SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
1. Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex?
- Viruses
- Tapeworms
- Bacteria
- Protozoa
Explanation
Tapeworms are the most complex among the listed pathogenic organisms. They are multicellular helminths (parasitic worms) with specialized organ systems for reproduction, digestion (absorbing nutrients through their body surface), and attachment to host tissue. Their complexity exceeds that of protozoa, bacteria, or viruses because they possess differentiated tissues and organ systems similar to other multicellular animals.
2. Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of cartilage, known as the ________, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
- Ossification plate
- Proliferating zone
- Zone of hypertrophy
- Epiphyseal plate
Explanation
The epiphyseal plate (growth plate) is the layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis in long bones. It is responsible for longitudinal bone growth during childhood and adolescence. Chondrocytes proliferate and mature in the plate, and osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal side. When growth is complete, the plate ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.
3. The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including:
- Touch
- Temperature
- Pain
- All of the above
Explanation
Somatic senses include touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and proprioception. These sensations arise from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and connective tissues. They provide critical information about external stimuli and body position, allowing appropriate protective and motor responses. Somatic sensory pathways transmit signals to the brain for perception and interpretation.
4. Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir?
- Thymus
- Thyroid
- Spleen
- Thalamus
Explanation
The spleen plays multiple vital roles in the body. It filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells and platelets, serves as a blood reservoir, supports immune defense by producing lymphocytes and macrophages, and participates in hematopoiesis (especially before birth and in severe anemia). Its multifunctional role in immunity and blood maintenance makes it a key organ in the lymphatic system.
5. A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called
- Leukocytosis
- Leukopenia
- Differential white blood cell count
- Hemostasis
Explanation
Leukopenia refers to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. This condition weakens the body’s immune defenses, increasing susceptibility to infection. It can result from factors such as chemotherapy, radiation, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow suppression. Monitoring WBC levels is critical in clients with immunosuppressive conditions or treatments to prevent and promptly manage infections.
6. Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be:
- No movement of water or glucose
- Movement of glucose but not water
- Movement of water but not glucose
- An even exchange of material across the membrane
Explanation
When dynamic equilibrium is reached, molecules continue to move, but there is no net movement in either direction. Since the membrane allows both glucose and water to pass, they will move back and forth equally, maintaining equal concentrations on both sides. This results in balanced, continuous exchange, not a complete stop in movement.
7. If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose __________ related to that pathway.
- Sensory perception
- Only reflex activity
- Both reflex activity and sensation
- Willed movement
Explanation
The ventral (anterior) nerve root carries motor (efferent) signals from the spinal cord to the muscles. Destruction of this pathway prevents motor impulses from reaching muscles, resulting in the inability to perform voluntary or willed movement on the affected side. The individual would experience paralysis of muscles innervated by that root while sensation remains intact because sensory fibers travel through the dorsal root.
8. The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately ______ meters per second.
- 60
- 85
- 130
- 190
Explanation
The fastest nerve fibers are large, myelinated A-alpha motor neurons, which can conduct impulses at speeds up to 120–130 m/s. Their large diameter and heavy myelination allow rapid saltatory conduction, enabling quick reflexes and fast voluntary motor responses, essential for functions such as postural control and rapid movement.
9. Which of the following constitutes total lung volume?
- Residual volume and vital capacity
- Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
- Residual volume and tidal volume
- Vital capacity and tidal volume
Explanation
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. It is calculated by combining residual volume (RV)—the air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration—and vital capacity (VC)—the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. Thus, TLC = RV + VC. This measurement provides a full assessment of lung volume, including air that cannot be voluntarily exhaled.
10. Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones?
- Mineral storage
- Protection
- Hormonal production
- Hematopoiesis
Explanation
Bones perform many essential functions, but hormonal production is not considered a primary function of the skeletal system. While bone tissue can release signaling molecules like osteocalcin, the classic primary roles involve structure, support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. Hormone secretion is mainly the function of endocrine glands, not bones.
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