SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221-Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
1. Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body?
- A. Proteins
- B. Salts
- C. Lipids
- D. Nucleic acids
Explanation
Salts are inorganic compounds composed of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. They dissolve in body fluids to conduct electrical impulses, maintain fluid balance, and support nerve and muscle function, but they do not contain the carbon–hydrogen structure characteristic of organic molecules.
2. Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles?
- A. Movement
- B. Protection
- C. Heat production
- D. Posture
Explanation
Protection is not considered one of the major functions of muscles. Although muscles can provide a layer of soft tissue over organs, their primary role is not protection. The three primary functions of muscular tissue are movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat through contraction. While muscles may offer some cushioning around organs, protection is mainly carried out by bones and connective tissues, not muscle tissue.
3. An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is:
- A. Neoplasms
- B. Paget's disease
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Osteomalacia
Explanation
Osteoporosis is an age-related metabolic bone disease marked by decreased bone mineral density and deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in fragile bones and increased fracture risk. It commonly affects postmenopausal women and elderly individuals due to hormonal changes, decreased calcium absorption, and reduced osteoblast activity. Weight-bearing exercise, calcium, vitamin D, and medications may help prevent progression.
4. Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease?
- A. Environment
- B. Stress
- C. Lifestyle
- D. All of the above
Explanation
Disease risk is influenced by multiple interacting factors, including environment (pollutants, toxins, climate), stress (which affects immune and hormonal systems), and lifestyle choices (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use, sleep). Since all of these factors can increase susceptibility to illness or trigger disease processes, the correct answer is “All of the above.”
5. The main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is:
- A. Only one parent is needed.
- B. All the offspring are identical.
- C. There is greater diversity in the offspring.
- D. More offspring are produced.
Explanation
Sexual reproduction results in genetic variation because offspring inherit a combination of genes from two parents. This genetic diversity increases a species' ability to adapt to changing environments, resist diseases, and survive long-term evolutionary pressures. Variation within a population enhances natural selection and improves overall survival potential.
6. The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
- A. Anterior pituitary
- B. Posterior pituitary
- C. Thyroid gland
- D. Parathyroid gland
Explanation
The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). This is part of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, which regulates metabolism, growth, and energy balance.
7. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the:
- A. Central canal
- B. Choroid plexuses
- C. Subarachnoid space
- D. Arachnoid villi
Explanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced primarily by the choroid plexuses, networks of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the brain's ventricles. These structures filter blood plasma and secrete CSF, which circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning, nutrient transport, and waste removal.
8. The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are:
- A. Glycerol and fatty acids
- B. Glucose and glycerol
- C. Amino acids and fatty acids
- D. Glucose and amino acids
Explanation
Lipids are digested into fatty acids and glycerol, which are absorbed by intestinal cells and then packaged into chylomicrons. These chylomicrons enter the lacteals (lymph capillaries) rather than blood capillaries because their large size prevents direct entry into the bloodstream. The lymphatic system then transports these lipids to the circulatory system.
9. Which of the following is not true of enzymes?
- A. They accelerate chemical reactions.
- B. They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction.
- C. They are vital to chemical reactions.
- D. Many contain vitamins in their structure.
Explanation
Enzymes do not change chemically or become part of the end products in the reactions they catalyze. They are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy and remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can be used repeatedly for the same reaction type, making option B the statement that is not true about enzymes.
10. The main factor determining male fertility is the:
- A. Size of the sperm
- B. Number of sperm ejaculated
- C. Shape of the sperm
- D. Motility of the sperm
Explanation
The motility of sperm is the most critical factor in male fertility. Even if sperm count and morphology are normal, sperm must be able to move effectively to travel through the female reproductive tract and reach the ovum for fertilization. High motility increases the likelihood of successful conception by ensuring sperm can navigate cervical mucus, the uterus, and fallopian tubes.
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