C624 Biochemistry
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Free C624 Biochemistry Questions
1. What is the role of enzymes in relation to activation energy during biochemical reactions?
- Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for reactions
- Enzymes have no effect on activation energy
- Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions
- Enzymes convert activation energy into kinetic energy
Explanation
Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy — the minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. By providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower energy barrier, enzymes enable reactions to occur more rapidly and efficiently at normal body temperatures. This function is essential for maintaining metabolic processes that sustain life. Importantly, enzymes do not alter the overall energy balance or products of a reaction; they simply make it easier for reactants to reach the transition state.
2. What is a mole?
- A unit of measurement for the number of atoms or molecules
- A unit of measurement for the mass of atoms or molecules
- A unit of measurement for the number of compounds in the indicated molecule
- The molecular weight of the molecules
Explanation
In chemistry, a mole is a fundamental unit used to express the amount of a substance. One mole corresponds to Avogadro’s number, which is 6.022 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). This means that one mole of any substance contains the same number of particles as one mole of any other substance, even though their masses may differ. The concept of the mole allows chemists to easily relate the macroscopic mass of a material to the number of microscopic entities it contains, serving as a bridge between atomic scale and laboratory measurements.
3. A nurse is explaining the buffer system as the primary regulator of acid-base balance. Which statement best describes the role of buffers in the body?
- Buffers accelerate the excretion of bicarbonate by the kidneys to maintain pH balance.
- Buffers act chemically to change strong acids into weak acids or bind acids to neutralize them.
- Buffers increase the production of carbonic acid to enhance respiratory excretion of CO2.
- Buffers primarily function by directly removing hydrogen ions from the body through the skin.
- Buffers convert all acids in the body into carbonic acid for easier excretion by the lungs.
Explanation
Buffers are chemical systems that help maintain the body’s acid-base balance by preventing large fluctuations in pH. They work by reacting with strong acids or bases to convert them into weaker, less harmful forms. For example, the bicarbonate buffer system maintains blood pH by converting strong acids into weak carbonic acid or strong bases into weak bicarbonate ions. This allows the body to neutralize excess hydrogen ions without significantly changing the overall pH, providing immediate and effective regulation before the slower respiratory and renal systems respond.
4. Which of the following does NOT occur during ionic bond formation
- metal atoms lose valence electrons
- nonmetal atoms lose valence electrons
- nonmetal atoms gain valence electrons
- metal atoms become positive ions
Explanation
In ionic bond formation, metal atoms lose their valence electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, becoming positively charged cations. Nonmetal atoms, on the other hand, gain those electrons to become negatively charged anions. The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond. Therefore, the process does not involve nonmetal atoms losing valence electrons, as they tend to gain electrons to fill their outer shells and reach stability.
5. What role does activation energy play in chemical reactions?
- It determines the rate at which a reaction occurs.
- It is the energy released during a reaction.
- It is the energy required to break bonds in reactants.
- It is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction.
Explanation
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction by allowing reactant molecules to collide with enough force to break existing bonds and form new ones. It serves as the energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed. Reactions with lower activation energy occur more quickly, while those with higher activation energy proceed more slowly unless a catalyst is present to reduce this requirement. Without sufficient activation energy, even favorable reactions will not occur spontaneously.
6. Which statement accurately describes triglycerides and their physical state at room temperature?
- Triglycerides are always solid at room temperature.
- Triglycerides can be either solid or liquid at room temperature, depending on their fatty acid composition.
- Triglycerides are exclusively liquid at room temperature.
- Triglycerides are a type of carbohydrate that is always solid at room temperature.
Explanation
Triglycerides, also known as fats and oils, consist of one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids. Their physical state at room temperature depends on the type of fatty acids they contain. Triglycerides composed mainly of saturated fatty acids have straight chains that pack tightly together, making them solid (as in animal fats). In contrast, those with unsaturated fatty acids have kinks in their chains caused by double bonds, preventing tight packing and resulting in a liquid state (as in plant oils). Thus, their composition determines whether they are solid or liquid at room temperature.
7. Which statement accurately describes the principle of conservation of energy in chemical reactions?
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- The total energy of the products is greater than that of the reactants.
- Energy is lost during the reaction process.
- The energy of reactants and products is always equal.
Explanation
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. In chemical reactions, energy may change forms—such as from potential energy in chemical bonds to thermal energy—but the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant. For example, in exothermic reactions, energy is released as heat, but the overall energy balance of the system is maintained.
8. All of the following factors affect reaction rate except:
- Temperature
- Pressure
- pH
- Substrate concentration
Explanation
Reaction rates in biological and chemical systems are influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. These factors can alter enzyme activity, molecular motion, and the likelihood of reactant collisions. However, pressure generally does not have a significant effect on most biochemical reactions because they occur in aqueous environments where volume changes are minimal. Pressure mainly affects reactions involving gases, not typical cellular or enzymatic reactions.
9. What information does the atomic number of an element provide about that element?
- The total number of electrons in a neutral atom
- The number of neutrons in the nucleus
- The number of protons in the nucleus
- The mass of the atom in atomic mass units
Explanation
The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Because a neutral atom has an equal number of protons and electrons, the atomic number also indicates the number of electrons. The atomic number determines the element’s identity and its position in the periodic table, distinguishing one element from another based on its proton count.
10. Which of the following statements accurately describes triglycerides and their role in the human body?
- Triglycerides are a type of carbohydrate that primarily serves as a quick source of energy.
- Triglycerides are the main form of fat storage in the body, providing insulation and energy reserves.
- Triglycerides are proteins that help in the transport of oxygen in the bloodstream.
- Triglycerides are nucleic acids that play a key role in genetic information storage.
Explanation
Triglycerides are the most common form of fat found in both the human body and the diet. They are composed of one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid chains. Their primary function is to store energy for long-term use; when the body needs energy, triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol, which can be used in cellular respiration. Additionally, triglycerides provide insulation and protect vital organs by serving as a cushion. Unlike carbohydrates, which provide quick energy, triglycerides serve as dense, long-term energy reserves.
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