Educational Psychology and Development of Children and Adolescents (D094)

Correct Answer:

C. Using words that have meaning and serve a purpose.

Explanation:

The telegraphic stage occurs in toddlers (around 18-30 months) when they begin using two or three-word phrases that are meaningful but lack small grammatical words. For example, a child might say “want cookie” instead of “I want a cookie.” They use essential words to communicate their needs but omit less critical words, similar to a telegram.

Why other options are wrong:

A. Using sentences.

At this stage, children do not form full sentences; they use short, simplified speech.

B. Using correct noun and verb structure.

Grammar is still developing, and their speech is often not fully structured. For example, they might say "want toy" instead of "I want the toy."

D. Using consonant and vowel sounds to make syllables.

This describes the babbling stage, which occurs much earlier (4-12 months), before meaningful words are used.

Correct Answer:

A. Students must construct knowledge in their own minds.

Explanation:

Constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes active learning in which students build their own understanding by engaging with experiences, questioning concepts, and making connections. Constructivist educators encourage critical thinking, problem-solving, and exploration, rather than simply receiving information passively.

Why other options are wrong:

B. Knowledge is fixed and cannot be changed by students.

This contradicts constructivism, which argues that knowledge is dynamic and shaped by personal experiences. Students refine their understanding over time rather than simply accepting fixed knowledge.

C. Learning is solely based on memorization of facts.

Memorization is not the primary focus of constructivist learning. Instead, understanding, application, and critical thinking are emphasized over rote memorization.

D. Teachers provide all the knowledge directly to students.

Constructivist teaching shifts the role of the teacher from a direct provider of knowledge to a facilitator who guides students in discovering and constructing their own understanding.

Correct Answer

C. Provides Standard in English and Spanish

Explanation

Providing math standards and instructions in both English and Spanish ensures that ELL students can comprehend the lesson while gradually improving their English skills. Bilingual support bridges the language gap, allowing students to follow along without confusion.

Why other options are wrong

A. Conducts Language Tests

Assessing language skills does not directly help students understand multiplication. While important for tracking progress, it does not eliminate barriers in math comprehension.

B. Assigns Extra Homework

Extra homework does not address the root issue—the language barrier. Assigning more work in a language the student struggles with could lead to frustration rather than learning.

D. Uses Translation Apps

While translation apps can provide temporary assistance, they are not a structured or effective long-term solution for addressing language barriers in teaching multiplication. A more comprehensive bilingual approach is needed.

Correct Answer:

B. Crystallized is knowledge; fluid is problem-solving

Explanation:

Crystallized intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and verbal skills gained through experience and education, such as vocabulary, facts, and general knowledge. It tends to increase with age. Fluid intelligence, on the other hand, refers to problem-solving and the ability to think abstractly and adapt to new situations. It is independent of acquired knowledge and typically declines with age.

Why other options are wrong:

A. Crystallized is problem-solving; fluid is knowledge.

This reverses the definitions. Crystallized intelligence is based on accumulated knowledge, while fluid intelligence is about problem-solving and adaptability.

C. Both are the same; just different terms.

They are distinct cognitive abilities. Crystallized intelligence is based on learned knowledge, while fluid intelligence is about quick thinking and reasoning.

D. Crystallized is emotional intelligence; fluid is social intelligence.

Emotional intelligence refers to understanding emotions, and social intelligence refers to interpersonal skills. These are separate from crystallized and fluid intelligence, which deal with cognitive abilities.

Correct Answer

A. Constructivist Learning Theory

Explanation

The Constructivist Learning Theory, influenced by theorists like Piaget and Vygotsky, emphasizes active learning, where students construct knowledge through experiences, collaboration, and exploration. Hands-on projects and multiple perspectives help learners connect new information to prior knowledge, fostering deeper understanding. This approach encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Why other options are wrong

B. Behaviorist Learning Theory

Behaviorism focuses on learning through reinforcement, rewards, and punishments rather than hands-on, exploratory learning. It is more structured and teacher-directed.

C. Cognitivist Learning Theory

Cognitivism emphasizes mental processes such as memory, problem-solving, and information processing. While it considers how students learn, it does not specifically emphasize hands-on projects or multiple perspectives.

D. Humanistic Learning Theory

Humanism focuses on personal growth, motivation, and self-actualization rather than hands-on learning. While it values student experiences, it does not emphasize the use of multiple viewpoints as a primary learning method.

Correct Answer:

C. Preschool to kindergarten (ages 2-7).

Explanation:

The preoperational stage is the second stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring from ages 2 to 7. During this stage, children develop symbolic thinking and start using words and images to represent objects. However, their thinking is still egocentric (they struggle to see perspectives other than their own) and lacks logical reasoning.

Why other options are wrong:

A. Infancy to toddler (ages 0-2).

This age range corresponds to the sensorimotor stage, where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor activities.

B. Grade school (ages 6-12).

Children in this age range are in the concrete operational stage, where they develop logical thinking and understand conservation and classification.

D. Middle school to high school (ages 11-18).

This corresponds to the formal operational stage, where adolescents develop abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning, and problem-solving skills.

Correct Answer

C. Having a coat available when it is cold at school

Explanation

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, safety needs include protection from environmental dangers, financial security, health, and stability. Having a coat available when it is cold directly addresses a basic safety need, ensuring protection from harsh weather conditions.

Why other options are wrong

A. Being self-confident in your abilities

Self-confidence falls under the esteem level of Maslow’s hierarchy, which focuses on personal growth, achievement, and recognition rather than fundamental safety needs.

B. Having a friend group at school you are comfortable with

This situation relates more to the belongingness and love level of Maslow’s hierarchy, which emphasizes social connections and emotional support rather than physical or environmental safety.

D. Finishing school and feeling confident

Completing education and feeling confident in oneself aligns with the self-actualization stage, where individuals focus on personal fulfillment and reaching their potential, rather than addressing immediate safety concerns.

Correct Answer

A. The difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance.

Explanation

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the gap between what a child can accomplish alone and what they can achieve with the assistance of a more knowledgeable person, such as a teacher or peer. This concept emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development and suggests that learning occurs most effectively within this zone. By receiving guidance or scaffolding, children can perform tasks beyond their current independent ability, gradually internalizing new skills.

Why other options are wrong

B. The stage at which a child begins to understand conservation in Piaget’s theory.

This option refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, specifically the concrete operational stage. Conservation is the understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. While Piaget and Vygotsky both studied cognitive development, ZPD is not directly related to the concept of conservation.

C. A child’s ability to recall and apply previously learned information to new situations.

While this describes aspects of cognitive processing and memory, it does not define the Zone of Proximal Development. The ZPD is about the potential for learning through guidance, rather than recalling and applying previously learned knowledge independently.

D. The process by which children imitate adult behaviors to learn social norms.

This option is more closely aligned with Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes observational learning and modeling. While Vygotsky acknowledged the importance of social interaction, ZPD specifically focuses on the role of guided learning and scaffolded support in cognitive development, not simple imitation of behaviors.

Correct Answer:

D. The stress response has no long-term impact.

Explanation:

Chronic stress can have significant long-term effects on physical and mental health, including increased risk of heart disease, weakened immune function, anxiety, and depression. While short-term stress can be beneficial for immediate threats, prolonged stress can lead to serious health consequences.

Why other options are wrong:

A. The stress response protects us from immediate harm.

This is true. The fight-or-flight response helps individuals react quickly to dangerous situations by increasing heart rate, sharpening focus, and releasing stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.

B. The stress response helps us respond to a specific threat.

This is true. The stress response mobilizes energy and resources to help an individual handle immediate challenges effectively.

C. The stress response can take a toll on our health.

This is true. Prolonged exposure to stress can cause chronic health issues such as high blood pressure, digestive problems, and mental health disorders.