SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
1. The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _______ phase.
- Proliferative
- Follicular
- Luteal
- Estrogenic
Explanation
The luteal phase begins after ovulation (release of the ovum) and continues until the start of menstruation. During this phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone (and some estrogen), preparing the endometrium for possible implantation. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, hormone levels fall, and menstruation begins.
2. Cardiac output is determined by
- Stroke volume and blood pressure
- Heart rate and blood pressure
- Stroke volume and heart rate
- Stroke volume and peripheral resistance
Explanation
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (amount of blood ejected with each beat) by heart rate (beats per minute). Thus, CO = SV × HR. Any factor that increases or decreases either heart rate or stroke volume will directly change cardiac output, which is essential for maintaining adequate tissue perfusion.
3. Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system?
- It produces gametes.
- It is called the testis in the male.
- It is called the gonad in both sexes.
- All of the above are true.
Explanation
The essential organs of the reproductive system, called gonads, are responsible for producing gametes (sex cells). In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm, and in females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce ova (eggs). Because all statements correctly describe the essential reproductive organs and their functions, option D is correct.
4. The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin:
- Causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content
- Opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells
- Stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder
- Does all of the above
Explanation
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released from the small intestine in response to fats and proteins. It has multiple actions:
• Stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich digestive juices (supporting Answer A)
• Causes gallbladder contraction, releasing bile to aid fat digestion (supporting Answer C)
• Inhibits gastric emptying and counters gastrin to slow stomach activity, preventing overload of the duodenum (supporting Answer B)
Thus, CCK performs all of these functions.
• Stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich digestive juices (supporting Answer A)
• Causes gallbladder contraction, releasing bile to aid fat digestion (supporting Answer C)
• Inhibits gastric emptying and counters gastrin to slow stomach activity, preventing overload of the duodenum (supporting Answer B)
Thus, CCK performs all of these functions.
5. The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
Explanation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is part of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and energy balance.
6. Homeostasis can best be described as:
- A constant state maintained by living and nonliving organisms.
- A state of relative constancy.
- Adaptation to the external environment.
- Changes in body temperature.
Explanation
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain internal stability despite external changes. It is not an absolute or fixed condition, but a dynamic, constantly adjusting process that keeps physiological parameters (such as temperature, pH, and electrolyte levels) within a normal range. This relative constancy supports normal cellular function and overall survival.
7. Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are:
- Osteoclasts
- Osteons
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
Explanation
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells responsible for producing the organic bone matrix (osteoid), composed of collagen and ground substance. This matrix later mineralizes to form hard bone tissue. Osteoblasts are essential for bone growth, remodeling, and fracture repair.
8. Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver?
- Hepatic artery
- Hepatic vein
- Portal vein
- Renal artery
Explanation
The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This allows the liver to process nutrients, detoxify harmful substances, store glucose as glycogen, and metabolize drugs before the blood enters systemic circulation. This is known as the hepatic portal circulation, a key feature in digestion and metabolism.
9. Hematopoiesis is carried out in the:
- Osteoclasts
- Osteocytes
- Yellow bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
Explanation
Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation, occurs primarily in the red bone marrow. This tissue produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red marrow is found in spongy bone regions such as the sternum, ribs, pelvis, vertebrae, skull, and proximal ends of long bones in adults. It is essential for maintaining adequate blood cell levels for oxygen transport, immunity, and clotting.
10. Which of the following constitutes total lung volume?
- Residual volume and vital capacity
- Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
- Residual volume and tidal volume
- Vital capacity and tidal volume
Explanation
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. It is calculated by combining residual volume (RV)—the air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration—and vital capacity (VC)—the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. Thus, TLC = RV + VC. This measurement provides a full assessment of lung volume, including air that cannot be voluntarily exhaled.
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