CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing
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Free CHM 130 Introduction to Chemistry at Arizona College of Nursing Questions
Adding reactant to an equilibrium system will cause the reaction to move in a __________ direction to __________ the added reactant.
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Reverse; build
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Forward; consume
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Forward; build
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Reverse; consume
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. Forward; consume
Explanation of Correct Answer:
According to Le Chatelier’s Principle, when additional reactant is added to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that reduces this disturbance. To consume the excess reactant, the equilibrium moves forward (toward the products). This decreases the reactant concentration and reestablishes equilibrium. In contrast, removing a reactant or adding a product would cause the equilibrium to shift in the reverse direction to rebuild reactants.
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
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Glucose
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Galactose
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Fructose
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Maltose
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. Maltose
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Maltose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules joined by a glycosidic bond. Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration (condensation) reaction, releasing water. Maltose is commonly produced during the breakdown of starch in digestion or fermentation. In contrast, glucose, galactose, and fructose are single-unit sugars (monosaccharides) that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars.
What factors affect enzyme activity?
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Substrate concentration
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pH
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Temperature
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All of these are correct
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. All of these are correct
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Enzyme activity is influenced by several factors, including substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Each factor alters the enzyme’s structure or the rate at which substrates bind to its active site. Optimal pH and temperature maintain enzyme stability and activity, while deviations can denature the enzyme. Similarly, substrate concentration affects reaction rate until the enzyme becomes saturated, beyond which activity levels off.
Comparing the solubilities of the two compounds 1-hexanamine and heptane. 1-hexanamine is ______
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not soluble in water, while heptane is
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less soluble in water than heptane
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equally soluble in water as heptane
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more soluble in water than heptane
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. more soluble in water than heptane
Explanation of Correct Answer:
1-hexanamine is more soluble in water than heptane because it contains an –NH₂ (amine) group capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This polar interaction enhances its solubility. Heptane, on the other hand, is a nonpolar hydrocarbon lacking any functional groups that can interact with water, making it highly hydrophobic and virtually insoluble. Therefore, the polar nature of 1-hexanamine explains its greater solubility in water.
What is an example of a saturated compound?
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2-hexene
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Cyclopropene
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3-heptyne
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Butane
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. Butane
Explanation of Correct Answer:
A saturated compound contains only single bonds between carbon atoms and has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. Butane (C₄H₁₀) is an alkane with all single C–C and C–H bonds, making it saturated. In contrast, 2-hexene (an alkene) has a double bond, 3-heptyne (an alkyne) has a triple bond, and cyclopropene (a cyclic alkene) also contains a double bond—all of which make them unsaturated compounds.
Determine the IUPAC name of this structure:
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3-pentanone-5-methyl
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5-methyl-3-hexanone
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2-methyl-4-hexanone
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5-methyl-pentanal
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. 5-methyl-3-hexanone
Explanation of Correct Answer:
First, identify the longest continuous carbon chain that includes the carbonyl carbon. The chain has six carbons, so the parent name is hexanone. The carbonyl (C=O) is in the middle of the chain, on carbon 3, so that gives us 3-hexanone. Next, look at the right side of the chain: that carbon has an extra CH₃ branch. That branch is on carbon 5 of the main chain. A methyl group on carbon 5 gives 5-methyl. Put it all together: 5-methyl-3-hexanone.
What structural characteristic is shared by the aldehydes and the ketones?
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They both are straight chain compounds.
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Aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl carbon.
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Both of these compound classes have as the smallest compound a 5-carbon skeleton.
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Aldehydes and ketones have no shared characteristics.
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. Aldehydes and ketones both contain a carbonyl carbon
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Aldehydes and ketones share the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) as their defining structural feature. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, while in ketones, it is bonded to two carbon atoms. This carbonyl group is responsible for their similar chemical reactivity and polarity, making it the key shared structural characteristic between the two classes.
Using IUPAC nomenclature, identify this compound:
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6-methyl-4-heptyne
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2-methyl-3-heptyne
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2,2-diethyl-4-heptyne
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1-isopropyl-4-butyne
Explanation
Correct Answer: B. 2-methyl-3-heptyne
Explanation of Correct Answer:
The longest continuous chain has seven carbons, so the parent name is heptyne. The triple bond is internal, located between carbons 3 and 4 when numbered to give the lowest possible locant for the triple bond, so it is hept-3-yne (written 3-heptyne). There is a methyl (CH₃) substituent on carbon 2, giving 2-methyl-3-heptyne. The other names either place the methyl incorrectly, use the wrong parent chain, or use non-IUPAC substituent names.
What is the group that distinguishes alcohols from other classes of compounds?
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Carboxyl
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Amide
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Carbonyl
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Hydroxy
Explanation
Correct Answer: Hydroxy
Explanation of Correct Answer:
The hydroxy group (–OH) is the functional group that characterizes alcohols. It consists of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and attached to a carbon atom in the molecule. This group enables hydrogen bonding, which significantly influences alcohols’ solubility and boiling points. In contrast, carboxyl groups (–COOH) define carboxylic acids, amide groups (–CONH₂) define amides, and carbonyl groups (C=O) are found in aldehydes and ketones.
According to Le Chatelier's Principle, factors that determine the equilibrium conditions of a system are:
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Concentration
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Temperature
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Volume
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All of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer: D. All of the above
Explanation of Correct Answer:
Le Chatelier’s Principle states that when a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure (volume), it shifts in the direction that counteracts the disturbance. Changing the concentration of reactants or products alters the equilibrium position, temperature changes affect the favorability of endothermic or exothermic reactions, and volume (or pressure) changes impact reactions involving gases. Therefore, all three factors influence equilibrium conditions.
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