SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be:
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Plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid
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Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma
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Intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid
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Plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid
Explanation
The majority of body fluid is located inside cells, known as intracellular fluid (ICF). The next largest compartment is interstitial fluid, which surrounds cells. The smallest major fluid compartment is plasma, the liquid component of blood. Therefore, the fluid volume hierarchy from greatest to least is:
Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction?
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Isotonic
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Flaccid
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Treppe
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Isometric
Explanation
An isometric contraction occurs when a muscle contracts and develops tension, but no movement occurs because the load is too heavy to overcome. The muscle fibers generate force and increase internal tension, yet the muscle length remains the same. Attempting to lift an immovable or excessively heavy object is a classic example of an isometric contraction, as the muscle works without shortening or producing joint movement.
Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system?
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Prostate
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Seminal vesicle
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Bulbourethral gland
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Cowper gland
Explanation
The prostate gland is a single, unpaired gland in the male reproductive system. It secretes a milky, alkaline fluid that makes up part of semen and enhances sperm mobility and longevity. Because it is not paired, it is the correct answer.
Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus?
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Oropharynx
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Nasopharynx
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Larynx
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Mouth
Explanation
The oropharynx is the passageway food travels through during swallowing, so it is not blocked. Food naturally passes from the mouth → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → esophagus. Structures that prevent food from entering other pathways (nasal cavity and airway) must close, but the oropharynx must remain open to allow food passage.
A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called
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Leukocytosis
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Leukopenia
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Differential white blood cell count
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Hemostasis
Explanation
Leukopenia refers to a decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the bloodstream. This condition weakens the body’s immune defenses, increasing susceptibility to infection. It can result from factors such as chemotherapy, radiation, viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and bone marrow suppression. Monitoring WBC levels is critical in clients with immunosuppressive conditions or treatments to prevent and promptly manage infections.
For the body to maintain an acid-base balance, which of the following is (are) necessary?
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Buffering
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Respirations
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Urine secretion
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All of the above
Explanation
Acid-base balance is maintained through three coordinated mechanisms: chemical buffers, respiratory regulation, and kidney excretion. Buffers respond immediately to neutralize excess acids or bases. The respiratory system adjusts the rate and depth of breathing to control CO₂ (a major acid component). The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate to fine-tune long-term pH control. Together, they maintain blood pH in a narrow range necessary for enzyme and metabolic function.
The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
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Anterior pituitary
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Posterior pituitary
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Thyroid gland
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Parathyroid gland
Explanation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is part of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and energy balance.
Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir?
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Thymus
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Thyroid
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Spleen
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Thalamus
Explanation
The spleen plays multiple vital roles in the body. It filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells and platelets, serves as a blood reservoir, supports immune defense by producing lymphocytes and macrophages, and participates in hematopoiesis (especially before birth and in severe anemia). Its multifunctional role in immunity and blood maintenance makes it a key organ in the lymphatic system.
Which lipid is part of vitamin D?
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Glycerol
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Steroids
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Prostaglandins
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Fatty acids
Explanation
Vitamin D is classified as a steroid-derived lipid. Steroids have a four-ring carbon structure and include cholesterol, bile salts, sex hormones, cortisol, and vitamin D. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from cholesterol, making steroids the correct group. This lipid structure is essential for hormone-like function and calcium metabolism regulation in the body.
Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the:
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Heart
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Lungs
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Bones
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Intestines
Explanation
Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation, and it occurs in the red bone marrow found in bones such as the sternum, pelvis, ribs, and vertebrae. This tissue produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets — essential for oxygen transport, immune function, and clotting.
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