Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. Human cells need oxygen for respiration. What system of the body is responsible for transporting an oxygen molecule to different locations throughout the body?
- A. Lymphatic
- B. Circulatory
- C. Respiratory
- D. Skeletal
Explanation
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream in the lungs, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood through arteries to tissues and organs. After gas exchange occurs at the cellular level, carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs for removal. This system ensures all cells receive the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and energy production.
2. Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
- A. Mitochondrion
- B. Chloroplast
- C. Cytoplasm
- D. Nucleus
Explanation
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. This stage of cellular respiration generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. These energy carriers then fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP, making mitochondria crucial for aerobic energy production.
3. By what process do sex cells reproduce?
- A. Meiosis
- B. Cytokinesis
- C. Mitosis
- D. Fission
Explanation
Sex cells (gametes) are produced through meiosis, a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid sperm and egg cells. Meiosis increases genetic variation through recombination and independent assortment, which is essential for sexual reproduction and evolution.
4. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
- A. Produce enzymes
- B. Obtain energy in the form of ATP
- C. Enable fermentation
- D. Produce oxygen molecules
Explanation
The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to extract energy from glucose and convert it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable energy currency for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for powering cellular activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis. ATP production enables cells to function, grow, and maintain homeostasis.
5. What type of bond in the base of the DNA nucleotides holds the strands together?
- A. Hydrogen
- B. Sodium chloride
- C. Copper
- D. Potassium bromide
Explanation
DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases (adenine–thymine and cytosine–guanine). These bonds provide enough stability to maintain the DNA double-helix structure while still allowing the strands to separate during important processes such as replication and transcription. Hydrogen bonding is critical for DNA function and genetic fidelity.
6. Which cell organelle can be functionally compared to the door of a house?
- A. Cytoplasm
- B. Cell membrane
- C. Endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Nucleus
Explanation
The cell membrane functions like a door because it regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It acts as a selective barrier, allowing essential nutrients to enter, waste products to exit, and maintaining internal balance. Its semi-permeable nature ensures the cell only allows necessary substances through, similar to how a door controls access to a house.
7. The aerodynamic nature of a bird's wing is an example of what is the central theme in biology?
- A. Organisms and their environment
- B. Ontogeny
- C. Heredity
- D. Structure and function
Explanation
The aerodynamic shape of a bird's wing demonstrates the biological principle that structure determines function. The wing's curved surface, lightweight bones, and feather arrangement are specifically designed to create lift and enable flight. This theme emphasizes that anatomical features evolve to support specific biological roles, making the bird’s wing structure essential for its function in flight and survival.
8. What part of a plant cell acts as a barrier and provides support to the cell?
- A. Cell membrane
- B. Xylem
- C. Cell wall
- D. Chloroplast
Explanation
The cell wall provides structure, protection, and support to plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and is composed primarily of cellulose. This rigid outer layer maintains cell shape, prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell, and contributes to overall plant stability.
9. Which antioxidant is identified as a healing vitamin?
- A. Vitamin D
- B. Vitamin E
- C. Vitamin K
- D. Vitamin C
Explanation
Vitamin C is known as the “healing vitamin” because it plays a key role in collagen synthesis, helping repair tissues, strengthen blood vessels, and promote wound healing. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Additionally, vitamin C supports immune system function and improves iron absorption, making it critical for overall tissue maintenance and recovery.
10. Which term means alternate forms of a gene for the same trait?
- A. Genotypes
- B. Phenotypes
- C. Gametes
- D. Alleles
Explanation
Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. They encode different versions of a trait—for example, brown vs. blue eye color. An individual inherits one allele from each parent, and the combination determines expression of that trait.
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