SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called:
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Muscle
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Epithelial
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Connective
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Nervous
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Nervous.Explanation
Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called neurons, which are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body. This tissue also includes supporting cells called neuroglia that protect, nourish, and insulate neurons. Nervous tissue is essential for communication, coordination, and control of body functions.A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of:
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Endocytosis
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The sodium and potassium pump
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Channel-mediated transport
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Carrier-mediated transport
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Carrier-mediated transport.Explanation
Carrier-mediated transport involves a specific membrane protein that binds to a solute, undergoes a conformational change, and releases the solute on the opposite side of the membrane. This process can be passive or active, depending on whether energy is required. Unlike channels, carriers physically bind the solute, and unlike endocytosis, no vesicle formation occurs.Which is not a function of epithelial tissue?
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Absorption
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Secretion
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Assimilation
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Protection
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. AssimilationExplanation
Epithelial tissue functions primarily in protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration. It lines body surfaces, cavities, and organs, forming barriers that protect underlying tissues, absorb nutrients and fluids, and secrete substances such as enzymes, hormones, and mucus. Assimilation, which refers to the incorporation and utilization of nutrients at the cellular or metabolic level, is not a direct function of epithelial tissue but rather a function associated with cellular metabolism in other tissues.The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with:
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Taste
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Equilibrium
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Smell
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Pain
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. Smell.Explanation
The olfactory tract transmits sensory impulses related to the sense of smell from the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity to the olfactory cortex of the brain. These impulses allow for the detection and interpretation of odors. Taste is carried primarily by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X, equilibrium is associated with the vestibular system, and pain is transmitted through various sensory pathways, not the olfactory tract.A tissue is:
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A membrane that lines body cavities.
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A group of similar cells that perform a common function.
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A thin sheet of cells embedded in a matrix.
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The most complex organizational unit of the body.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. A group of similar cells that perform a common function.Explanation
A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells, along with their products, that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue for movement, nervous tissue for communication, and epithelial tissue for protection and absorption. Membranes and sheets of cells are specific tissue arrangements, while the most complex organizational unit of the body is the organism, not a tissue.Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex?
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Viruses
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Tapeworms
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Bacteria
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Protozoa
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. TapewormsExplanation
Tapeworms are multicellular parasitic organisms classified as helminths, making them the most complex among the listed pathogens. They possess specialized tissues, organs, and body systems adapted for attachment, nutrient absorption, and reproduction within a host. In contrast, viruses are acellular, bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes, and protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes, all of which are structurally simpler than tapeworms.The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is:
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Carbon
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Hydrogen
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Oxygen
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Nitrogen
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Nitrogen.Explanation
Proteins are composed of amino acids, all of which contain nitrogen as part of their amino group. This element is essential for forming peptide bonds and gives proteins their unique structural and functional properties. Carbohydrates, in contrast, are composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and therefore do not contain nitrogen.If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete
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Fewer hydrogen ions from blood to urine.
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More hydrogen ions from blood to urine.
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More sodium ions into the urine.
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Both A and C will occur.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. More hydrogen ions from blood to urine.Explanation
When blood pH falls below normal, a condition known as acidosis, the kidneys help restore acid–base balance by increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine. This process removes excess acid from the blood and helps raise the pH back toward normal. At the same time, bicarbonate is conserved, further supporting pH regulation. Secreting fewer hydrogen ions would worsen acidosis rather than correct it.During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm?
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Latent period
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Contraction phase
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Relaxation phase
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None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
A. Latent periodExplanation
The latent period is the brief initial phase of a muscle twitch during which excitation–contraction coupling occurs. During this phase, the action potential travels along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules, triggering the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. This calcium release prepares the muscle fiber for cross-bridge formation and contraction but does not yet produce visible shortening.All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except:
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Oxytocin
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Calcitonin
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Cortisol
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Glucagon
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. CortisolExplanation
Cortisol is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol and produced by the adrenal cortex. In contrast, oxytocin, calcitonin, and glucagon are nonsteroid hormones composed of peptides or proteins. Steroid hormones like cortisol are lipid-soluble and act through intracellular receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones act on cell surface receptors.How to Order
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