SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam Questions
1. The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are:
- A. Glycerol and fatty acids
- B. Glucose and glycerol
- C. Amino acids and fatty acids
- D. Glucose and amino acids
Explanation
Lipids are digested into fatty acids and glycerol, which are absorbed by intestinal cells and then packaged into chylomicrons. These chylomicrons enter the lacteals (lymph capillaries) rather than blood capillaries because their large size prevents direct entry into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system then transports these lipids to the circulatory system.
2. The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are
- A. Fluid balance and waste removal
- B. Fluid balance and immunity
- C. Immunity and waste removal
- D. Waste removal and gas exchange
Explanation
The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance by returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and prevents tissue swelling (edema). It also plays a key role in immunity by producing and housing lymphocytes, filtering lymph through lymph nodes, and initiating immune responses against pathogens. These two functions are essential for maintaining internal stability and defense against disease.
3. DNA:
- A. Is a single strand of nucleotides.
- B. Contains the sugar ribose.
- C. Is a double-helix strand of nucleotides.
- D. Transports amino acids during protein synthesis.
Explanation
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) consists of two complementary strands of nucleotides twisted into a double-helix structure. It contains the genetic code that directs protein synthesis and transmits hereditary information. The sugar in DNA nucleotides is deoxyribose, and its bases include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The double-helix structure is essential for replication and genetic stability.
4. The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that:
- A. Tropomyosin returns to its original position.
- B. Myosin cross-bridges are prevented from binding to actin.
- C. The sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs.
- D. Acetylcholine is released.
Explanation
Muscle relaxation begins when the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) actively pumps calcium ions back into its storage sacs. As calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall, calcium releases from troponin, causing tropomyosin to cover actin’s active sites. This prevents further cross-bridge formation, breaking the interaction between actin and myosin and leading to muscle relaxation. ATP is required for calcium reuptake, making this the first active step in stopping contraction.
5. The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
- A. Anterior pituitary
- B. Posterior pituitary
- C. Thyroid gland
- D. Parathyroid gland
Explanation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is part of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and energy balance.
6. The vagus is said to act as a "brake" on the heart. This situation is called:
- A. Cardiac inhibition
- B. Coronary inhibition
- C. Vagal inhibition
- D. Autonomic inhibition
Explanation
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) supplies parasympathetic fibers to the heart. When stimulated, it slows the heart rate by decreasing SA node activity and slowing AV node conduction. This slowing effect is known as cardiac inhibition. It functions like a "brake," counteracting sympathetic stimulation that speeds up the heart.
7. Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus?
- A. Production of hormones
- B. "Go between" of the psyche and the soma
- C. Appetite center
- D. Regulation of motor activity
Explanation
The hypothalamus does not regulate motor activity. Motor activity is primarily controlled by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex. The hypothalamus is instead responsible for autonomic and endocrine regulation, emotional responses, homeostasis, and behaviors necessary for survival. While it influences muscle tone indirectly via autonomic effects, it does not directly coordinate or control motor movement.
8. The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including:
- A. Touch
- B. Temperature
- C. Pain
- D. All of the above
Explanation
Somatic senses include touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and proprioception. These sensations arise from receptors in the skin, muscles, joints, and connective tissues. They provide critical information about external stimuli and body position, allowing appropriate protective and motor responses. Somatic sensory pathways transmit signals to the brain for perception and interpretation.
9. Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be:
- A. No movement of water or glucose
- B. Movement of glucose but not water
- C. Movement of water but not glucose
- D. An even exchange of material across the membrane
Explanation
When dynamic equilibrium is reached, molecules continue to move, but there is no net movement in either direction. Since the membrane allows both glucose and water to pass, they will move back and forth equally, maintaining equal concentrations on both sides. This results in balanced, continuous exchange, not a complete stop in movement.
10. Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease?
- A. Environment
- B. Stress
- C. Lifestyle
- D. All of the above
Explanation
Disease risk is influenced by multiple interacting factors, including environment (pollutants, toxins, climate), stress (which affects immune and hormonal systems), and lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use, sleep). Since all of these factors can increase susceptibility to illness or trigger disease processes, the correct answer is “All of the above.”
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