  • They contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.

Explanation

Correct Answer: A. Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms, and all bonds are single bonds.

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning all carbon-carbon bonds are single covalent bonds (σ-bonds). Each carbon atom forms four single bonds with hydrogen or other carbon atoms, giving them a tetrahedral geometry. Alkenes (option D) contain double bonds, and alkynes (option C) contain triple bonds. Option B describes aromatic hydrocarbons, not alkanes.


8.

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

  • Glucose

  • Galactose

  • Fructose

  • Maltose

Explanation

Correct Answer: D. Maltose

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules joined by a glycosidic bond. Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration (condensation) reaction, releasing water. Maltose is commonly produced during the breakdown of starch in digestion or fermentation. In contrast, glucose, galactose, and fructose are single-unit sugars (monosaccharides) that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars.


9.

Identify the functional group.
​​​​​​​

  • Ketone

  • Carboxylic acid

  • Ester

  • Aldehyde.​​​​​​​

Explanation

Correct Answer: A. Ketone

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

The structure shows a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms — one from the left (CH₃CH–) and one from the right (CH₂CH₃). This arrangement defines a ketone functional group. In contrast, aldehydes have the carbonyl carbon attached to at least one hydrogen, carboxylic acids include a –COOH group, and esters have a –COOR linkage. Therefore, this compound clearly contains a ketone group.


10.

Name this structure using IUPAC nomenclature:
​​​​​​​

  • 1-bromo-2-methyl-4-benzoic acid

  • 1-carboxyl-4-bromo-5-methanoic acid

  • 3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid

  • 4-bromo-3-methylbenzoic acid

Explanation

Correct Answer: C. 3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid

​​​​​​​Explanation of Correct Answer:

The parent structure is benzoic acid (a benzene ring with a –COOH group). That –COOH group is automatically carbon 1. We then number the ring to give the lowest possible locants to the substituents. Doing this places a methyl group on carbon 3 and a bromo group on carbon 4, giving the name 3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid. The other names either misnumber the ring or use nonstandard parent names.


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