CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
Ethanol ------------ dimethyl ether.
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is less soluble in water than
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has the same solubilities in water as
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is more soluble in water than
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None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer: C. is more soluble in water than
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) is more soluble in water than dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃) because ethanol contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Hydrogen bonding greatly enhances solubility in polar solvents like water. Dimethyl ether, though polar, cannot form hydrogen bonds as effectively because it lacks an -OH group, leading to lower solubility. Therefore, ethanol dissolves readily in water, while dimethyl ether is only moderately soluble.
Which of the following claims about enzymes is untrue?
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They are not involved directly in the chemical reaction.
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They can exist as apoenzymes.
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When bound to a substrate, they form an enzyme-substrate complex.
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They increase activation energy.
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. They increase activation energy.
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Enzymes function as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy required for a chemical reaction, allowing it to occur more rapidly under physiological conditions. Therefore, the statement that enzymes increase activation energy is false. Enzymes participate directly in reactions by forming a temporary enzyme-substrate complex and can exist as apoenzymes (protein portion without cofactor) or holoenzymes (active enzyme with cofactor).
Which of the following organic compounds is an aldehyde?
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-
-
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Explanation
Correct Answer: D. H–C(=O)–CH₃
Explanation of Correct Answer:
An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O) directly bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. In H–C(=O)–CH₃ (ethanal or acetaldehyde), the carbonyl carbon is attached to one hydrogen and one carbon atom, matching the aldehyde definition.
The other options represent different functional groups:
A is an ester (CH₃COOCH₃).
B is a ketone (CH₃COCH₃).
C is a carboxylic acid (CH₃COOH).
What factors affect enzyme activity?
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Substrate concentration
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pH
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Temperature
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All of these are correct
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. All of these are correct
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Enzyme activity is influenced by several factors, including substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Each factor alters the enzyme’s structure or the rate at which substrates bind to its active site. Optimal pH and temperature maintain enzyme stability and activity, while deviations can denature the enzyme. Similarly, substrate concentration affects reaction rate until the enzyme becomes saturated, beyond which activity levels off.
What structural characteristic is shared by the aldehydes and the ketones?
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They both are straight chain compounds.
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Aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl carbon.
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Both of these compound classes have as the smallest compound a 5-carbon skeleton.
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Aldehydes and ketones have no shared characteristics.
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. Aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl carbon
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Aldehydes and ketones share the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) as their defining structural feature. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, while in ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms. This carbonyl group is responsible for their similar chemical reactivity and polarity, making it the key shared structural characteristic between the two classes.
Identify the IUPAC name and type of carbonyl group present in this structure.
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Pentanal; ketone
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Propanal; aldehyde
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Butanal; aldehyde
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Propanal; ketone
Explanation
Correct Answer: C. Butanal; aldehyde
Explanation of Correct Answer:
The structure shows a four-carbon chain ending in a carbonyl carbon (C=O) that is also bonded to a hydrogen. A four-carbon aldehyde is named butanal. Aldehydes have the carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the chain, directly attached to at least one hydrogen. A ketone would have the carbonyl carbon bonded to two carbons in the middle of the chain, which is not the case here.
Comparing the solubilities of the two compounds 1-hexanamine and heptane. 1-hexanamine is ______
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not soluble in water, while heptane is
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less soluble in water than heptane
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equally soluble in water as heptane
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more soluble in water than heptane
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. more soluble in water than heptane
Explanation of Correct Answer:
1-hexanamine is more soluble in water than heptane because it contains an –NH₂ (amine) group capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This polar interaction enhances its solubility. Heptane, on the other hand, is a nonpolar hydrocarbon lacking any functional groups that can interact with water, making it highly hydrophobic and virtually insoluble. Therefore, the polar nature of 1-hexanamine explains its greater solubility in water.
What number would be used to indicate the double bond position in the IUPAC name for CH₃–CH₂–CH=CH–CH₃
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3
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2
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1
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4
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. 2
Explanation of Correct Answer:
In IUPAC nomenclature, the carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest the double bond to give the lowest possible number to the double bond. For CH₃–CH₂–CH=CH–CH₃, numbering from the left gives the double bond between carbons 2 and 3, making the correct name pent-2-ene. If numbered from the right, it would be pent-3-ene, which has a higher locant and is therefore incorrect.
Name this structure using IUPAC nomenclature:
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1-bromo-2-methyl-4-benzoic acid
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1-carboxyl-4-bromo-5-methanoic acid
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3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid
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4-bromo-3-methylbenzoic acid
Explanation
Correct Answer: C. 3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid
Explanation of Correct Answer:
The parent structure is benzoic acid (a benzene ring with a –COOH group). That –COOH group is automatically carbon 1. We then number the ring to give the lowest possible locants to the substituents. Doing this places a methyl group on carbon 3 and a bromo group on carbon 4, giving the name 3-methyl-4-bromobenzoic acid. The other names either misnumber the ring or use nonstandard parent names.
What is the correct classification for the alcohol shown below?
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Secondary
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Primary
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Quaternary
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Tertiary
Explanation
Correct Answer: A. Secondary
Explanation of Correct Answer:
The hydroxyl (–OH) group is attached to a carbon that is itself attached to two other carbons. The structure is CH₃–CH(CH₃)–CH₂–CH(OH)–CH₃. The carbon bearing the –OH is bonded to the CH₂ group on the left and a CH₃ group on the right, so it has two carbon neighbors. That makes it a secondary alcohol. A primary alcohol would have the –OH on a carbon attached to only one other carbon, and a tertiary alcohol would have it on a carbon attached to three other carbons. "Quaternary" is not used for alcohol classification.
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