D403 Understanding Substance Abuse and Addiction
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Free D403 Understanding Substance Abuse and Addiction Questions
1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the classification of narcotics?
- Narcotics are exclusively derived from natural sources and cannot be synthesized.
- Narcotics can be classified into three categories: naturally occurring, synthetic, and fully synthetic compounds.
- All narcotics are illegal substances with no medical use.
- Narcotics are primarily used for recreational purposes and have no therapeutic applications.
Explanation
Narcotics, also known as opioids, are classified based on their origin and chemical composition. They include naturally occurring compounds (such as morphine and codeine, derived from the opium poppy), semisynthetic narcotics (such as heroin and oxycodone, which are chemically modified natural opiates), and fully synthetic narcotics (such as fentanyl and methadone, which are entirely man-made). While some narcotics are abused for their euphoric effects, they also have legitimate medical applications, particularly in pain management and anesthesia.
2. At a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .05 to .06, which of the following effects is most likely to be experienced by an individual after consuming two standard drinks?
- Increased coordination and alertness
- Heightened anxiety and aggression
- Mild relaxation and warmth with slight impairment in reaction time
- Severe dizziness and loss of consciousness
Explanation
At a BAC of .05 to .06, an individual typically experiences mild relaxation, a sense of warmth, lowered inhibitions, and slightly impaired reaction time. This level of intoxication is often described as the point where alcohol begins to noticeably affect coordination and judgment while still producing a feeling of well-being. However, cognitive and motor impairments become more apparent as BAC increases beyond this range. It is important to note that even at this level, driving or performing tasks requiring quick reflexes is unsafe due to reduced reaction speed and alertness.
3. When you drink alcohol:
- Physical coordination is affected before your mental judgment.
- Both physical coordination and your mental judgment are affected at the same time.
- Neither mental judgment nor physical coordination is affected.
- Mental judgment is affected before your physical coordination.
Explanation
When alcohol enters the bloodstream, it first affects the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain responsible for decision-making, reasoning, and self-control. This means mental judgment is impaired before physical coordination, leading individuals to underestimate their level of intoxication. As blood alcohol concentration increases, alcohol then impacts motor areas such as the cerebellum, resulting in slowed reflexes, poor coordination, and balance problems.
4. What is Dopamine?
- A neurotransmitter that sends messages between nerve cells
- Dopamine plays a role as a 'reward center' for how we feel pleasure
- It is sometimes called a 'chemical messenger'
- Some mental health disorders are linked to too much or too little dopamine in different parts of the brain
Explanation
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter—often referred to as a “chemical messenger”—that transmits signals between nerve cells in the brain. It plays a crucial role in regulating mood, motivation, pleasure, and movement. The brain’s reward system heavily depends on dopamine to reinforce behaviors that are pleasurable or rewarding, such as eating or social interaction. Imbalances in dopamine levels are associated with several mental health and neurological disorders; for instance, excessive dopamine activity is linked to schizophrenia, while too little dopamine is connected to Parkinson’s disease.
5. A neurotransmitter that affects hunger, sleep, arousal, and mood. Inhibitory for senses
- histamine
- NE
- serotonin
Explanation
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. It acts primarily as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, helping to balance excessive stimulation in the brain and contributing to emotional stability and relaxation. Low levels of serotonin are associated with conditions such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Many antidepressant medications, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain to improve mood and overall well-being.
6. During the second stage of addiction, individuals often begin to use substances regularly. What are some common behavioral changes that may indicate this progression?
- Increased social interactions and improved relationships
- Regular use of substances alone, often to cope with stress or anxiety
- Complete cessation of substance use and improved mental clarity
- Engaging in new hobbies and activities unrelated to substance use
Explanation
In the second stage of addiction, known as regular use, individuals begin to incorporate substance use into their daily routines. They may use alone or turn to substances as a coping mechanism for stress, anxiety, or emotional pain. Behavioral signs include declining performance at work or school, withdrawal from family and friends, and neglect of responsibilities. This stage marks a critical transition from experimental or social use to psychological dependence, where the person begins to rely on the substance for emotional regulation.
7. What is the primary way in which alcohol impacts the central nervous system, particularly in terms of neurotransmitter activity?
- It enhances the release of dopamine, leading to increased pleasure.
- It inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in heightened anxiety.
- It acts as a stimulant, increasing overall brain activity.
- It enhances GABA activity, leading to sedative effects.
Explanation
Alcohol primarily acts as a central nervous system depressant by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain’s main inhibitory neurotransmitter. By amplifying GABA’s calming effects, alcohol slows down neural communication, leading to relaxation, sedation, and decreased motor coordination. Simultaneously, alcohol inhibits excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, further suppressing brain activity. These combined effects contribute to the feelings of calmness and loss of inhibition experienced during intoxication, while excessive consumption can lead to severe impairment or unconsciousness.
8. Which statement best describes the actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
- The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
- A substance that binds with a CNS receptor to excite a postsynaptic neuron
- An unpleasant emotional state consisting of apprehension, fear, and feelings of danger
- A natural substance commonly used to treat anxiety
Explanation
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning it reduces neuronal excitability throughout the central nervous system (CNS). It works by binding to GABA receptors on neurons, allowing negatively charged ions to enter and make the neuron less likely to fire. This inhibitory effect helps maintain balance in brain activity, preventing overstimulation and anxiety. Many anti-anxiety medications, such as benzodiazepines, enhance the action of GABA, promoting calmness and relaxation.
9. White heroin powder
- Is pure heroin
- Can be snorted or made into a liquid and injected intravenously
- Both are true
- Neither are true
Explanation
White heroin powder is a refined form of heroin that is typically of high purity and can be snorted or dissolved in water for intravenous injection. It is most commonly found in regions where heroin production methods yield a more refined product. Due to its purity and versatile methods of administration, it carries a significant risk of overdose, as users may underestimate its potency compared to impure or "cut" forms of the drug.
10. What is the primary mechanism believed to cause blackouts during heavy alcohol consumption?
- Disruption of memory processing in the brain
- Psychological trauma from events
- Physical loss of consciousness
- Increased production of neurotransmitters
Explanation
Blackouts caused by heavy alcohol consumption occur due to a disruption in memory processing, particularly in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for forming new memories. Alcohol impairs the brain’s ability to transfer information from short-term to long-term storage, meaning events experienced during intoxication are not recorded. During blackouts, individuals may appear awake and functioning but will have no memory of their actions afterward. This effect is distinct from passing out or losing consciousness—it’s a cognitive failure rather than a physical one.
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