Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
How are viruses categorized?
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Presence or absence of an outer envelope
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Type of nucleic acid
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All of these are ways in which a virus is categorized
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Size and shape
Explanation
Viruses are classified using multiple characteristics, including type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded), presence or absence of an envelope, and capsid size and shape (helical, icosahedral, complex). These structural and genetic properties help scientists identify and differentiate viruses, predict behavior, and understand how they infect hosts. Because all listed factors play a role, option C is correct.
By what process do sex cells reproduce?
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Meiosis
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Cytokinesis
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Mitosis
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Fission
Explanation
Sex cells (gametes) are produced through meiosis, a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid sperm and egg cells. Meiosis increases genetic variation through recombination and independent assortment, which is essential for sexual reproduction and evolution.
Which term means a group of similar cells combined to perform a common function?
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System
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Organ
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Organism
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Tissue
Explanation
A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue for movement, nervous tissue for communication, and epithelial tissue for protection and absorption. Tissues combine to form organs, making them an essential level of biological organization.
On what part of a light microscope is the slide placed?
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Base
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Arm
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Lens
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Stage
Explanation
The stage is the flat platform on a microscope where the slide is placed for viewing. It typically contains clips or a mechanical holder to secure the slide and may include stage controls for precise movement. The stage positions the specimen directly under the objective lenses for proper magnification and examination.
Which combination of cell cycle phase and descriptor is correct?
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G2 phase – the phase prior to the start of mitosis in which the cell continues to grow in size and make proteins.
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S phase – the cell synthesizes DNA and doubles its cytoplasm.
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G₁ phase – the amount of chromosomes is doubled.
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Interphase – the cell increases in mass and number of organelles to prepare for cell division.
Explanation
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by continuing to grow and producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. It follows DNA replication (S phase) and is the last checkpoint before entering mitosis. This stage ensures the cell is fully equipped and errors are corrected before division.
The cellular membrane consists of a bilayer of which substances?
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Carbohydrates
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Phospholipids
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Nucleic acids
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Proteins
Explanation
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, allowing the membrane to form a selective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This arrangement is essential for maintaining cell structure and function.
Which disease is caused by a bacterium?
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Common cold
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AIDS (HIV+)
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Mumps
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Strep throat
Explanation
Strep throat is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus). It is treated with antibiotics, which target bacterial infections by inhibiting cell wall synthesis or other bacterial functions. Early treatment prevents complications such as rheumatic fever and kidney inflammation.
Which genetic descriptor refers to an organism's actual appearance?
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Karyotype
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Phenotype
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Genotype
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Homozygote
Explanation
A phenotype refers to the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, or flower color. These physical or biochemical traits result from the interaction between the organism’s genes (genotype) and its environment. Phenotype reflects how genetic information is expressed in real life.
Animals are composed primarily of what type of cell?
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Simple
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Bacterial
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Prokaryotic
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Eukaryotic
Explanation
Animals are made up of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. These complex structures allow animals to perform specialized cellular functions, differentiate tissues, and form complex organs and body systems.
Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
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Mitochondrion
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Chloroplast
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Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
Explanation
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. This stage of cellular respiration generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. These energy carriers then fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP, making mitochondria crucial for aerobic energy production.
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