BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System…
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Free BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System… Questions
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
- alveoli
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) alveoli
Alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange due to their large number and thin walls. These tiny air sacs are specifically adapted for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood. Their extensive surface area maximizes efficiency of gas exchange.
Terminal bronchioles do not participate in gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles have limited exchange, and alveolar ducts contribute but do not provide as much surface area as alveoli.
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________
- interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
- warming the air before it enters
- humidifying the air before it enters
- protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surfactant reduces surface tension within the alveoli by disrupting the cohesive forces between water molecules. This prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation and makes it easier for the lungs to expand during inhalation.
The other options describe functions of the upper respiratory tract, not surfactant.
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________
- difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
- negative pressure in the intrapleural space
- pressure within the pleural cavity
- pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure, also known as alveolar pressure, refers to the pressure of air within the alveoli of the lungs. This pressure changes during breathing to allow air to move in and out of the lungs. During inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to flow into the lungs. During expiration, it increases above atmospheric pressure, pushing air out.
The other options describe different pressures or incorrect concepts. Intrapleural pressure refers to pressure within the pleural cavity and is normally negative. The difference between atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure drives airflow but is not the definition of intrapulmonary pressure itself.
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________
- the Haldane effect
- the Bohr effect
- ventilation-perfusion coupling
- chloride shifting
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) ventilation-perfusion coupling
Ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to the process by which airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) are matched in the lungs to optimize gas exchange. This ensures that oxygen is efficiently delivered to the blood and carbon dioxide is effectively removed. Local adjustments in airway diameter and blood vessel constriction help maintain this balance.
The Haldane and Bohr effects relate to hemoglobin’s oxygen and carbon dioxide transport properties, while chloride shifting involves ion exchange in red blood cells.
The Haldane Effect refers to the effect of ________ loading onto or unloading off of hemoglobin and hemoglobin’s ability to bind ________ in an RBC.
- O₂, H⁺
- O₂, CO₂
- CO₂, O₂
- H⁺, O₂
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) CO₂, O₂
The Haldane effect describes how the binding and release of carbon dioxide by hemoglobin are influenced by oxygen levels. When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it reduces hemoglobin’s ability to carry carbon dioxide, promoting CO₂ release in the lungs. Conversely, when oxygen is unloaded in tissues, hemoglobin can carry more CO₂.
The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________
- an oblique fissure
- a wider and more vertical primary bronchus
- a cardiac notch
- three lobes
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) a cardiac notch
The left lung has a cardiac notch, a concave indentation that accommodates the heart. This structural difference results in the left lung having only two lobes compared to three lobes in the right lung.
The right lung has the wider, more vertical bronchus and three lobes, while both lungs have an oblique fissure.
Which center is located in the pons?
- expiratory center
- pontine respiratory group (PRG)
- inspiratory center
- pacemaker neuron center
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) pontine respiratory group (PRG)
The pontine respiratory group is located in the pons and helps regulate the rhythm and pattern of breathing by modifying the activity of the medullary centers. It smooths the transition between inspiration and expiration.
The inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the medulla, not the pons.
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?
- respiratory bronchiole
- terminal bronchiole
- alveolar sac
- alveolar duct
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) terminal bronchiole
The conducting zone includes structures that transport air but do not participate in gas exchange. Terminal bronchioles are the last part of the conducting zone and serve to move air into the respiratory zone.
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs are part of the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________
- pons and midbrain
- upper spinal cord and medulla
- medulla and pons
- midbrain and medulla
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) medulla and pons
The respiratory control centers are located in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brainstem. The medulla contains the primary centers that control the rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps regulate the rate and depth of respiration.
The midbrain and spinal cord are not the primary centers for respiratory control.
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
- partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- partial pressure of oxygen
- temperature
- number of red blood cells
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) number of red blood cells
Oxygen binding and release from hemoglobin are influenced by factors such as partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature, and pH. These factors affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and are central to processes like the Bohr effect.
The number of red blood cells affects overall oxygen-carrying capacity but does not directly influence the binding or dissociation behavior of hemoglobin at the molecular level.
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