BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System…

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Ace Your Test with BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System… Actual Questions and Solutions - Full Set

Free BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System… Questions

1.

The Haldane Effect refers to the effect of ________ loading onto or unloading off of hemoglobin and hemoglobin’s ability to bind ________ in an RBC.

  • O₂, H⁺

  • O₂, CO₂

  • CO₂, O₂

  • H⁺, O₂

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: C) CO₂, O₂

The Haldane effect describes how the binding and release of carbon dioxide by hemoglobin are influenced by oxygen levels. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it reduces hemoglobin’s ability to carry carbon dioxide, promoting CO₂ release in the lungs. Conversely, when oxygen is unloaded in tissues, hemoglobin can carry more CO₂.

2.

Which statement about CO₂ is FALSE?

  • Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH

  • Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilatio

  • More CO₂ dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

  • CO₂ concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: C) More CO₂ dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions formed within red blood cells, not simply dissolved in plasma. Only a small portion of CO₂ is dissolved directly in plasma. Therefore, stating that more CO₂ dissolves in plasma than is carried in RBCs is incorrect.

CO₂ accumulation lowers pH, hyperventilation reduces CO₂ levels, and venous blood contains more CO₂ than arterial blood.

3.

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

  • partial pressure of carbon dioxide

  • partial pressure of oxygen

  • temperature

  • number of red blood cells

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: D) number of red blood cells

Oxygen binding and release from hemoglobin are influenced by factors such as partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature, and pH. These factors affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and are central to processes like the Bohr effect.

The number of red blood cells affects overall oxygen-carrying capacity but does not directly influence the binding or dissociation behavior of hemoglobin at the molecular level.

4.

Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?

  • nitric oxide

  • 2,3-BPG

  • temperature

  • partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: A) nitric oxide

Hemoglobin saturation is influenced by factors such as 2,3-BPG, temperature, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, all of which affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen. These factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

Nitric oxide plays a role in vasodilation but does not directly affect hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity.

5.

The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions?

  • increased pH and PCO₂

  • increased pH and decreased PCO₂

  • decreased pH and PCO₂

  • decreased pH and increased PCO₂

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: D) decreased pH and increased PCO₂

The Bohr effect explains how hemoglobin releases oxygen more easily in environments with increased carbon dioxide and decreased pH (more acidic conditions). These conditions are typically found in actively metabolizing tissues, where oxygen is most needed.

Lower pH and higher CO₂ reduce hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading. Higher pH and lower CO₂ would increase oxygen binding instead.

6.

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________

  • protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

  • secrete surfactant

  • replace mucus in the alveoli

  • trap dust and other debris

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: B) secrete surfactant

Type II alveolar cells are responsible for producing and secreting pulmonary surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli. This prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation and allows the lungs to expand more easily during inhalation. Surfactant is essential for efficient gas exchange and maintaining alveolar stability.

Protection and debris removal are functions of alveolar macrophages, not type II cells, and mucus is not a primary component within alveoli.

7.

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

  • basement membrane

  • alveolar epithelium

  • single layer of smooth muscle cells

  • capillary endothelium

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: C) single layer of smooth muscle cells

The respiratory membrane is the thin structure where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the blood. It consists of the alveolar epithelium, the basement membrane, and the capillary endothelium. These layers are extremely thin to allow efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Smooth muscle cells are not part of the respiratory membrane. They are found in the walls of airways such as bronchi and bronchioles and are involved in regulating airway diameter, not gas exchange.

Air movement into the lungs and the drop in intrapulmonary pressure occur after the initial mechanical expansion of the thoracic cavity. Thoracic volume does not decrease during inspiration; it increases.

8.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________

  • the Haldane effect

  • the Bohr effect

  • ventilation-perfusion coupling

  • chloride shifting

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: C) ventilation-perfusion coupling

Ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to the process by which airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) are matched in the lungs to optimize gas exchange. This ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to the blood and carbon dioxide is effectively removed. Local adjustments in airway diameter and blood vessel constriction help maintain this balance.

The Haldane and Bohr effects relate to hemoglobin’s oxygen and carbon dioxide transport properties, while chloride shifting involves ion exchange in red blood cells.

9.

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________

  • expiratory capacity

  • vital capacity

  • reserve air

  • inspiratory reserve volume

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: D) inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory reserve volume refers to the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration. It represents the extra capacity of the lungs to take in more air when needed, such as during deep breathing or exercise.

Expiratory capacity relates to air exhaled, vital capacity includes multiple lung volumes combined, and “reserve air” is not a standard physiological term.

10.

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?

  • respiratory bronchiole

  • terminal bronchiole

  • alveolar sac

  • alveolar duct

Explanation

Explanation

Correct Answer: B) terminal bronchiole

The conducting zone includes structures that transport air but do not participate in gas exchange. Terminal bronchioles are the last part of the conducting zone and serve to move air into the respiratory zone.

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are part of the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.

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