NURS 346 ALL SP26 Quiz 4 AA University of Maryland School of Nursing
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Free NURS 346 ALL SP26 Quiz 4 AA University of Maryland School of Nursing Questions
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Type II errors
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Power analysis
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Treatment fidelity
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External validity
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Treatment fidelity Treatment fidelity refers to the degree to which an intervention is delivered consistently and as intended across all participants and research staff. By providing standardized training to ensure all staff deliver the virtual reality intervention in the same manner, the researchers are directly improving treatment fidelity, ensuring that any observed effects are due to the intervention itself rather than variability in how it was administered.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. Type II errors (false negatives) occur when a study fails to detect a true effect. They are primarily addressed through adequate sample size and statistical power, not through standardized training of staff.
B. Power analysis is a statistical calculation performed before a study to determine the sample size needed to detect a meaningful effect. It is unrelated to how consistently the intervention is delivered.
D. External validity concerns the generalizability of findings to other populations and settings. While consistent intervention delivery may indirectly support replication, the primary purpose of standardized training is treatment fidelity, not generalizability.
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Balance was accurately measured by the tool used in the study.
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Swimming, not something else, was what improved balance.
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Experts examined the tool used and determined it was appropriate.
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The findings can be generalized to patients in other age groups.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) Swimming, not something else, was what improved balance. Internal validity refers to the degree to which a study can establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables, ruling out alternative explanations. In this study, internal validity means that swimming itself — and not confounding variables such as motivation, baseline fitness, or other activities — was responsible for the improved balance scores.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Accurately measuring balance with the tool describes instrument reliability and construct validity — not internal validity.
- C. Experts examining and approving the tool describes content validity, which relates to whether the measurement instrument is appropriate — not internal validity.
- D. Generalizing findings to other age groups describes external validity — the ability to apply results beyond the study population — not internal validity.
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Conducting a power analysis before starting
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Using restrictive inclusion/exclusion criteria
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Recruiting a diverse sample of participants
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Randomly assigning participants to groups
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Recruiting a diverse sample of participants External validity refers to the ability to generalize findings to other populations, settings, and contexts. Recruiting a diverse sample that is representative of different ages, genders, ethnicities, and backgrounds ensures that the study findings are applicable to a broader population, directly strengthening external validity.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Conducting a power analysis determines the adequate sample size needed to detect a true effect. This improves statistical power and reduces Type II errors, but does not directly address generalizability to other populations.
- B. Restrictive inclusion/exclusion criteria narrows the sample, making it more homogeneous and actually weakening external validity by limiting the population to which results can be generalized.
- D. Randomly assigning participants to groups is a strategy to reduce bias and strengthen internal validity by ensuring equivalent groups — it does not improve the generalizability of findings to outside populations.
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Discuss the limitations of the study if the editor of the publishing journal requires it.
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Acknowledge only the limitations that were beyond the control of the researchers.
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Discuss limitations of the study because no study is perfectly designed or implemented.
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Refrain from mentioning any limitations of the study because that may bias readers' views.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Discuss limitations of the study because no study is perfectly designed or implemented. Discussing limitations is a fundamental component of research integrity and transparency. No study is without flaws in design, sampling, measurement, or implementation. Openly acknowledging limitations allows readers to critically evaluate the findings, understand the scope of applicability, and identify areas for future research.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Limitations should be discussed routinely and proactively as a standard research practice — not only when required by a journal editor. Ethical research demands transparency regardless of external requirements.
- B. Researchers should acknowledge all significant limitations — including those within their control such as sampling choices, study design decisions, and measurement tools — not only those beyond their control.
- D. Omitting limitations is a form of research dishonesty that misleads readers and undermines the credibility of the findings. Transparency about limitations actually strengthens the integrity of the research.
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Content validity
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Treatment fidelity
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External validity
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Power analysis
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) External validity External validity refers to the ability to generalize study findings to other populations, settings, and contexts. A sample that is 92% white women is not representative of the diverse general population. This lack of diversity severely limits the researchers' ability to generalize findings about fish oil and stroke to men, other racial and ethnic groups, and broader populations.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Content validity refers to whether a measurement tool or instrument adequately covers the full scope of the concept being measured. It is not relevant to sample demographics.
- B. Treatment fidelity refers to the degree to which an intervention is implemented as intended and consistently across the study. It is unrelated to the demographic composition of the sample.
- D. Power analysis relates to the statistical adequacy of the sample size to detect a true effect. While sample diversity is an issue, the described problem is specifically about generalizability, not statistical power.
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A TikTok video about the benefits of this supplement went viral during the study period.
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The participants ate a healthier diet and exercised more because they were in a study.
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The supplement caused constipation, leading to a 40% drop-out rate in the intervention group.
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Only people who could speak and read English were eligible to be included in the study.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) The supplement caused constipation, leading to a 40% drop-out rate in the intervention group. In research, mortality threat (also called attrition) refers to the differential loss of participants from study groups — not literal death. When 40% of participants in the intervention group drop out due to side effects of the supplement, the remaining participants may differ systematically from those who dropped out, biasing the results and threatening internal validity.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. A viral TikTok video about the supplement's benefits is a history threat — an external event occurring during the study that could influence participants' behavior or outcomes independent of the study intervention.
- B. Participants eating healthier and exercising more because they know they are in a study describes the Hawthorne effect — a form of participant behavior change due to observation — which is a threat to internal validity but not a mortality threat.
- D. Restricting eligibility to English speakers is a selection/sampling issue that affects external validity (generalizability) by limiting who can participate, not a mortality threat related to differential dropout.
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Selection threat
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Temporal ambiguity
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Maturation
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History
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) Maturation Maturation is the biggest threat to internal validity in this study. Over a 6-month period, preschool children naturally develop social skills simply due to normal growth and developmental progression — regardless of any intervention. Because there is no control group, it is impossible to determine whether improvements in social skills resulted from the intervention or from the children's natural maturation over time.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Selection threat occurs when there are pre-existing differences between groups being compared. Since this is a single-group design with no comparison group, selection threat is not the primary concern.
- B. Temporal ambiguity refers to uncertainty about whether the cause preceded the effect. In a pretest/posttest design, the temporal sequence is clear — the intervention precedes the outcome measurement.
- D. History refers to external events occurring during the study that could affect outcomes. While possible, maturation is a far greater and more predictable threat given the young age of the participants and the 6-month timeframe.
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The clinical significance outweighs the lack of statistical significance.
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The researchers will not be able to generalize findings to all teens.
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The researcher's claims may go beyond what is shown by the findings.
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Future research should focus on fat intake as well as protein intake.
Explanation
Correct Answer: (C) The researcher's claims may go beyond what is shown by the findings. The researchers' claim that the intervention "caused" improvement and "will transform health" significantly overstates what the data actually supports. A single-group quasi-experiment lacks a control group, so causation cannot be established — only association. Additionally, a 4-ounce weight gain has questionable clinical significance, and declaring it will "transform health" is an unsupported overreach of the findings.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. This is incorrect because statistical significance is present (p=0.02). The issue is the lack of clinical significance and the overstated causal claims — not a trade-off between clinical and statistical significance.
- B. While generalizability is a legitimate concern with quasi-experimental single-group designs, the primary problem identified in this scenario is the researchers' exaggerated causal claims that go far beyond what the study design and data can support.
- D. While future research directions may be valuable, there is no evidence in the scenario to suggest fat intake is a relevant variable. This conclusion is speculative and not supported by the information provided.
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Set a lower p value
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Use multiple hypotheses
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Use random sampling
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Set a lower alpha
Explanation
Correct Answer: (D) Set a lower alpha A Type I error is a false positive — concluding that an effect exists when it does not. The alpha level is the threshold for statistical significance and directly controls the probability of committing a Type I error. Setting a lower alpha (e.g., from 0.05 to 0.01) means the researcher requires stronger evidence before rejecting the null hypothesis, thereby reducing the risk of a false positive finding.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
A. The p value is calculated from the data and cannot be set by the researcher — only the alpha (significance threshold) is set in advance. This option confuses p value with alpha.
B. Using multiple hypotheses actually increases the risk of Type I error, as testing multiple comparisons increases the probability that at least one result will appear significant by chance (multiple comparisons problem).
C. Random sampling improves external validity and representativeness of the sample. While valuable, it does not directly control the probability of a Type I error.
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Maturation
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History
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Sample diversity
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Selection threat
Explanation
Correct Answer: (B) History History as a threat to internal validity refers to external events occurring during the study that are unrelated to the intervention but may influence the outcome. The pandemic is a major historical event that independently increased nurse burnout through elevated workload, moral distress, and increased patient mortality — making it impossible to attribute changes in burnout solely to the study variables.
Why Other Options are Incorrect:
- A. Maturation refers to changes occurring within participants due to natural passage of time (e.g., aging, fatigue). While nurses may experience fatigue over time, the pandemic is a discrete external event — not a natural developmental process.
- C. Sample diversity relates to external validity and the ability to generalize findings across populations. It does not threaten the internal causal relationship between variables.
- D. Selection threat involves pre-existing differences between groups. Since the pandemic affected all participants equally, this is not a selection issue but rather an uncontrolled external historical event.
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