Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. The aerodynamic nature of a bird's wing is an example of what is the central theme in biology?
- Organisms and their environment
- Ontogeny
- Heredity
- Structure and function
Explanation
The aerodynamic shape of a bird's wing demonstrates the biological principle that structure determines function. The wing's curved surface, lightweight bones, and feather arrangement are specifically designed to create lift and enable flight. This theme emphasizes that anatomical features evolve to support specific biological roles, making the bird’s wing structure essential for its function in flight and survival.
2. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
- Produce enzymes
- Obtain energy in the form of ATP
- Enable fermentation
- Produce oxygen molecules
Explanation
The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to extract energy from glucose and convert it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable energy currency for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for powering cellular activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis. ATP production enables cells to function, grow, and maintain homeostasis.
3. Which antioxidant is identified as a healing vitamin?
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin C
Explanation
Vitamin C is known as the “healing vitamin” because it plays a key role in collagen synthesis, helping repair tissues, strengthen blood vessels, and promote wound healing. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Additionally, vitamin C supports immune system function and improves iron absorption, making it critical for overall tissue maintenance and recovery.
4. What is the first step in the process of respiration?
- Fermentation
- Electron transport chain
- Glycolysis
- Krebs cycle
Explanation
Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration. It occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. This process does not require oxygen, making it essential for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The products of glycolysis then enter the mitochondria for further stages of respiration if oxygen is present.
5. Human cells need oxygen for respiration. What system of the body is responsible for transporting an oxygen molecule to different locations throughout the body?
- Lymphatic
- Circulatory
- Respiratory
- Skeletal
Explanation
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream in the lungs, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. The heart pumps this oxygen-rich blood through arteries to tissues and organs. After gas exchange occurs at the cellular level, carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs for removal. This system ensures all cells receive the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and energy production.
6. Each species has a characteristic chromosome number and most of their cells have a complete set of these chromosomes. However, in the life cycle of humans, only sperm and eggs have which number of chromosomes?
- Polyploid
- Haploid
- Monoploid
- Diploid
Explanation
Human sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain half the normal number of chromosomes—23 instead of 46. During fertilization, the haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse to form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, restoring the complete chromosome number for normal human development.
7. Which combination of cell cycle phase and descriptor is correct?
- G2 phase – the phase prior to the start of mitosis in which the cell continues to grow in size and make proteins.
- S phase – the cell synthesizes DNA and doubles its cytoplasm.
- G₁ phase – the amount of chromosomes is doubled.
- Interphase – the cell increases in mass and number of organelles to prepare for cell division.
Explanation
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by continuing to grow and producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. It follows DNA replication (S phase) and is the last checkpoint before entering mitosis. This stage ensures the cell is fully equipped and errors are corrected before division.
8. What structure allows sperm cells to move?
- Flagellum
- Centriole
- Centrosome
- Cilium
Explanation
Sperm cells move using a flagellum, a long whip-like tail composed of microtubules that generate a propelling motion. This structure enables sperm to swim toward the egg for fertilization. The flagellum’s coordinated movement is powered by ATP produced in the mitochondria located in the sperm’s midpiece, providing the energy required for motility.
9. Which cellular appendage enables cells to move through their environments?
- Receptor
- Cell membrane
- Transport protein
- Flagellum
Explanation
A flagellum is a whip-like appendage that allows certain cells to move through their environment. It rotates or beats to propel the cell forward. In humans, sperm cells use a flagellum to swim toward the egg during fertilization; many bacteria also have flagella for locomotion.
10. The cellular membrane consists of a bilayer of which substances?
- Carbohydrates
- Phospholipids
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
Explanation
The cell membrane is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Each phospholipid has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails, allowing the membrane to form a selective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. This arrangement is essential for maintaining cell structure and function.
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