SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the:
- Anterior pituitary.
- Posterior pituitary.
- Thyroid gland.
- Parathyroid gland.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
A. Anterior pituitary.Explanation
Thyroid hormone production is stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote the synthesis and release of thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃). The posterior pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin, while the parathyroid gland regulates calcium balance, not thyroid hormone production.The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the
- Thalamus
- Thyroid
- Thymus
- Spleen
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. ThymusExplanation
The thymus is the primary lymphatic organ because it is where T lymphocytes mature and become immunocompetent. These cells are essential for adaptive immunity and cell-mediated immune responses. While the spleen is a major secondary lymphatic organ involved in blood filtration and immune responses, the thymus is considered primary due to its role in lymphocyte development. The thalamus and thyroid are not part of the lymphatic system.Positive-feedback control systems:
- Have no effect on the deviation from set point.
- Accelerate a change.
- Ignore a change.
- Do not exist in human systems.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Accelerate a change.Explanation
Positive-feedback control systems amplify or accelerate a deviation from the normal set point rather than correcting it. Once initiated, the response increases the original stimulus until a specific event brings the process to an end. Classic examples in the human body include blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth, where rapid completion of the process is beneficial.The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as:
- Hemostasis
- Fibrinolysis
- Erythroblastosis
- Diapedesis
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Fibrinolysis.Explanation
Fibrinolysis is the process by which blood clots are broken down after vessel repair has occurred. It involves the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that digests fibrin strands within the clot. Hemostasis refers to clot formation, erythroblastosis involves red blood cell disorders, and diapedesis is the movement of white blood cells through capillary walls.A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is
- Kyphosis
- Scoliosis
- Lordosis
- Scheuermann disease
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
A. Kyphosis.Explanation
Kyphosis is characterized by an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine, resulting in a rounded upper back or “hunchback” appearance. Scoliosis involves a lateral curvature of the spine, while lordosis refers to an exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar region. Although Scheuermann disease can cause kyphosis, kyphosis is the general condition described.Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones?
- Mineral storage
- Protection
- Hormonal production
- Hematopoiesis
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. Hormonal production.Explanation
The primary functions of bones include mineral storage (such as calcium and phosphate), protection of vital organs, and hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells in red bone marrow. Hormonal production is not traditionally considered a primary function of bones in basic anatomy and physiology, even though bones do secrete certain regulatory substances.A synapse consists of:
- A synaptic knob
- A synaptic cleft
- The plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
- All of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. All of the above.Explanation
A synapse is the functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell. It includes the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron, which releases neurotransmitters, the synaptic cleft, which is the gap between cells, and the postsynaptic membrane, which contains receptors that receive the signal. All these components are necessary for synaptic transmission.Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the:
- Central canal
- Choroid plexuses
- Subarachnoid space
- Arachnoid villi
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Choroid plexusesExplanation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexuses, which are specialized networks of capillaries located in the ventricles of the brain. These structures filter blood plasma and actively secrete CSF, which then circulates through the ventricles and subarachnoid space to cushion the central nervous system and maintain a stable environment.The basic building blocks of fats are:
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Amino acids
- Fatty acids and glycerol
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Fatty acids and glycerol.Explanation
Fats, also known as lipids, are composed of fatty acids and glycerol molecules. A typical fat molecule consists of one glycerol backbone bonded to three fatty acid chains, forming a triglyceride. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are carbohydrates, and amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, not fats.The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including:
- Touch
- Temperature
- Pain
- All of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. All of the aboveExplanation
The somatic sensory system is responsible for processing information from receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints. It allows the body to detect touch (such as pressure and vibration), temperature (heat and cold), and pain (signals of potential or actual tissue damage). These sensations are transmitted through peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and brain, where they are interpreted. Together, they help protect the body, guide movement, and support interaction with the environment.How to Order
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