Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. On what part of a light microscope is the slide placed?
- Base
- Arm
- Lens
- Stage
Explanation
The stage is the flat platform on a microscope where the slide is placed for viewing. It typically contains clips or a mechanical holder to secure the slide and may include stage controls for precise movement. The stage positions the specimen directly under the objective lenses for proper magnification and examination.
2. Which disease is caused by a bacterium?
- Common cold
- AIDS (HIV+)
- Mumps
- Strep throat
Explanation
Strep throat is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus). It is treated with antibiotics, which target bacterial infections by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or other bacterial functions. Early treatment prevents complications such as rheumatic fever and kidney inflammation.
3. The cellular membrane consists of a bilayer of which substances?
- Carbohydrates
- Phospholipids
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
Explanation
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, allowing the membrane to form a selective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This arrangement is essential for maintaining cell structure and function.
4. A hypertonic solution has what concentration of solutes compared to the cell?
- Same
- Lower
- Higher
- Negative
Explanation
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic environment, water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink (crenation in animal cells or plasmolysis in plant cells). This movement occurs because water travels toward the area with more solutes to achieve balance.
5. What is the first step in the process of respiration?
- Fermentation
- Electron transport chain
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
Explanation
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. It occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. This process does not require oxygen, making it essential for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The products of glycolysis then enter the mitochondria for further stages of respiration if oxygen is present.
6. Which method of glucose conversion generates the most usable and efficient form of ATP within the human body?
- Lactic acidosis
- Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration
- Fermentation conversion
Explanation
Aerobic respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP from glucose in the human body. It occurs in the mitochondria and uses oxygen to completely break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and approximately 36–38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. This high-yield process supports sustained energy needs for most bodily functions, making aerobic respiration the most efficient method of ATP production.
7. If the zygomatic arch is broken, where is the fracture located?
- Knee
- Shoulder
- Face
- Wrist
Explanation
The zygomatic arch is a bony arch in the face formed by the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and a portion of the temporal bone. It provides structure to the cheek and forms part of the eye socket. A fracture here results in facial trauma and can affect appearance, jaw movement, and vision depending on severity.
8. Which set is correctly listed from largest to smallest group?
- Order, phylum, species, genus
- Phylum, order, genus, species
- Genus, order, species, phylum
- Species, order, phylum, genus
Explanation
Biological classification follows a hierarchy from broadest to most specific. The correct order from largest to smallest is: Phylum → Order → Genus → Species. Phylum includes many different organisms that share general traits, while species is the most specific grouping, identifying organisms capable of interbreeding.
9. What does the mitochondrion produce that causes it to often be called the powerhouse of the cell?
- Proteins
- ATP
- Enzymes
- DNA
Explanation
The mitochondrion produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy molecule used by cells to power essential functions such as movement, growth, repair, and active transport. Because ATP production occurs mainly in mitochondria through aerobic respiration, they are commonly referred to as the “powerhouse of the cell.”
10. How are viruses categorized?
- Presence or absence of an outer envelope
- Type of nucleic acid
- All of these are ways in which a virus is categorized
- Size and shape
Explanation
Viruses are classified using multiple characteristics, including type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded), presence or absence of an envelope, and capsid size and shape (helical, icosahedral, complex). These structural and genetic properties help scientists identify and differentiate viruses, predict behavior, and understand how they infect hosts. Because all listed factors play a role, option C is correct.
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