Hesi A2_BIOLOGY
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Free Hesi A2_BIOLOGY Questions
1. Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle take place?
- Mitochondrion
- Chloroplast
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
Explanation
The Krebs cycle (also called the citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells. This stage of cellular respiration generates high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. These energy carriers then fuel the electron transport chain to produce ATP, making mitochondria crucial for aerobic energy production.
2. Each species has a characteristic chromosome number and most of their cells have a complete set of these chromosomes. However, in the life cycle of humans, only sperm and eggs have which number of chromosomes?
- Polyploid
- Haploid
- Monoploid
- Diploid
Explanation
Human sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain half the normal number of chromosomes—23 instead of 46. During fertilization, the haploid sperm and haploid egg fuse to form a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes, restoring the complete chromosome number for normal human development.
3. How are viruses categorized?
- Presence or absence of an outer envelope
- Type of nucleic acid
- All of these are ways in which a virus is categorized
- Size and shape
Explanation
Viruses are classified using multiple characteristics, including type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded), presence or absence of an envelope, and capsid size and shape (helical, icosahedral, complex). These structural and genetic properties help scientists identify and differentiate viruses, predict behavior, and understand how they infect hosts. Because all listed factors play a role, option C is correct.
4. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of what necessary molecule?
- Carbon dioxide
- Lactic acid
- Oxygen
- Water
Explanation
Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration, a process that occurs in the mitochondria and produces large amounts of ATP by fully breaking down glucose. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing efficient generation of energy. Without oxygen, cells must switch to anaerobic pathways, which yield far less ATP.
5. Which genetic descriptor refers to an organism's actual appearance?
- Karyotype
- Phenotype
- Genotype
- Homozygote
Explanation
A phenotype refers to the observable traits or characteristics of an organism, such as eye color, height, or flower color. These physical or biochemical traits result from the interaction between the organism’s genes (genotype) and its environment. Phenotype reflects how genetic information is expressed in real life.
6. What part of a plant cell acts as a barrier and provides support to the cell?
- Cell membrane
- Xylem
- Cell wall
- Chloroplast
Explanation
The cell wall provides structure, protection, and support to plant cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and is composed primarily of cellulose. This rigid outer layer maintains cell shape, prevents over-expansion when water enters the cell, and contributes to overall plant stability.
7. On what part of a light microscope is the slide placed?
- Base
- Arm
- Lens
- Stage
Explanation
The stage is the flat platform on a microscope where the slide is placed for viewing. It typically contains clips or a mechanical holder to secure the slide and may include stage controls for precise movement. The stage positions the specimen directly under the objective lenses for proper magnification and examination.
8. Which antioxidant is identified as a healing vitamin?
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin C
Explanation
Vitamin C is known as the “healing vitamin” because it plays a key role in collagen synthesis, helping repair tissues, strengthen blood vessels, and promote wound healing. It also acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals. Additionally, vitamin C supports immune system function and improves iron absorption, making it critical for overall tissue maintenance and recovery.
9. Which combination of cell cycle phase and descriptor is correct?
- G2 phase – the phase prior to the start of mitosis in which the cell continues to grow in size and make proteins.
- S phase – the cell synthesizes DNA and doubles its cytoplasm.
- G₁ phase – the amount of chromosomes is doubled.
- Interphase – the cell increases in mass and number of organelles to prepare for cell division.
Explanation
During the G2 phase, the cell prepares for mitosis by continuing to grow and producing proteins and organelles needed for cell division. It follows DNA replication (S phase) and is the last checkpoint before entering mitosis. This stage ensures the cell is fully equipped and errors are corrected before division.
10. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
- Produce enzymes
- Obtain energy in the form of ATP
- Enable fermentation
- Produce oxygen molecules
Explanation
The primary purpose of cellular respiration is to extract energy from glucose and convert it into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the usable energy currency for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is essential for powering cellular activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis. ATP production enables cells to function, grow, and maintain homeostasis.
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