C624 Biochemistry
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Free C624 Biochemistry Questions
1. What is the primary fate of surplus nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the human body?
- They are excreted as waste products.
- They are converted into glucose for immediate energy.
- They are stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
- They are transformed into amino acids for protein synthesis.
Explanation
When the human body receives more nutrients than it immediately needs for energy or maintenance, it converts the excess into storage forms for future use. Carbohydrates are first converted into glycogen, but once glycogen stores are full, additional carbohydrates, along with surplus proteins and fats, are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipose (fat) tissue. This stored fat acts as a long-term energy reserve that can be mobilized during fasting or increased energy demand. The conversion and storage process is regulated by hormones such as insulin.
2. Which of the following best describes a reversible reaction and its representation?
- A reaction that can only proceed in one direction, represented as A + B → AB
- A reaction that can proceed in both directions, represented as AB ⇌ A + B
- A reaction that occurs spontaneously without any reverse process, represented as AB → A + B
- A reaction that requires energy input to proceed, represented as A + B ↔ AB
Explanation
A reversible reaction is one in which the reactants form products, and those products can also react to form the original reactants. This means the reaction can proceed in both forward and reverse directions. It is represented by a double arrow (⇌), showing that the reaction can reach a state of dynamic equilibrium, where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This type of reaction is common in biological and chemical systems, such as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system in the body.
3. What is the function of enzymes in living cells?
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
- Enzymes organize the structure of the cell.
- Enzymes contain genetic information required for cell functions.
Explanation
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living cells by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They are highly specific to their substrates and enable essential metabolic processes to happen efficiently and under mild conditions of temperature and pH. Without enzymes, most biochemical reactions would proceed too slowly to sustain life.
4. Which statement accurately describes the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
- A catalyst is consumed during the reaction and cannot be reused.
- A catalyst increases the activation energy required for the reaction.
- A catalyst lowers the activation energy and remains unchanged after the reaction.
- A catalyst alters the products of the reaction.
Explanation
A catalyst functions by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed, allowing it to occur more quickly or under milder conditions. Importantly, the catalyst is not consumed or permanently altered in the reaction, meaning it can be reused multiple times. Catalysts do not change the equilibrium position or alter the products of a reaction; they simply help the system reach equilibrium faster. In biological systems, enzymes serve as catalysts that precisely regulate biochemical reactions essential for life.
5. In chemistry, what is a mole?
- the proportion of an element in a substance
- the atomic mass of a compound
- the formula mass of a compound
- a particular number of items
Explanation
A mole is a fundamental unit in chemistry used to measure the amount of substance. It represents a specific number of particles—atoms, molecules, or ions—known as Avogadro’s number, which is 6.022 × 10²³. This concept allows chemists to relate microscopic particles to measurable quantities, facilitating calculations involving chemical reactions and formulas.
6. Proteins are classified as macromolecules because they:
- are polymers with molecular weights above about 5,000
- can associate noncovalently into very large structures
- can function as enzymes, structural elements, signal
- are composed of multiple oligomers
Explanation
Proteins are considered macromolecules because they are large, complex polymers composed of amino acid subunits linked by peptide bonds, typically with molecular weights exceeding 5,000. Their large size and intricate structure allow them to perform a wide variety of functions, including acting as enzymes, hormones, transporters, and structural components. The term "macromolecule" refers to their extensive molecular mass and complex three-dimensional conformation, which are essential for their diverse biological roles.
7. How does the high heat capacity of water contribute to the stability of ecosystems?
- It allows water to evaporate quickly, cooling the surrounding environment.
- It enables water to maintain a consistent temperature, supporting diverse life forms.
- It increases the rate of chemical reactions in aquatic environments.
- It prevents the formation of ice on the surface of water bodies.
Explanation
Water’s high heat capacity means it can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature. This property allows water bodies like oceans, lakes, and rivers to buffer temperature fluctuations in the environment. As a result, aquatic ecosystems maintain relatively stable temperatures, providing a suitable environment for diverse species to thrive. This stability also moderates climate conditions in nearby terrestrial ecosystems, preventing extreme temperature shifts that could harm living organisms.
8. Which of the following statements accurately describes an alkaline solution?
- It has a pH below 7, indicating a higher concentration of H+ ions.
- It has a pH of exactly 7, indicating neutrality.
- It has a pH above 7, indicating a lower concentration of H+ ions than OH- ions.
- It has a pH above 14, indicating extreme alkalinity.
Explanation
An alkaline (or basic) solution is one in which the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) exceeds that of hydrogen ions (H⁺). The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is, with 7 being neutral, values below 7 being acidic, and values above 7 being basic or alkaline. Therefore, an alkaline solution has a pH greater than 7, reflecting a lower concentration of H⁺ ions and a higher concentration of OH⁻ ions. This balance indicates that the solution can neutralize acids and often feels slippery to the touch due to the nature of hydroxide ions.
9. Which statement regarding chemical reactions is true according to collision theory?
- All molecular collisions result in chemical equations.
- Catalysts make individual collisions more effective, increasing reaction rates.
- Proper orientation of molecules is required for collision to result in chemical reactions.
- Increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the kinetic energy of molecules, making collisions more effective.
Explanation
According to collision theory, for a chemical reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Only collisions that meet both these criteria lead to successful reactions. The proper orientation ensures that the reactive parts of the molecules come into contact, allowing bonds to break and new ones to form. If the molecules collide with incorrect orientation or insufficient energy, they simply bounce off each other without reacting.
10. What is the definition of a compound?
- Substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically combined.
- Substance consisting of two or more identical elements chemically combined.
- Substance consisting of one element only.
- Substance consisting of various elements with no chemical combination.
Explanation
A compound is a pure substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions. The atoms in a compound are bonded together through ionic or covalent bonds, creating a substance with properties distinct from those of its constituent elements. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound formed from hydrogen and oxygen atoms that are chemically bonded, giving it unique characteristics unlike those of the separate elements.
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