SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
1. Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate?
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Epithelial
- All of the above tissues have about equal ability to regenerate
Explanation
Epithelial tissue has the highest regenerative capacity in the body. It lines surfaces and organs and covers the body, meaning it experiences constant wear and tear. To maintain integrity and function, epithelial cells divide rapidly and replace damaged or dead cells efficiently, making this tissue highly regenerative.
2. Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by:
- A relative lack of ATP
- High levels of lactate
- Failure of the sodium-potassium pumps
- All of the above
Explanation
Physiological muscle fatigue results from multiple factors affecting energy supply and ionic balance. A relative lack of ATP limits the muscle’s ability to sustain contraction. Accumulation of lactate during anaerobic metabolism interferes with enzyme activity and pH balance, reducing contractile efficiency. Failure of sodium-potassium pumps disrupts resting membrane potential and action potential propagation, further decreasing muscle function. Together, these lead to diminished strength and inability to maintain contraction.
3. The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _______ phase.
- Proliferative
- Follicular
- Luteal
- Estrogenic
Explanation
The luteal phase begins after ovulation (release of the ovum) and continues until the start of menstruation. During this phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone (and some estrogen), preparing the endometrium for possible implantation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels fall, and menstruation begins.
4. The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are):
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Proteins
- Phosphate
Explanation
At rest, potassium ions (K⁺) are the primary ions able to diffuse across the neuron's membrane through leak channels. This movement helps maintain the resting membrane potential by allowing more potassium to leave the cell than sodium enters. The selective permeability to potassium is essential for establishing the negative electrical charge inside the neuron at rest.
5. The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
Explanation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is part of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and energy balance.
6. For the body to maintain an acid-base balance, which of the following is (are) necessary?
- Buffering
- Respirations
- Urine secretion
- All of the above
Explanation
Acid-base balance is maintained through three coordinated mechanisms: chemical buffers, respiratory regulation, and kidney excretion. Buffers respond immediately to neutralize excess acids or bases. The respiratory system adjusts the rate and depth of breathing to control CO₂ (a major acid component). The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate to fine-tune long-term pH control. Together, they maintain blood pH in a narrow range necessary for enzyme and metabolic function.
7. Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system?
- It produces gametes.
- It is called the testis in the male.
- It is called the gonad in both sexes.
- All of the above are true.
Explanation
The essential organs of the reproductive system, called gonads, are responsible for producing gametes (sex cells). In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm, and in females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce ova (eggs). Because all statements correctly describe the essential reproductive organs and their functions, option D is correct.
8. The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the
- Thalamus
- Thyroid
- Thymus
- Spleen
Explanation
The thymus is the primary organ of the lymphatic system. It plays a critical role in immunity by producing and maturing T-lymphocytes (T-cells), which are essential for adaptive immune responses. The thymus is most active during childhood and adolescence, then gradually decreases in size with age, but remains an essential immune organ.
9. All of the following substances are organic except:
- Lipids
- Electrolytes
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
Explanation
Electrolytes are inorganic compounds such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. They dissolve in water and dissociate into ions, enabling nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Because they do not contain carbon–hydrogen bonds as the primary structural framework, they are classified as inorganic substances.
10. All of the following are examples of passive transport except:
- Filtration
- Osmosis
- Endocytosis
- Dialysis
Explanation
Endocytosis is not a passive transport process. It is an active transport mechanism in which the cell uses energy (ATP) to engulf large particles, liquids, or even other cells by forming vesicles from its plasma membrane. Because it requires cellular energy and membrane movement, it does not occur passively and is classified under active transport mechanisms like phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
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