Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. Which term means alternate forms of a gene for the same trait?
- A. Genotypes
- B. Phenotypes
- C. Gametes
- D. Alleles
Explanation
Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. They encode different versions of a trait—for example, brown vs. blue eye color. An individual inherits one allele from each parent, and the combination determines expression of that trait.
2. On what part of a light microscope is the slide placed?
- A. Base
- B. Arm
- C. Lens
- D. Stage
Explanation
The stage is the flat platform on a microscope where the slide is placed for viewing. It typically contains clips or a mechanical holder to secure the slide and may include stage controls for precise movement. The stage positions the specimen directly under the objective lenses for proper magnification and examination.
3. A hypertonic solution has what concentration of solutes compared to the cell?
- A. Same
- B. Lower
- C. Higher
- D. Negative
Explanation
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment, water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink (crenation in animal cells or plasmolysis in plant cells). This movement occurs because water travels toward the area with more solutes to achieve balance.
4. Each species has a characteristic chromosome number and most of their cells have a complete set of these chromosomes. However, in the life cycle of humans, only sperm and eggs have which number of chromosomes?
- A. Polyploid
- B. Haploid
- C. Monoploid
- D. Diploid
Explanation
Human sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain half the normal number of chromosomes—23 instead of 46. During fertilization, the haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse to form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, restoring the complete chromosome number for normal human development.
5. How are viruses categorized?
- A. Presence or absence of an outer envelope
- B. Type of nucleic acid
- C. All of these are ways in which a virus is categorized
- D. Size and shape
Explanation
Viruses are classified using multiple characteristics, including type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded), presence or absence of an envelope, and capsid size and shape (helical, icosahedral, complex). These structural and genetic properties help scientists identify and differentiate viruses, predict behavior, and understand how they infect hosts. Because all listed factors play a role, option C is correct.
6. Which set is correctly listed from largest to smallest group?
- A. Order, phylum, species, genus
- B. Phylum, order, genus, species
- C. Genus, order, species, phylum
- D. Species, order, phylum, genus
Explanation
Biological classification follows a hierarchy from broadest to most specific. The correct order from largest to smallest is: Phylum → Order → Genus → Species. Phylum includes many different organisms that share general traits, while species is the most specific grouping, identifying organisms capable of interbreeding.
7. What part of a plant cell acts as a barrier and provides support to the cell?
- A. Cell membrane
- B. Xylem
- C. Cell wall
- D. Chloroplast
Explanation
The cell wall provides structure, protection, and support to plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and is composed primarily of cellulose. This rigid outer layer maintains cell shape, prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell, and contributes to overall plant stability.
8. What does the mitochondrion produce that causes it to often be called the powerhouse of the cell?
- A. Proteins
- B. ATP
- C. Enzymes
- D. DNA
Explanation
The mitochondrion produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy molecule used by cells to power essential functions such as movement, growth, repair, and active transport. Because ATP production occurs mainly in mitochondria through aerobic respiration, they are commonly referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell.”
9. Which combination of cell cycle phase and descriptor is correct?
- A. G2 phase – the phase prior to the start of mitosis in which the cell continues to grow in size and make proteins.
- B. S phase – the cell synthesizes DNA and doubles its cytoplasm.
- C. G₁ phase – the amount of chromosomes is doubled.
- D. Interphase – the cell increases in mass and number of organelles to prepare for cell division.
Explanation
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by continuing to grow and producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. It follows DNA replication (S phase) and is the last checkpoint before entering mitosis. This stage ensures the cell is fully equipped and errors are corrected before division.
10. What type of bond in the base of the DNA nucleotides holds the strands together?
- A. Hydrogen
- B. Sodium chloride
- C. Copper
- D. Potassium bromide
Explanation
DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine–thymine and cytosine–guanine). These bonds provide enough stability to maintain the DNA double-helix structure while still allowing the strands to separate during important processes such as replication and transcription. Hydrogen bonding is critical for DNA function and genetic fidelity.
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