D424 Software Engineering Capstone
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Free D424 Software Engineering Capstone Questions
1. Which of the following requirements handles the constraints on the system from the domain of operation?
- Functional requirements
- Codomain requirements
- Nonfunctional requirements
- Domain requirements
Explanation
Domain requirements are constraints that arise directly from the application’s operational environment or business domain. They capture rules, standards, or policies that the system must follow to function correctly within its intended context. These may include regulatory guidelines, industry-specific constraints, or operational protocols unique to the domain.
2. What are the costs of software engineering?
- Roughly 50% of software costs are development costs, 50% are testing costs.
- Roughly 90% of software costs are development costs, 10% are testing costs.
- Roughly 60% of software costs are development costs, 40% are testing costs.
- Roughly 10% of software costs are development costs, 90% are testing costs.
Explanation
In software engineering, approximately 60% of total costs are attributed to development activities, such as design and coding, while about 40% are devoted to testing and validation. Testing ensures quality, reliability, and compliance with user requirements, making it a significant portion of overall project expenses. This balance highlights the importance of quality assurance in the software lifecycle.
3. Explain the significance of non-functional requirements in software engineering and provide an example of each classification: Product, Organizational, and External.
- They define the system's behavior; Product: Performance, Organizational: Compliance, External: Usability
- They are irrelevant; Product: Features, Organizational: Cost, External: Speed
- They only relate to user interface; Product: Aesthetics, Organizational: Training, External: Accessibility
- They are only about security; Product: Encryption, Organizational: Policies, External: Regulations
Explanation
Non-functional requirements specify quality attributes that determine how well a system performs rather than what it does. They ensure reliability, usability, and compliance. Product requirements (e.g., performance) describe system behavior, Organizational requirements (e.g., compliance) relate to standards or processes, and External requirements (e.g., usability) come from external sources like regulations or user expectations. They are critical for ensuring system quality and user satisfaction.
4. Explain how incremental planning in Agile Process Development facilitates changes in customer requirements.
- It allows for a rigid structure that must be followed
- It enables teams to adapt their processes as customer needs evolve
- It eliminates the need for customer feedback
- It focuses only on the initial requirements without revisions
Explanation
Incremental planning in Agile allows teams to adjust their plans regularly based on customer feedback and evolving priorities. Instead of defining all requirements upfront, planning occurs iteratively before each sprint or iteration. This flexibility enables teams to incorporate changes smoothly, ensuring the final product continuously aligns with customer needs and business goals.
5. According to Martin Fowler, refactoring is a change made to the ________ of software to make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify without changing its existing behavior.
- Automated tests
- Internal structure
- Reputation
- Documentation
Explanation
According to Martin Fowler, refactoring refers to making small, controlled improvements to the internal structure of the code without altering its external behavior. The goal is to enhance readability, maintainability, and flexibility while preserving functionality. By refining the internal design, developers can reduce technical debt and make future modifications more efficient and less error-prone.
6. What kind of requirements does ethnography help to discover?
- Requirements based on formal job descriptions
- Requirements based on actual work practices and cooperative activities
- Requirements based on theoretical job scenarios
- Requirements based on stakeholder preferences
Explanation
Ethnography helps uncover requirements based on actual work practices and cooperative activities by observing how users perform their tasks in real environments. This approach reveals practical, often unspoken needs that formal job descriptions or theoretical models may overlook. It ensures that system design aligns with real-world workflows, user behaviors, and collaboration patterns.
7. Which of the following is NOT a classification of non-functional requirements in software engineering?
- Product
- Organizational
- External
- Functional
Explanation
Non-functional requirements are categorized into Product, Organizational, and External types. These address system attributes such as performance, compliance, and reliability rather than specific behaviors. Functional requirements, however, define what the system should do—its operations and services—and are therefore not part of the non-functional requirement classifications.
8. Explain the significance of non-functional requirements in software engineering. Why are they important in addition to functional requirements?
- They define the software's features.
- They ensure the software meets user expectations and operational standards.
- They are only relevant during the testing phase.
- They are less important than functional requirements.
Explanation
Non-functional requirements describe the quality attributes of a system—such as performance, security, usability, and reliability—that determine how the system operates rather than what it does. They are crucial because even if a system performs all required functions, it may still fail if it’s slow, insecure, or difficult to use. These requirements ensure the software meets user expectations and operational standards.
9. Explain how a feasibility study contributes to the overall objectives of a software project.
- It ensures that the project is completed on time and within budget.
- It identifies potential risks and challenges that may arise during development.
- It evaluates whether the project aligns with business goals and can be successfully implemented.
- It focuses solely on the technical aspects of the software.
Explanation
A feasibility study assesses whether a proposed software project is practical, cost-effective, and aligned with organizational goals. It evaluates technical, economic, and operational viability to determine if the project should proceed. By analyzing potential benefits, constraints, and risks, the study helps stakeholders make informed decisions and ensures the project supports overall business objectives.
10. Which of the following does NOT belong to important principles of agile methods?
- Embrace change
- Process not people
- Incremental delivery
- Customer involvement
- Maintain simplicity
Explanation
Agile principles emphasize flexibility, collaboration, and simplicity, with a strong focus on valuing people over processes. The philosophy “People not Process” encourages teamwork and adaptability. Therefore, “Process not people” directly contradicts Agile values. Agile methods prioritize customer feedback, iterative progress, and simple, effective solutions rather than rigid adherence to processes or excessive documentation.
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