Governance, Risk, and Compliance (D486)
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Free Governance, Risk, and Compliance (D486) Questions
What policy clearly states the ownership of information created or used by an organization?
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A data governance policy
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An information security policy
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An acceptable use policy
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A data retention policy
Explanation
Correct Answer
A. A data governance policy
Explanation
A data governance policy defines how an organization manages, protects, and assigns ownership of data. It establishes clear guidelines on data accountability, including who owns the data, who can access it, and how it should be handled. This policy ensures compliance with legal and regulatory requirements while maintaining data integrity and security.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
B. An information security policy
An information security policy focuses on protecting data from threats but does not primarily address data ownership. It includes guidelines on access control, encryption, and risk management.
C. An acceptable use policy
An acceptable use policy (AUP) outlines how employees and users can use company resources, such as internet access and email. It does not specify data ownership or governance.
D. A data retention policy
A data retention policy defines how long data should be stored and when it should be deleted. It does not establish ownership or responsibility for data management.
During a meeting, you present management with a list of access controls used on your network. Which of the following controls is an example of a corrective control?
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IDS
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Audit logs
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Antivirus software
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Router
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Antivirus software
Explanation
A corrective control is designed to mitigate the impact of a security incident after it has occurred. Antivirus software is a corrective control because it identifies, quarantines, and removes malware after an infection is detected, thereby reducing damage to the system.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. IDS
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a detective control, not a corrective control. It monitors network traffic for suspicious activity but does not actively take action to remediate threats.
B. Audit logs
Audit logs are also detective controls, as they record system activities and help in post-incident analysis rather than correcting security issues in real time.
D. Router
A router primarily serves as a preventive control, as it directs network traffic and can be configured with security measures like access control lists (ACLs) to prevent unauthorized access. It does not actively correct security incidents.
Which of the following is the most common reason to include a privacy notice on a website?
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To warn attackers about security measures
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To avoid lawsuits
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Due to regulations or laws
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None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Due to regulations or laws
Explanation
A privacy notice is a legally required document that informs users about how their personal data is collected, used, stored, and protected. Many jurisdictions, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other data privacy laws, require businesses to provide transparent privacy notices to users. Failure to comply with these regulations can lead to fines, penalties, or legal action.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. To warn attackers about security measures
Privacy notices are intended for users, not attackers. They describe data handling practices but do not include details about security measures, as revealing security details would create vulnerabilities.
B. To avoid lawsuits
While having a privacy notice can help reduce legal risks, the primary reason for including it is compliance with privacy laws, not simply to avoid lawsuits. A well-crafted privacy notice aligns with regulations and informs users, which indirectly helps in preventing legal issues.
D. None of the above
This option is incorrect because privacy notices are required by law in many countries, making option C the most accurate choice.
What type of control is a lock?
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Managerial
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Technical
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Physical
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Corrective
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Physical
Explanation
A lock is a physical security control because it is a tangible mechanism used to restrict access to a location or object. Physical controls help prevent unauthorized access by acting as a barrier to entry. Other examples of physical controls include fences, security guards, and access control doors.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Managerial is incorrect because managerial controls involve policies, procedures, and administrative actions rather than physical security measures.
B. Technical is incorrect because technical controls involve the use of technology, such as firewalls, encryption, and intrusion detection systems, not physical barriers like locks.
D. Corrective is incorrect because corrective controls are implemented after an incident to restore security, such as restoring backups or patching vulnerabilities. A lock is a preventive measure rather than a corrective one.
As the IT security officer for your organization, you are configuring data label options for your company's research and development file server. Regular users can label documents as contractor, public, or internal. Which label should be assigned to company trade secrets?
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High
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Top secret
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Proprietary
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Low
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Proprietary
Explanation
The "Proprietary" label is commonly used for sensitive company information, such as trade secrets, that should be protected from unauthorized disclosure. Proprietary data is confidential and intended for internal use or restricted access within the company. This classification ensures that only authorized personnel can view or modify the information, reducing the risk of data leaks or theft.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. High is a general security label but does not specifically indicate that the data belongs to the company as a trade secret. While "high" might indicate importance, it lacks specificity in defining intellectual property protections.
B. Top secret is a classification typically used in government or military settings for national security information. While trade secrets are confidential, they do not typically require the extreme restrictions that "top secret" classification implies.
D. Low would not be an appropriate classification for trade secrets, as it implies minimal security controls and accessibility to a broad audience. Trade secrets require higher protection to prevent unauthorized access or misuse.
Eric works for the U.S. government and needs to classify data. Which of the following is not a common classification type for U.S. government data?
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Top Secret
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Secret
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Confidential
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Civilian
Explanation
Correct Answer
D. Civilian
Explanation
The U.S. government follows a strict classification system to protect sensitive information. The three most common classification levels are Top Secret, Secret, and Confidential, which are used to determine access restrictions based on the potential harm their disclosure could cause to national security. The term "Civilian" is not a recognized classification level within the U.S. government system. Instead, civilian-related information typically falls under unclassified data, which does not require the same security controls as classified information. Since "Civilian" does not fit into this system, it is the correct answer.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Top Secret
Top Secret is the highest level of classification in the U.S. government. Information labeled as Top Secret could cause exceptionally grave damage to national security if disclosed without authorization. Access to Top Secret information is tightly controlled, and individuals must undergo rigorous background checks and security clearances before gaining access. Examples of Top Secret data include military operations, nuclear launch codes, and high-level intelligence reports.
B. Secret
Secret classification applies to information that, if leaked, could cause serious damage to national security but is not as critical as Top Secret. This level is commonly used for military operations, diplomatic communications, and government research that must remain confidential. Secret information still requires proper security protocols and clearance levels for access.
C. Confidential
Confidential classification is the lowest level of classified information in the U.S. government system. While not as sensitive as Secret or Top Secret data, its disclosure could still cause harm to national security. This classification often applies to internal government documents, operational procedures, and law enforcement reports. Confidential information is protected by security controls but does not require the same level of clearance as higher classifications.
What standard is used for credit card security?
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GDPR
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COPPA
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PCI-DSS
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CIS
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. PCI-DSS
Explanation
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) is a global security standard designed to protect credit card data and transactions. It establishes requirements for secure data handling, encryption, access controls, and monitoring to prevent fraud and breaches in payment processing systems. Compliance with PCI-DSS is mandatory for businesses that store, process, or transmit credit card information.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. GDPR
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a privacy law that protects personal data for individuals in the European Union. While it includes security measures, it is focused on broader data privacy rather than credit card security specifically.
B. COPPA
The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) is a U.S. law designed to protect the privacy of children under 13 when using online services. It regulates how websites and online platforms collect and handle children's personal information but does not address credit card security.
D. CIS
The Center for Internet Security (CIS) provides security best practices and guidelines to improve cybersecurity, but it is not a compliance standard for credit card transactions. It offers recommendations for securing systems but does not specifically regulate payment card data.
You are a network administrator and have been given the duty of creating user accounts for new employees the company has hired. These employees are added to the identity and access management system and assigned mobile devices. What process are you performing?
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Offboarding
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System owner
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Onboarding
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Executive user
Explanation
Correct Answer
C. Onboarding
Explanation
Onboarding is the process of integrating new employees into an organization by setting up their accounts, providing access to systems, and assigning necessary resources like mobile devices. It ensures they can perform their job duties securely and efficiently.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Offboarding
Offboarding is the opposite process—it involves removing access, deactivating accounts, and collecting company devices when an employee leaves the organization.
B. System owner
A system owner is responsible for managing a specific IT system, including security policies and maintenance, but does not perform onboarding tasks.
D. Executive user
An executive user is a high-level employee with privileged access, but this is not related to the process of creating user accounts for new hires.
Which of the following rights is not included in the GDPR?
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The right to access
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The right to be forgotten
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The right to data portability
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The right to anonymity
Explanation
Correct Answer
D. The right to anonymity
Explanation
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) grants individuals rights over their personal data, including access, deletion, and portability. However, GDPR does not explicitly provide a "right to anonymity." It focuses on protecting and managing personal data rather than enforcing complete anonymity.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. The right to access
GDPR allows individuals to request access to their personal data and understand how it is used.
B. The right to be forgotten
Also known as the right to erasure, individuals can request their data be deleted if no longer needed.
C. The right to data portability
Individuals can request their data in a structured, commonly used format to transfer to another service provider.
Adam is concerned about malware infecting machines on his network. One of his concerns is that malware would be able to access sensitive system functionality that requires administrative access. What technique would best address this issue?
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Implement host-based antimalware
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Using a nonadministrative account for activities
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Implementing full-disk encryption (FDE)
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Making certain the operating systems are patched
Explanation
Correct Answer
B. Using a nonadministrative account for activities
Explanation
Using a nonadministrative account limits the permissions available to malware in case of infection. If malware executes within an account that lacks administrative privileges, it is less likely to perform system-level changes, reducing the risk of severe damage. This is a fundamental security best practice for mitigating malware-related risks.
Why Other Options Are Wrong
A. Implement host-based antimalware can detect and remove some malware, but it is not foolproof. Advanced malware can evade detection, and relying solely on antimalware software does not address the risk of malware gaining administrative privileges.
C. Implementing full-disk encryption (FDE) protects data at rest, meaning it secures information when the device is powered off. However, it does not prevent malware from executing or spreading if an account with administrative access is compromised.
D. Making certain the operating systems are patched is crucial for overall security but does not specifically mitigate the risk of malware gaining administrative access. While patches close vulnerabilities, they do not restrict a compromised user’s permissions.
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