BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System…
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Free BIOL 204 602 2026SP Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 3 Respiratory System… Questions
The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________
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an oblique fissure
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a wider and more vertical primary bronchus
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a cardiac notch
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three lobes
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) a cardiac notch
The left lung has a cardiac notch, a concave indentation that accommodates the heart. This structural difference results in the left lung having only two lobes compared to three lobes in the right lung.
The right lung has the wider, more vertical bronchus and three lobes, while both lungs have an oblique fissure.
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide
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partial pressure of oxygen
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temperature
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number of red blood cells
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) number of red blood cells
Oxygen binding and release from hemoglobin are influenced by factors such as partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature, and pH. These factors affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen and are central to processes like the Bohr effect.
The number of red blood cells affects overall oxygen-carrying capacity but does not directly influence the binding or dissociation behavior of hemoglobin at the molecular level.
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?
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nitric oxide
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2,3-BPG
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temperature
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partial pressure of carbon dioxide
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) nitric oxide
Hemoglobin saturation is influenced by factors such as 2,3-BPG, temperature, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, all of which affect hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen. These factors shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
Nitric oxide plays a role in vasodilation but does not directly affect hemoglobin’s oxygen-binding affinity.
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________
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lowers blood pH levels
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helps retain oxygen in the blood
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helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
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reduces brain perfusion by constricting cerebral blood vessels
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: C) helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
Hyperventilation causes excessive loss of carbon dioxide, leading to respiratory alkalosis. Breathing into a paper bag allows the person to rebreathe exhaled CO₂, increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood and helping restore normal pH balance.
It does not increase oxygen retention, and reduced brain perfusion is a consequence of hyperventilation, not the corrective mechanism.
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________
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about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
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only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
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greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
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not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
Only a small fraction of oxygen is transported dissolved directly in plasma, approximately 1.5%. The vast majority of oxygen in the blood is carried bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells. This small dissolved portion is still important because it contributes to the partial pressure of oxygen, which drives diffusion.
Oxygen is not equal to or greater than that bound to hemoglobin, and it does exist in solution even without being attached to carrier molecules.
Local regulation of ventilation and perfusion at the alveoli and associated capillaries is controlled by ________
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PCO₂ and its effect on arteriole diameter
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PO₂ and its effect on arteriole diameter
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PO₂ and its effect on capillary diameter
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PCO₂ and its effect on capillary diameter
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) PCO₂ and its effect on arteriole diameter
Local regulation of blood flow in the lungs is influenced by carbon dioxide levels, which affect bronchiole diameter and indirectly influence perfusion. Elevated PCO₂ leads to bronchodilation, improving ventilation and matching airflow with blood flow. Regulation involves adjustments in vessel diameter to optimize gas exchange.
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
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alveoli
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terminal bronchioles
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respiratory bronchioles
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alveolar ducts
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: A) alveoli
Alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange due to their large number and thin walls. These tiny air sacs are specifically adapted for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood. Their extensive surface area maximizes efficiency of gas exchange.
Terminal bronchioles do not participate in gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles have limited exchange, and alveolar ducts contribute but do not provide as much surface area as alveoli.
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________
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equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
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less than the pressure in the atmosphere
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greater than the intra-alveolar pressure
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greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs during expiration when intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference causes air to flow from the lungs to the outside environment.
If the pressure inside the lungs is equal to atmospheric pressure, no air movement occurs. If it is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves into the lungs, not out.
This relationship highlights how CO₂ loading and O₂ binding are interconnected in red blood cells.
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________
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intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure
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intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
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thoracic cavity volume; lung volume
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tidal volume; vital capacity
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: B) intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Inspiration occurs when intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure drops below atmospheric pressure. This pressure difference allows air to flow from the atmosphere into the lungs.
As the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic cavity expands, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, creating the gradient necessary for airflow into the lungs.
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
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the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
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compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
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compliance and transpulmonary pressures
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the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Explanation
Explanation
Correct Answer: D) the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
The lungs have an inherent elastic recoil that causes them to collapse inward. In addition, the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli also promotes collapse by pulling the alveolar walls together. These two forces work together to pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall.
Transpulmonary pressure actually helps keep the lungs expanded, and compliance refers to the ease of lung expansion, not collapse.
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