DH 209 Nutrition Exam

Correct Answer:

B. Both statements are true.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The total elimination of sweets from the diet is indeed unrealistic for most people, as sweets are a common part of many cultures and social activities. However, it is important to consume sugar in moderation and limit the frequency of sugar exposure. This approach helps balance enjoyment of sugary foods with the goal of maintaining good health, avoiding excessive sugar intake, and reducing the risk of related health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Both statements are false.

This is incorrect because both statements are true. Eliminating sweets entirely is unrealistic, and consuming sugar in moderation while limiting exposure is good advice.

C. The first statement is false; the second is true.

This is incorrect because the first statement is true; eliminating sweets entirely is unrealistic, and the second statement is also true. Therefore, this option is not correct.

D. The first statement is true; the second is false.

This is incorrect because the second statement is also true. Limiting sugar exposure and moderating sugar intake is good advice for health.

Correct Answer:

A. Milk

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Milk is an excellent source of high-quality protein, particularly because it contains all the essential amino acids. It is rich in casein and whey proteins, both of which are easily digestible and beneficial for maintaining muscle mass, bone health, and overall nutritional needs. For an edentulous patient, milk is a great alternative since it can be consumed easily without the need for chewing, and it provides sufficient protein along with other important nutrients like calcium and vitamin D.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. Fruits:

Fruits are not a significant source of protein. They are generally rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber, but they provide very little protein compared to other food sources like dairy, meat, or legumes.

C. Vegetables:

While some vegetables, like legumes and soy products (e.g., tofu), can provide some protein, most vegetables are not rich in protein. Vegetables are primarily a good source of fiber, vitamins, and minerals, but they do not match dairy products in terms of protein content.

D. Grains:

Grains, such as rice, wheat, or oats, do provide some protein, but they are generally not as protein-dense as dairy products. Grains are a better source of carbohydrates and fiber, and while they contribute to overall protein intake, they do not provide the same high-quality protein as milk.

Correct Answer:

B. Water

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Water is the most important nutrient for the body because it is essential for nearly every bodily function. It plays a critical role in regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, removing waste, and aiding in digestion. Water makes up a significant portion of the body, and without it, the body cannot function properly. Dehydration can lead to severe health issues, including organ failure.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Protein

Protein is important for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting immune function. However, the body can survive for extended periods without adequate protein if other nutrients are present, but it cannot survive without water for more than a few days.

C. Vitamins

Vitamins are crucial for various metabolic functions and maintaining health, but like protein, the body can survive for a longer period without them compared to water.

D. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy, especially for the brain. However, the body can survive for a time without carbohydrates by utilizing other energy sources like fats and proteins.

Summary:

Water is the most important nutrient because it is vital for all bodily functions and survival. Although protein, vitamins, and carbohydrates are important for health, they are not as crucial as water for maintaining life and normal bodily functions.

Correct Answer: C. A hypo state known as scurvy

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

C is correct because scurvy is not associated with Vitamin A deficiency. Scurvy is actually caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), not Vitamin A. The symptoms of scurvy include weakness, anemia, gum disease, and skin problems, which are distinct from the symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

A. Involved in tooth development

This is incorrect because Vitamin A plays an essential role in tooth development. It contributes to the development of tooth enamel and is important for the maintenance of the health of the oral tissues.

B. Growth of soft tissue and bone

This is incorrect because Vitamin A is essential for the growth of soft tissue and bone. It helps in cell differentiation, which is crucial for the growth and repair of tissues, including bone and soft tissues.

D. Prevention of night blindness

This is incorrect because Vitamin A is crucial for preventing night blindness. A deficiency in Vitamin A can lead to a condition known as nyctalopia, or night blindness, where the ability to see in low light is impaired.

Correct Answer:

A. Salmon

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Salmon is most likely to contain the least amount of mercury compared to the other fish listed. Mercury levels in fish generally depend on their size and position in the food chain. As a smaller, shorter-lived fish, salmon accumulates less mercury. Additionally, farmed salmon tends to have even lower levels of mercury than wild-caught salmon due to differences in diet.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. Swordfish

Swordfish is a large predatory fish that is high on the food chain and tends to accumulate significant amounts of mercury in its tissues. It is recommended to limit the consumption of swordfish, especially for pregnant women and young children.

C. Shark

Shark is another large predatory fish, and like swordfish, it accumulates high levels of mercury. Shark should be avoided or consumed only occasionally, particularly during pregnancy.

D. Mackerel

Mackerel, especially larger species like king mackerel, tends to have higher levels of mercury compared to smaller fish. However, some types of mackerel, like Atlantic mackerel, have lower mercury levels, but in general, it is still higher than salmon.

Summary:

Salmon is the fish most likely to contain the least amount of mercury due to its size and position in the food chain. Larger, predatory fish like swordfish, shark, and mackerel tend to have higher mercury levels.

Correct Answer: D. Both statements are true.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Both statements are correct:

The first statement is true because orthodontic patients are often adolescents, and adolescents are known to have less than ideal nutrition and oral self-care. This is largely due to lifestyle factors, such as a preference for convenience foods and a lack of established hygiene routines, which can be compounded by the challenges of maintaining oral care with braces or other orthodontic appliances.

The second statement is true because motivation for noncompliant patients can be improved by emphasizing the aesthetic benefits of proper nutrition and oral care. Reminding patients that optimal nutrition and oral self-care contribute to their appearance (e.g., improved smile and overall oral health) can help motivate them to be more diligent about maintaining good habits.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

A. Both statements are false.

This is incorrect because both statements are actually true, as explained above.

B. The first statement is false; the second is true.

This is incorrect because the first statement is true. Adolescents with orthodontic treatment often struggle with nutrition and oral hygiene, as mentioned.

C. The first statement is true; the second is false.

This is incorrect because the second statement is true. Motivating noncompliant patients by emphasizing the importance of aesthetics and health benefits is a well-established approach.

Correct Answer:

B. Cholesterol intake is essential.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Cholesterol intake is not essential because the body can synthesize all the cholesterol it needs. The liver and other cells in the body produce cholesterol, so it is not necessary to obtain cholesterol directly from the diet. While dietary cholesterol can influence blood cholesterol levels to some extent, the body’s production of cholesterol is the primary source, making dietary cholesterol intake non-essential.

Why the Other Options Are Correct:

A. Cholesterol is a precursor of vitamin D:

This is correct. Cholesterol is converted into vitamin D when the skin is exposed to sunlight. The conversion process involves the transformation of cholesterol into 7-dehydrocholesterol, which, upon exposure to UV light, is converted into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

C. Cholesterol is a sterol derivative:

This is correct. Cholesterol is a sterol, which is a type of lipid molecule with a structure that includes multiple carbon rings. It is an important component of cell membranes and a precursor for the synthesis of hormones like steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D.

D. Lipoproteins transport cholesterol in the blood:

This is correct. Lipoproteins are responsible for transporting cholesterol and other lipids (such as triglycerides) in the blood. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) carries cholesterol to cells, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it back to the liver for excretion.

Correct Answer: D. 100 kcal

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The correct calculation for protein is:

Each gram of protein provides 4 kcal. So, to find the kcal from protein in this product, we multiply:

25 grams × 4 kcal/gram = 100 kcal

Thus, 25 grams of protein equals 100 kcal. This is the correct total for the protein content in the food product, and the answer should reflect the kcal from the protein content.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

A. 175 kcal

This is incorrect because 175 kcal would suggest that the product contains approximately 43.75 grams of protein (175 ÷ 4 = 43.75), not 25 grams.

B. 225 kcal

This is incorrect because 225 kcal would imply about 56.25 grams of protein (225 ÷ 4 = 56.25), which is not the case here.

C. 25 kcal

This is incorrect because 25 kcal would correspond to only 6.25 grams of protein (25 ÷ 4 = 6.25), much less than the 25 grams of protein mentioned.

Summary:

The correct answer is D, 100 kcal, as this reflects the calculation of 25 grams of protein providing 100 kcal. The other options do not accurately represent the calorie count from the protein content.

Correct Answer:

B. Marasmus

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Marasmus is not a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG). Marasmus is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition that results from prolonged caloric and protein deficiency. It is characterized by wasting of muscle and fat, which is unrelated to the localized gingival condition seen in NUG. NUG is primarily a gum infection caused by bacteria, stress, poor oral hygiene, and other factors.

Why the Other Options Are Correct:

A. Necrosis of interdental papilla:

This is correct. One of the hallmark signs of NUG is the necrosis (death) of the interdental papilla, which are the small tissue areas between the teeth. This is often seen as a punched-out appearance of the gingival tissue.

C. Metallic taste and foul odor:

This is correct. A metallic taste and foul odor are common symptoms in NUG due to the infection, ulceration, and presence of bacterial byproducts in the mouth. The foul odor is often described as fetid or reminiscent of rotting tissue.

D. Gingival erythema:

This is correct. Gingival erythema refers to redness or inflammation of the gums, which is a common feature of NUG. The gums may appear swollen, red, and bleed easily, especially when touched.