SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate?
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Muscle
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Nervous
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Epithelial
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All of the above tissues have about equal ability to regenerate
Explanation
Epithelial tissue has the highest regenerative capacity in the body. It lines surfaces and organs and covers the body, meaning it experiences constant wear and tear. To maintain integrity and function, epithelial cells divide rapidly and replace damaged or dead cells efficiently, making this tissue highly regenerative.
The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is:
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Estrogen
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Oxytocin
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Prolactin
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Estrogen
Explanation
Prolactin stimulates the alveolar cells of the mammary glands to produce and secrete milk. It is released from the anterior pituitary gland, especially after childbirth, when progesterone and estrogen levels drop. Prolactin ensures continuous milk synthesis while breastfeeding continues, responding to nipple stimulation and infant suckling.
Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as:
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Hemoglobin
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Osteons
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Erythroblasts
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Hematopoietic stem cells
Explanation
Erythrocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells (also called hemocytoblasts) in red bone marrow. These multipotent stem cells give rise to all blood cell lines. From this point, the erythroid lineage proceeds through stages including proerythroblast, erythroblast, and reticulocyte, eventually maturing into erythrocytes. Hematopoietic stem cells are nucleated and represent the true beginning of the erythropoiesis process.
Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones?
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Mineral storage
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Protection
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Hormonal production
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Hematopoiesis
Explanation
Bones perform many essential functions, but hormonal production is not considered a primary function of the skeletal system. While bone tissue can release signaling molecules like osteocalcin, the classic primary roles involve structure, support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Hormone secretion is mainly the function of endocrine glands, not bones.
Which is not a function of epithelial tissue?
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Absorption
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Secretion
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Assimilation
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Protection
Explanation
Assimilation is not a function of epithelial tissue. Assimilation refers to the metabolic process by which absorbed nutrients are incorporated into body tissues—this is a cellular metabolic function, not a role of epithelial cells specifically. Epithelial tissues participate in lining, covering, protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation, but they do not chemically integrate nutrients into body tissues.
The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are):
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Sodium
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Potassium
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Proteins
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Phosphate
Explanation
At rest, potassium ions (K⁺) are the primary ions able to diffuse across the neuron's membrane through leak channels. This movement helps maintain the resting membrane potential by allowing more potassium to leave the cell than sodium enters. The selective permeability to potassium is essential for establishing the negative electrical charge inside the neuron at rest.
The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that:
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Tropomyosin returns to its original position.
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Myosin cross-bridges are prevented from binding to actin.
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs.
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Acetylcholine is released.
Explanation
Muscle relaxation begins when the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) actively pumps calcium ions back into its storage sacs. As calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall, calcium releases from troponin, causing tropomyosin to cover actin’s active sites. This prevents further cross-bridge formation, breaking the interaction between actin and myosin and leading to muscle relaxation. ATP is required for calcium reuptake, making this the first active step in stopping contraction.
Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex?
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Viruses
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Tapeworms
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Bacteria
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Protozoa
Explanation
Tapeworms are the most complex among the listed pathogenic organisms. They are multicellular helminths (parasitic worms) with specialized organ systems for reproduction, digestion (absorbing nutrients through their body surface), and attachment to host tissue. Their complexity exceeds that of protozoa, bacteria, or viruses because they possess differentiated tissues and organ systems similar to other multicellular animals.
The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the:
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Medulla
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Pons
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Cerebellum
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Hypothalamus
Explanation
The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating balance, posture, and smooth voluntary movements. It receives input from the inner ear (vestibular system), vision, and proprioceptors in muscles and joints. By integrating this sensory information, the cerebellum fine-tunes motor activity and maintains equilibrium, allowing coordinated and steady movements.
The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of:
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Dialysis
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Osmosis
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Diffusion
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Filtration
Explanation
Filtration is the movement of water and solutes across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure differences. This process occurs when fluid is pushed through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure, carrying dissolved substances with it. A common example is the filtration of blood in the kidneys, where hydrostatic pressure forces plasma and solutes out of the capillaries into the nephron.
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