BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System…
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Free BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System… Questions
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because ________
- PO₂ or concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
- basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
- PO₂ or concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
- temperature is lower at higher altitudes
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) PO₂ or concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure and oxygen availability are reduced, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. In response, the body increases erythropoietin production, stimulating red blood cell production to improve oxygen-carrying capacity.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________
- equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
- less than the pressure in the atmosphere
- greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
- greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs during expiration when intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow from the lungs to the outside environment.
If the pressure inside the lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure, no air movement occurs. If it is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs, not out.
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
- diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
- air (gases) flows into lungs
- thoracic cavity volume decreases
- intrapulmonary pressure drops
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Inspiration begins with contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. This causes the diaphragm to descend and the rib cage to rise, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. As thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure subsequently drops below atmospheric pressure, which then allows air to flow into the lungs.
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?
- respiratory bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
- alveolar sac
- alveolar duct
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) terminal bronchiole
The conducting zone includes structures that transport air but do not participate in gas exchange. Terminal bronchioles are the last part of the conducting zone and serve to move air into the respiratory zone.
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are part of the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________
- getting very cold
- taking several rapid deep breaths
- too little oxygen in the atmosphere
- obstruction of the esophagus
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
Hypoxia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available to tissues. One direct cause is reduced oxygen in the environment, such as at high altitudes, where atmospheric oxygen levels are lower.
Cold exposure does not directly cause hypoxia, hyperventilation increases oxygen intake, and obstruction of the esophagus affects digestion, not respiration.
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
- molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
- the temperature
- partial pressure gradient
- solubility in water
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) partial pressure gradient
The direction of respiratory gas movement is determined by the partial pressure gradient. Gases move from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. This principle governs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood, as well as between the blood and body tissues.
Molecular size, temperature, and solubility can influence the rate of diffusion, but they do not determine the direction of movement.
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO₂ transport?
- as bicarbonate ions in plasma
- attached to the Fe²⁺ (iron ion) in the heme part of hemoglobin
- some of the CO₂ is dissolved directly into the plasma
- some of the CO₂ is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) attached to the Fe²⁺ (iron ion) in the heme part of hemoglobin
Carbon dioxide does not bind to the iron (Fe²⁺) in the heme portion of hemoglobin. Instead, it binds to the globin (protein) portion to form carbaminohemoglobin. Oxygen is the gas that binds to the heme iron.
CO₂ is primarily transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma, with smaller amounts dissolved directly in plasma and bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin.
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?
- basement membrane
- alveolar epithelium
- single layer of smooth muscle cells
- capillary endothelium
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) single layer of smooth muscle cells
The respiratory membrane is the thin structure where gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the blood. It consists of the alveolar epithelium, the basement membrane, and the capillary endothelium. These layers are extremely thin to allow efficient diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Smooth muscle cells are not part of the respiratory membrane. They are found in the walls of airways such as bronchi and bronchioles and are involved in regulating airway diameter, not gas exchange.
Air movement into the lungs and the drop in intrapulmonary pressure occur after the initial mechanical expansion of the thoracic cavity. Thoracic volume does not decrease during inspiration; it increases.
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________
- the Haldane effect
- the Bohr effect
- ventilation-perfusion coupling
- chloride shifting
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) ventilation-perfusion coupling
Ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to the process by which airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) are matched in the lungs to optimize gas exchange. This ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to the blood and carbon dioxide is effectively removed. Local adjustments in airway diameter and blood vessel constriction help maintain this balance.
The Haldane and Bohr effects relate to hemoglobin’s oxygen and carbon dioxide transport properties, while chloride shifting involves ion exchange in red blood cells.
How is most of the carbon dioxide transported in blood?
- as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
- chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
- chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
- as carbonic acid in the plasma
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. CO₂ diffuses into red blood cells, where it is converted into carbonic acid and then into bicarbonate ions. These bicarbonate ions are then transported in the plasma.
A smaller portion of CO₂ binds to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, but it does not bind to the heme portion. Transport as carbonic acid is minimal compared to bicarbonate form.
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