1IP summer Anatomy and Physiology II OLCP.
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Free 1IP summer Anatomy and Physiology II OLCP. Questions
Which blood cell functions to transport gases to and from body tissues?
- erythrocyte
- leukocyte
- thrombocyte
- lymphocyte
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (A) erythrocyte
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide, allowing these cells to transport respiratory gases to and from the body's tissues as part of normal gas exchange.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. leukocyte — Leukocytes, or white blood cells, function in immune defense against pathogens and are not responsible for gas transport.
C. thrombocyte — Thrombocytes, or platelets, are responsible for blood clotting functions, not the transport of respiratory gases.
D. lymphocyte — Lymphocytes are a specific type of white blood cell involved in adaptive immune responses, such as antibody production, and do not transport gases.
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Cough
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Sneeze
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Yawn
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Hiccup
Explanation
A hiccup occurs due to an involuntary, spastic contraction of the diaphragm that happens while the glottis is closed. This sudden contraction causes air to rush against the closed glottis, producing the characteristic sound associated with hiccups.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Cough — A cough involves a forceful expulsion of air following a deep inhalation and a temporarily closed glottis, but it is triggered by irritation in the airway rather than a spastic diaphragm contraction alone.
B. Sneeze — A sneeze is a reflexive expulsion of air through the nose and mouth triggered by irritation of the nasal mucosa, and it does not involve a spastic diaphragm contraction against a closed glottis.
C. Yawn — A yawn involves a deep, prolonged inhalation with the mouth held wide open, which is a different mechanism entirely from the spastic diaphragm contraction seen in hiccups.
A patient comes to the hospital with a suspected case of MRSA, a dangerous bacterial infection. When doing a complete blood count (CBC), what blood component would you expect to be elevated?
- Red blood cells
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Monocytes
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (B) Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the primary white blood cells responsible for responding to acute bacterial infections. In a case of suspected MRSA, a dangerous bacterial pathogen, the body's immune response would trigger an increased production of neutrophils to fight the infection, resulting in an elevated neutrophil count on a CBC.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Red blood cells — Red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport and are not part of the immune response to bacterial infection, so they would not be expected to rise due to an infection like MRSA.
C. Eosinophils — Eosinophils primarily increase in response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions, not typical bacterial infections like MRSA.
D. Monocytes — Monocytes do play a role in immune defense and can increase with chronic infections, but neutrophils are the primary and most immediately elevated cell type in acute bacterial infections.
A drop of blood is in the right atrium. Where will it travel next?
- Through the mitral valve and into the left atrium.
- Through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. ‘
- Through the aortic valve and into the aorta.
- Through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (D) Through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle.
Deoxygenated blood entering the right atrium travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From there, it will be pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk toward the lungs for oxygenation, making the tricuspid valve and right ventricle the correct next destination for blood currently in the right atrium.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Through the mitral valve and into the left atrium. — The mitral valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood; blood in the right atrium has no direct pathway to the left atrium under normal circulation.
B. Through the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk. — The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk, so blood must first pass through the right ventricle before reaching this valve.
C. Through the aortic valve and into the aorta. — The aortic valve is on the left side of the heart, connecting the left ventricle to the aorta, and carries oxygenated blood destined for systemic circulation, not blood from the right atrium.
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Larynx
-
Hard palate
-
Soft palate
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Trachea
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Trachea The trachea is the cartilage-reinforced tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck into the thoracic cavity, where it bifurcates into the right and left primary bronchi to supply the lungs. In the image, the arrow points to this long tubular structure running down the anterior neck and connecting to the branching airways of the lungs, consistent with the trachea's course and role as the main conducting airway.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Larynx: The larynx is the short, box-like structure located at the top of the trachea, just below the pharynx, containing the vocal folds, and it is positioned higher in the neck rather than along the longer tubular segment indicated by the arrow.
B. Hard palate: The hard palate is the bony anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, located within the oral cavity, and it is entirely unrelated in position to the neck/airway structure indicated by the arrow.
C. Soft palate: The soft palate is the muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth that helps separate the oral and nasal cavities during swallowing, and like the hard palate, it is located within the head rather than along the tubular airway structure in the neck.
Explanation
Correct Answer: Stomach
The stomach is located directly inferior to the esophagus, connected at the gastroesophageal junction. Food travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is further broken down through mechanical churning and chemical digestion by gastric acid and enzymes.
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Pancreas
-
Stomach
-
Small intestine
-
Large intestine
Explanation
Haustra are the small pouch-like sacs formed by the muscular wall of the large intestine. These structures result from the contraction of the teniae coli, the longitudinal muscle bands, and give the large intestine its characteristic segmented appearance while aiding in the movement and processing of intestinal contents.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Pancreas — The pancreas is a glandular organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones, and it does not have a structural feature resembling haustra.
B. Stomach — The stomach contains folds called rugae, which allow for expansion, but these are distinct from the haustra found in the large intestine.
C. Small intestine — The small intestine features structures such as villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption, but it does not have haustra.
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Increased blood pH
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Increased blood PCO2
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Decreased body temperature
-
Decreased blood PCO2
Explanation
An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels (PCO2) causes a rightward shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, known as the Bohr effect. This shift reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, promoting the release of more oxygen to tissues, which is especially beneficial in metabolically active areas producing higher levels of carbon dioxide.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. Increased blood pH — A rise in blood pH, indicating more alkaline conditions, actually increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, causing it to hold onto oxygen more tightly and release less to the tissues.
C. Decreased body temperature — Lower body temperature increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, causing it to release less oxygen to surrounding tissues, which is the opposite of what promotes oxygen release.
D. Decreased blood PCO2 — A reduction in carbon dioxide levels shifts the curve leftward, increasing hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen and resulting in less oxygen being released to tissues.
-
esophagus; voluntary
-
esophagus; involuntary
-
oropharynx; involuntary
-
oropharynx; voluntary
Explanation
The first stage of swallowing, known as the voluntary phase, occurs when the tongue pushes the bolus of food into the oropharynx. This stage is under conscious control, allowing a person to decide when to initiate swallowing before the process becomes involuntary.
Why the other options are incorrect:
A. esophagus; voluntary — The bolus does not enter the esophagus during the first stage; it first passes into the oropharynx before the involuntary stages move it further along.
B. esophagus; involuntary — This is incorrect on two counts, as the first stage involves the oropharynx rather than the esophagus, and the initial movement of the bolus by the tongue is voluntary, not involuntary.
C. oropharynx; involuntary — While the bolus does move into the oropharynx, this initial action is consciously controlled and therefore voluntary, not involuntary.
Abnormal red blood cell counts have what consequences on health?
- Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood
- Altered heart rate and contractility
- Altered ability to clot blood
- Altered ability to fight infection
Explanation
Explanation:
Correct Answer: (A) Altered oxygen-carrying capability of blood
Since red blood cells are primarily responsible for carrying oxygen via hemoglobin, an abnormal red blood cell count — whether too high or too low — directly affects the blood's ability to transport oxygen efficiently to body tissues.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
B. Altered heart rate and contractility — While the heart may compensate for changes in oxygen delivery, heart rate and contractility are regulated by cardiac and autonomic mechanisms, not a direct consequence of red blood cell count itself.
C. Altered ability to clot blood — Clotting ability is primarily related to platelet count and clotting factors, not red blood cell count.
D. Altered ability to fight infection — Immune defense against infection is primarily carried out by white blood cells (leukocytes), not red blood cells.
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