C624 Biochemistry
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Free C624 Biochemistry Questions
1. What happens to a catalyst during a chemical reaction?
- It is destroyed.
- It combines with the product.
- More catalyst molecules are made.
- It is not changed.
Explanation
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or permanently altered in the process. It works by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, allowing reactants to convert into products more efficiently. Although it may temporarily form intermediate compounds during the reaction, it is regenerated by the end and remains chemically unchanged, ready to catalyze further reactions.
2. What is a decomposition reaction?
- When something is broken down into smaller molecules (AB→A+B)
- Breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules
- Builds larger molecules from smaller molecules
- When something is combined to make a new product (A+B→AB)
Explanation
A decomposition reaction occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. It typically follows the general formula AB → A + B. This type of reaction often requires energy input, such as heat, light, or electricity, to break the bonds within the compound. Decomposition reactions are vital in biological systems, such as when complex molecules like proteins or carbohydrates are broken down into smaller, usable components during digestion.
3. How does water's polarity help it to dissolve so many substances?
- Water's polarity allows it to form covalent bonds with many different substances.
- Water's polarity increases its ability to form ionic bonds with ions and hydrocarbons.
- Water's oppositely-charged ends are attracted to charged ions and polar molecules.
- Water's oppositely-charged ends are able to interact with and dissolve hydrophobic substances.
Explanation
Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. This polarity allows water molecules to surround and interact with other charged or polar substances. The positive side of water is attracted to negatively charged ions, while the negative side is attracted to positively charged ions. This interaction effectively separates and disperses the ions or molecules, allowing them to dissolve easily in water.
4. What is the primary fate of surplus nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the human body?
- They are excreted as waste products.
- They are converted into glucose for immediate energy.
- They are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
- They are transformed into amino acids for protein synthesis.
Explanation
When the human body receives more nutrients than it immediately needs for energy or maintenance, it converts the excess into storage forms for future use. Carbohydrates are first converted into glycogen, but once glycogen stores are full, additional carbohydrates, along with surplus proteins and fats, are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose (fat) tissue. This stored fat acts as a long-term energy reserve that can be mobilized during fasting or increased energy demand. The conversion and storage process is regulated by hormones such as insulin.
5. Which description is true regarding the Trans and Cis forms of fatty acids?
- Trans-fatty acids have a lower melting point than Cis forms
- Trans-fatty acids have less solidity than Cis forms
- Trans-fatty acids are more prone to lipid oxidation
- Trans-fatty acids may increase the health risks
Explanation
Trans-fatty acids differ from cis-fatty acids in the spatial arrangement of hydrogen atoms around the double bond. In the trans configuration, hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond, resulting in a straighter molecular structure similar to saturated fats. This structure allows trans fats to pack tightly together, giving them higher melting points and making them solid at room temperature. However, trans-fatty acids have been shown to negatively affect health by increasing LDL cholesterol and lowering HDL cholesterol, thereby raising the risk of cardiovascular disease.
6. What is the biochemical significance of the cis configuration in unsaturated fatty acids?
- It increases the melting point of the fatty acid.
- It decreases the fluidity of cell membranes.
- It allows tighter packing of fatty acid chains.
- It creates bends in fatty acid chains, influencing membrane fluidity.
- It is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Explanation
The cis configuration in unsaturated fatty acids refers to the arrangement of hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, which causes a bend or “kink” in the hydrocarbon chain. This structural bend prevents the fatty acid chains from packing closely together, thereby lowering the melting point and increasing the fluidity of cell membranes. This property is vital for maintaining proper membrane flexibility, permeability, and the function of embedded proteins. In contrast, trans configurations (as found in trans fats) are straighter, allowing tighter packing, which decreases membrane fluidity and can negatively affect cardiovascular health.
7. Which of the following is NOT true of the pH scale?
- The pH values are derived from H+ concentration.
- The pH scale ranges from 1 - 12.
- The pH scale is a logarithmic scale.
- The pH scale is a standardized means of expressing the H+ concentration of a solution.
Explanation
The pH scale is a logarithmic scale used to express the hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) of a solution, indicating its acidity or alkalinity. It typically ranges from 0 to 14, where lower values represent higher acidity (more H+ ions), and higher values represent greater alkalinity (fewer H+ ions). Because of this, the statement that the pH scale ranges from 1 to 12 is incorrect. The scale extends beyond this range in extreme conditions, but the standard range is 0–14.
8. What is the role of DNA?
- Provide energy for the body
- Serve as a chemical messenger
- Protect against infection
- Provide information for how to make proteins
- Identify cells as 'self' cells
Explanation
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. Its primary role is to store and transmit hereditary information that determines the structure and function of cells. DNA contains specific sequences of nucleotides that code for the synthesis of proteins, which perform essential roles such as catalyzing reactions, providing structure, and regulating processes within the cell. During transcription, the information in DNA is copied into mRNA, which then guides the synthesis of proteins during translation.
9. What is the primary consequence of protein denaturation, and what typically triggers this process?
- Increased enzymatic activity due to temperature changes
- Loss of the protein's three-dimensional structure due to extreme pH or temperature
- Enhanced solubility of the protein in water
- Formation of new peptide bonds between amino acids
Explanation
Protein denaturation occurs when the protein’s secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures are disrupted, causing it to lose its specific three-dimensional shape. This loss of structure also leads to a loss of biological function, as the shape of a protein is critical for its activity, especially for enzymes. Denaturation is typically triggered by extreme pH changes, high temperatures, or exposure to chemicals such as alcohols or heavy metals. While peptide bonds (primary structure) usually remain intact, the protein can no longer function properly after denaturation.
10. Which of the following does NOT occur during chemical reactions?
- new atoms are created
- bonds in the reactants are broken
- bonds in the products are formed
- the composition of molecules changes
Explanation
During a chemical reaction, the atoms of the reactants rearrange as chemical bonds are broken and new ones form, resulting in new products with different molecular compositions. However, no new atoms are created or destroyed in the process. The total number of each type of atom remains constant, following the law of conservation of mass. Therefore, while the arrangement of atoms changes, the atoms themselves are neither generated nor lost during chemical reactions.
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