SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
1. If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose __________ related to that pathway.
- A. Sensory perception
- B. Only reflex activity
- C. Both reflex activity and sensation
- D. Willed movement
Explanation
The ventral (anterior) nerve root carries motor (efferent) signals from the spinal cord to the muscles. Destruction of this pathway prevents motor impulses from reaching muscles, resulting in the inability to perform voluntary or willed movement on the affected side. The individual would experience paralysis of muscles innervated by that root while sensation remains intact because sensory fibers travel through the dorsal root.
2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue?
- A. Forms glands that secrete substances into and out of the body
- B. Is important in communication and control
- C. Covers and protects body surfaces
- D. Lines the interior of body cavities
Explanation
Communication and control are primarily functions of the nervous and endocrine systems, not epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue plays roles in protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, excretion, and sensation, but it is not the main tissue for communication or regulation.
3. In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the:
- A. Osteoblasts
- B. Osteocytes
- C. Osteoclasts
- D. Chondrocytes
Explanation
Osteoblasts are the bone-forming cells responsible for producing the organic matrix of bone, known as osteoid. This matrix consists primarily of collagen fibers and proteins, which later become mineralized with calcium salts to form hardened bone. Osteoblast activity is essential for bone growth, remodeling, and repair.
4. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the:
- A. Central canal
- B. Choroid plexuses
- C. Subarachnoid space
- D. Arachnoid villi
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced primarily by the choroid plexuses, networks of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the brain's ventricles. These structures filter blood plasma and secrete CSF, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning, nutrient transport, and waste removal.
5. Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or "crude" sensation awareness?
- A. Thalamus
- B. Cerebellum
- C. Brainstem
- D. Cerebral cortex
Explanation
The thalamus acts as the major relay station for sensory information traveling to the cerebral cortex. When sensory input reaches the thalamus, it can generate crude awareness of sensation, such as general touch or pain, but without precise localization or fine discrimination. Exact interpretation occurs later in the cerebral cortex, but the thalamus provides initial, imprecise awareness.
6. Which of the following constitutes total lung volume?
- A. Residual volume and vital capacity
- B. Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
- C. Residual volume and tidal volume
- D. Vital capacity and tidal volume
Explanation
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. It is calculated by combining residual volume (RV)—the air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration—and vital capacity (VC)—the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. Thus, TLC = RV + VC. This measurement provides a full assessment of lung volume, including air that cannot be voluntarily exhaled.
7. --------------------- is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.
- A. Spectrin
- B. Hematocrit
- C. Hematopoiesis
- D. Hemocytometer
Explanation
Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in whole blood. It is determined by centrifuging a blood sample so that RBCs separate from plasma. The resulting value reflects oxygen-carrying capacity and is useful in diagnosing anemia, dehydration, polycythemia, and other hematologic conditions.
8. Positive-feedback control systems:
- A. Ignore a change.
- B. Have no effect on the deviation from set point.
- C. Accelerate a change.
- D. Do not exist in human systems.
Explanation
Positive-feedback systems amplify or accelerate a deviation from the set point, pushing the body further away from normal rather than correcting it. These mechanisms are used when a rapid, self-reinforcing event is needed, such as childbirth contractions (oxytocin release) or blood clotting. Positive feedback continues until a specific goal is achieved, after which it stops.
9. Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be:
- A. No movement of water or glucose
- B. Movement of glucose but not water
- C. Movement of water but not glucose
- D. An even exchange of material across the membrane
Explanation
When dynamic equilibrium is reached, molecules continue to move, but there is no net movement in either direction. Since the membrane allows both glucose and water to pass, they will move back and forth equally, maintaining equal concentrations on both sides. This results in balanced, continuous exchange, not a complete stop in movement.
10. Which is not a function of epithelial tissue?
- A. Absorption
- B. Secretion
- C. Assimilation
- D. Protection
Explanation
Assimilation is not a function of epithelial tissue. Assimilation refers to the metabolic process by which absorbed nutrients are incorporated into body tissues—this is a cellular metabolic function, not a role of epithelial cells specifically. Epithelial tissues participate in lining, covering, protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation, but they do not chemically integrate nutrients into body tissues.
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