SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause:
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Increased residual volume
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Decreased vital capacity
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Increased functional reserve volume
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Decreased tidal volume
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Decreased vital capacityExplanation
Excess fluid in the pleural cavity, known as pleural effusion, restricts lung expansion by compressing lung tissue. This limitation reduces the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled, leading to a decreased vital capacity. While tidal volume may also be affected, the most characteristic and measurable change is a reduction in vital capacity due to restricted lung movement.Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus?
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Oropharynx
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Nasopharynx
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Larynx
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Mouth
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. MouthExplanation
During swallowing, the body temporarily blocks certain openings to prevent food from entering the airway or nasal cavity. The nasopharynx is closed by elevation of the soft palate to prevent food from entering the nasal passages, and the larynx is protected by elevation and closure of the epiglottis to prevent aspiration into the trachea. The mouth does not need to be blocked because the bolus has already passed posteriorly into the pharynx. Therefore, the mouth is not one of the openings that must be blocked during swallowing.The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are):
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Sodium
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Potassium
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Proteins
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Phosphate
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Potassium.Explanation
When a neuron is at rest, the membrane is much more permeable to potassium ions than to other ions because of numerous potassium leak channels. Potassium diffuses out of the neuron down its concentration gradient, contributing to the resting membrane potential. Sodium channels are mostly closed at rest, proteins are too large to cross the membrane, and phosphate ions do not significantly diffuse across the neuronal membrane.The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are
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Fluid balance and waste removal.
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Fluid balance and immunity.
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Immunity and waste removal.
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Waste removal and gas exchange.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Fluid balance and immunity.Explanation
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance by returning excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream, preventing tissue edema. It is also essential for immunity, as it houses lymphocytes and filters pathogens through lymph nodes. While waste removal occurs indirectly, and gas exchange is not a lymphatic function, fluid balance and immune defense are its primary roles.The functions of the lymph nodes are:
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Defense and hemostasis
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Defense and diapedesis
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Defense and hematopoiesis
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Hematopoiesis and hemostasis
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Defense and diapedesis.Explanation
Lymph nodes function primarily in defense by filtering lymph and housing lymphocytes that initiate immune responses against pathogens. They also serve as sites where diapedesis occurs, allowing white blood cells to exit the bloodstream and enter lymphatic tissues to fight infection. Hematopoiesis occurs mainly in bone marrow, and hemostasis refers to blood clotting, not lymph node function.Which of these is true about the metabolism of glucose?
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Aerobic metabolism produces lactic acid.
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Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid.
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Anaerobic metabolism produces carbonic acid.
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Both A and C are true about the metabolism of glucose.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid.Explanation
During anaerobic metabolism, glucose is broken down without sufficient oxygen, leading to the formation of lactic acid as an end product. This occurs commonly in muscle cells during intense activity when oxygen delivery cannot meet demand. Aerobic metabolism, in contrast, produces carbon dioxide and water, not lactic acid, making anaerobic lactic acid production the correct statement.During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm?
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Latent period
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Contraction phase
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Relaxation phase
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None of the above
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
A. Latent periodExplanation
The latent period is the brief initial phase of a muscle twitch during which excitation–contraction coupling occurs. During this phase, the action potential travels along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules, triggering the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. This calcium release prepares the muscle fiber for cross-bridge formation and contraction but does not yet produce visible shortening.Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles?
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Movement
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Protection
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Heat production
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Posture
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. ProtectionExplanation
The primary functions of muscle tissue include producing movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat as a byproduct of muscle contraction. While muscles may offer some indirect protection to internal organs by surrounding them, protection is not considered a major or primary function of the muscular system. Protection is more directly associated with the skeletal system and integumentary system.The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the
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Proliferative
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Follicular
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Luteal
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Estrogenic
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
C. LutealExplanation
The luteal phase begins after ovulation, when the ovum is released from the ovary, and continues until the onset of menstruation. During this phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone, which prepares and maintains the uterine lining for possible implantation. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels fall, leading to shedding of the endometrial lining during menses.Positive-feedback control systems:
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Have no effect on the deviation from set point.
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Accelerate a change.
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Ignore a change.
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Do not exist in human systems.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Accelerate a change.Explanation
Positive-feedback control systems amplify or accelerate a deviation from the normal set point rather than correcting it. Once initiated, the response increases the original stimulus until a specific event brings the process to an end. Classic examples in the human body include blood clotting and uterine contractions during childbirth, where rapid completion of the process is beneficial.How to Order
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