Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. What structure allows sperm cells to move?
- A. Flagellum
- B. Centriole
- C. Centrosome
- D. Cilium
Explanation
Sperm cells move using a flagellum, a long whip-like tail composed of microtubules that generate a propelling motion. This structure enables sperm to swim toward the egg for fertilization. The flagellum’s coordinated movement is powered by ATP produced in the mitochondria located in the sperm’s midpiece, providing the energy required for motility.
2. Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
- A. Mitochondrion
- B. Chloroplast
- C. Cytoplasm
- D. Nucleus
Explanation
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. This stage of cellular respiration generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. These energy carriers then fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP, making mitochondria crucial for aerobic energy production.
3. Animals are composed primarily of what type of cell?
- A. Simple
- B. Bacterial
- C. Prokaryotic
- D. Eukaryotic
Explanation
Animals are made up of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus enclosed by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. These complex structures allow animals to perform specialized cellular functions, differentiate tissues, and form complex organs and body systems.
4. What part of a plant cell acts as a barrier and provides support to the cell?
- A. Cell membrane
- B. Xylem
- C. Cell wall
- D. Chloroplast
Explanation
The cell wall provides structure, protection, and support to plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and is composed primarily of cellulose. This rigid outer layer maintains cell shape, prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell, and contributes to overall plant stability.
5. If the zygomatic arch is broken, where is the fracture located?
- A. Knee
- B. Shoulder
- C. Face
- D. Wrist
Explanation
The zygomatic arch is a bony arch in the face formed by the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) and a portion of the temporal bone. It provides structure to the cheek and forms part of the eye socket. A fracture here results in facial trauma and can affect appearance, jaw movement, and vision depending on severity.
6. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of what necessary molecule?
- A. Carbon dioxide
- B. Lactic acid
- C. Oxygen
- D. Water
Explanation
Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces large amounts of ATP by fully breaking down glucose. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing efficient generation of energy. Without oxygen, cells must switch to anaerobic pathways, which yield far less ATP.
7. Which combination of cell cycle phase and descriptor is correct?
- A. G2 phase – the phase prior to the start of mitosis in which the cell continues to grow in size and make proteins.
- B. S phase – the cell synthesizes DNA and doubles its cytoplasm.
- C. G₁ phase – the amount of chromosomes is doubled.
- D. Interphase – the cell increases in mass and number of organelles to prepare for cell division.
Explanation
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by continuing to grow and producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. It follows DNA replication (S phase) and is the last checkpoint before entering mitosis. This stage ensures the cell is fully equipped and errors are corrected before division.
8. By what process do sex cells reproduce?
- A. Meiosis
- B. Cytokinesis
- C. Mitosis
- D. Fission
Explanation
Sex cells (gametes) are produced through meiosis, a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid sperm and egg cells. Meiosis increases genetic variation through recombination and independent assortment, which is essential for sexual reproduction and evolution.
9. Which genetic descriptor refers to an organism's actual appearance?
- A. Karyotype
- B. Phenotype
- C. Genotype
- D. Homozygote
Explanation
A phenotype refers to the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, or flower color. These physical or biochemical traits result from the interaction between the organism’s genes (genotype) and its environment. Phenotype reflects how genetic information is expressed in real life.
10. Which term means alternate forms of a gene for the same trait?
- A. Genotypes
- B. Phenotypes
- C. Gametes
- D. Alleles
Explanation
Alleles are alternate forms of the same gene that occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes. They encode different versions of a trait—for example, brown vs. blue eye color. An individual inherits one allele from each parent, and the combination determines expression of that trait.
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