DH 209 Nutrition Exam

Correct Answer:

A. 4,4,7,9

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The physiological energy values commonly used are:

Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/g.

Proteins also provide 4 kcal/g.

Alcohol provides 7 kcal/g.

Fats provide 9 kcal/g.

These values are based on the energy released when the body metabolizes these macronutrients.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

B. 7,4,4,9

This is incorrect because alcohol should provide 7 kcal/g, not protein, and protein should provide 4 kcal/g.

C. 4,4,9,7

This is incorrect because fat should provide 9 kcal/g, not alcohol.

D. 7,9.4,4

This is incorrect because the numbers are mismatched and do not correspond to the correct kcal/g for each macronutrient.

Summary:

The correct physiological energy values are 4 kcal/g for carbohydrates, 4 kcal/g for protein, 7 kcal/g for alcohol, and 9 kcal/g for fat, making A the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D. Lactase

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

D is correct because lactase is the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of milk, specifically the breakdown of lactose, the sugar found in milk, into its component monosaccharides: glucose and galactose. This process occurs in the small intestine.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

A. Pepsin

This is incorrect because pepsin is a digestive enzyme in the stomach that primarily breaks down proteins, not sugars like lactose.

B. Maltase

This is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme that breaks down maltose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules, into glucose. It does not act on lactose.

C. Sucrase

This is incorrect because sucrase breaks down sucrose (table sugar), a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose, not lactose.

Correct Answer:

D. Salivary amylase

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The hydrolysis of starch (the breakdown of starch into smaller sugar molecules like maltose) begins in the oral cavity with the enzyme salivary amylase. This enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands and begins the process of breaking down complex carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars. Salivary amylase works in the mouth, but its activity is halted when the starch reaches the acidic environment of the stomach.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine, where it continues the breakdown of starches. While it is responsible for starch digestion in the small intestine, it is not involved in the initial breakdown of starch in the oral cavity.

B. Sucrase

Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose. It is found in the small intestine and is not involved in the breakdown of starch.

C. Protease

Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. They do not play a role in the digestion of carbohydrates, such as starch, and are therefore not involved in starch hydrolysis.

Correct Answer:

C. Carbohydrates.

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Carbohydrates are the most significant dietary influence on the development of dental caries (tooth decay). When carbohydrates, especially sugars and starches, are consumed, bacteria in the mouth break them down and produce acids. These acids can demineralize tooth enamel, leading to cavities. Frequent consumption of sugars or starches, particularly sticky foods that linger on teeth, increases the risk of tooth decay.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Proteins:

Proteins do not have a direct, significant impact on the development of dental caries. While protein foods can contribute to overall oral health by providing essential nutrients like calcium and phosphorous, they are not a primary cause of tooth decay.

B. Vitamins:

Vitamins play an important role in maintaining overall health, including oral health, but they are not a significant direct factor in the development of dental caries. Vitamin D, for example, helps in calcium absorption, which is important for healthy teeth, but it doesn't directly influence tooth decay.

D. Fats:

Like proteins, fats are not a major contributor to dental caries. Healthy fats do not promote the development of tooth decay in the way carbohydrates (especially sugars) do.

Correct Answer:

B. Fruit juices should be consumed frequently

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The message of MyPlate emphasizes the importance of whole fruits over fruit juices. While fruit juices can be part of a balanced diet, they should not be consumed frequently due to their high sugar content and lack of fiber. MyPlate encourages the consumption of whole fruits to maximize nutrient intake and minimize added sugars.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Trackers can help analyze food intake

This is correct. MyPlate encourages the use of tools such as food trackers to analyze and monitor food intake, helping individuals make more informed dietary choices.

C. Whole grains should occupy 1/4 of the plate

This is also correct. MyPlate recommends that about 1/4 of the plate should be filled with whole grains, emphasizing the consumption of unrefined grains like whole wheat, brown rice, and quinoa for better nutritional value.

D. Vegetables and fruit should fill half the plate

This is true. MyPlate advises that half of the plate should consist of fruits and vegetables to encourage a balanced diet rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

Summary:

The correct answer is "Fruit juices should be consumed frequently" because MyPlate recommends whole fruits instead of fruit juices. The other statements are consistent with MyPlate guidelines, which encourage portion control and a balanced diet.

Correct Answer: D. Before conception

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

The most ideal time to begin taking folate to prevent neural tube defects is before conception. Folate, or folic acid, should be taken at least one month before conception and throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. This is because neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, can occur very early in pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she is pregnant. Adequate folate intake during this time is crucial in reducing the risk of these birth defects.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

A. Upon completion of the first trimester

This is incorrect because neural tube defects occur very early in pregnancy, and waiting until the first trimester is complete would be too late to provide the protective benefits of folate.

B. Second trimester

This is incorrect because the second trimester is too late to prevent neural tube defects. The critical period for neural tube formation is in the first few weeks after conception, so folate supplementation is necessary before conception and during the early stages of pregnancy.

C. From 6-8 weeks of pregnancy

This is incorrect because while it’s important to continue folate intake during the pregnancy, starting at 6-8 weeks would be too late to prevent neural tube defects, as the critical window for neural tube development occurs earlier in the pregnancy.

Correct Answer: D. Tobacco and alcohol use

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

D is correct because tobacco and alcohol use are not typically included as part of the general clinical observation in a routine appraisal. These factors are important for assessing health but are generally explored through patient history, interviews, or specific questioning rather than direct clinical observation.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:|

A. Posture

This is correct because posture is a key element of clinical observation. A patient's posture can provide valuable insights into their musculoskeletal health, neurological function, and even psychological well-being.

B. Gait and mobility

This is correct because gait and mobility are also important aspects of clinical observation. Observing a patient’s gait helps assess their balance, coordination, and the presence of any potential neurological or musculoskeletal issues.

C. Weight status

This is correct because weight status is part of clinical observation, which can provide clues about nutritional status, potential metabolic conditions, or health risks such as obesity or malnutrition.|

E. Skin tone

This is correct because skin tone can indicate various health issues such as circulation problems, jaundice, anemia, or dehydration, which are important for clinical observation.

Correct Answer: A. Increased urinary output

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

A is correct because increased urinary output is not a classic sign of fluid volume deficit (FVD). In fact, during FVD, the body typically attempts to conserve water, resulting in decreased urinary output, not increased. The kidneys retain as much fluid as possible to compensate for the deficit.

Why the Other Options are Incorrect:

B. Dry skin

This is incorrect because dry skin is a classic sign of fluid volume deficit. As the body loses fluids, it reduces blood flow to the skin, resulting in dryness and a lack of elasticity.

C. Decreased muscular function

This is incorrect because decreased muscular function is a common symptom of FVD. Dehydration can cause muscle weakness, cramping, and fatigue due to the lack of fluid needed for proper muscle function.

D. Fissures in a dry tongue

This is incorrect because fissures in a dry tongue are a typical sign of fluid volume deficit. Dehydration can lead to dryness in the mouth and tongue, causing cracks or fissures.

Correct Answer:

True

Explanation of the Correct Answer:

Breastfeeding is considered beneficial for oral development and dental health. Infants who are breastfed tend to have a lower risk of developing certain orthodontic issues compared to those who are bottle-fed. This is because breastfeeding encourages proper oral muscle development and jaw alignment. The act of sucking from the breast requires different muscle movements than sucking from a bottle, which may contribute to less risk of issues like malocclusion or misalignment of teeth that can require orthodontic treatment later in life.

Why the Other Option is Incorrect:

False

This statement is incorrect because studies have shown that breastfeeding promotes better oral and jaw development. Bottle-feeding, especially when the baby is fed for longer periods of time or is given a bottle during sleep, can contribute to a higher risk of dental problems such as tooth misalignment or increased risk for cavities. Therefore, the statement that bottle-fed infants are more likely to need orthodontia than breastfed infants is true.

Summary:

Breastfeeding has several oral health benefits for infants, and they generally require less orthodontic treatment compared to bottle-fed infants due to better oral muscle and jaw development.