SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College
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Free SCI 221 Physiology Final Exam at Nightingale College Questions
Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by:
- A relative lack of ATP.
- High levels of lactate.
- Failure of the sodium-potassium pumps.
- All of the above.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. All of the above.Explanation
Physiological muscle fatigue results from multiple factors that interfere with normal muscle contraction. A lack of ATP limits cross-bridge cycling, elevated lactate levels contribute to decreased pH and enzyme dysfunction, and failure of sodium-potassium pumps disrupts membrane excitability. Together, these changes reduce the muscle’s ability to sustain forceful or repeated contractions.Starling's law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the
- Weaker the contraction.
- Slower the heart rate.
- Faster the heart rate.
- Stronger the contraction.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Stronger the contraction.Explanation
Starling’s law of the heart states that the force of cardiac contraction increases as the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched prior to contraction. Increased stretch occurs when more blood fills the ventricles during diastole, leading to greater overlap of actin and myosin filaments. This results in a stronger contraction, allowing the heart to pump a greater volume of blood to match venous return.A tissue is:
- A membrane that lines body cavities.
- A group of similar cells that perform a common function.
- A thin sheet of cells embedded in a matrix.
- The most complex organizational unit of the body.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. A group of similar cells that perform a common function.Explanation
A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells, along with their products, that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include muscle tissue for movement, nervous tissue for communication, and epithelial tissue for protection and absorption. Membranes and sheets of cells are specific tissue arrangements, while the most complex organizational unit of the body is the organism, not a tissue.Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential?
- The cell membrane is permeable to Na⁺ but impermeable to K⁺ ions.
- The outer surface of the plasma membrane has a negative charge.
- The highest concentration of K⁺ is extracellular.
- The sodium pump has moved Na⁺ to the outside of the plasma membrane.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. The sodium pump has moved Na⁺ to the outside of the plasma membrane.Explanation
In a neuron at resting potential, the sodium–potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. This action helps maintain the resting membrane potential by keeping sodium concentration high outside the neuron and potassium concentration high inside. As a result, the inside of the membrane remains negatively charged relative to the outside.The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin:
- Causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content.
- Opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells.
- Stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder.
- Does all of the above.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Does all of the above.Explanation
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the small intestine in response to fats and proteins. It stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich digestive juices, causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile, and inhibits gastric activity by opposing gastrin’s effects on parietal cells. Together, these actions coordinate digestion and regulate the rate of gastric emptying.The functions of the lymph nodes are:
- Defense and hemostasis
- Defense and diapedesis
- Defense and hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis and hemostasis
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Defense and diapedesis.Explanation
Lymph nodes function primarily in defense by filtering lymph and housing lymphocytes that initiate immune responses against pathogens. They also serve as sites where diapedesis occurs, allowing white blood cells to exit the bloodstream and enter lymphatic tissues to fight infection. Hematopoiesis occurs mainly in bone marrow, and hemostasis refers to blood clotting, not lymph node function.Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n)
- Positive
- Negative
- Equal
- None of the above are correct
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Negative.Explanation
At rest, the inside of a neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside. This resting membrane potential results from the unequal distribution of ions across the membrane, particularly high sodium concentration outside the cell and high potassium concentration inside, along with negatively charged proteins within the neuron. The sodium–potassium pump and potassium leak channels help maintain this negative internal charge.The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called:
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Nervous.Explanation
Nervous tissue is composed of specialized cells called neurons, which are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body. This tissue also includes supporting cells called neuroglia that protect, nourish, and insulate neurons. Nervous tissue is essential for communication, coordination, and control of body functions.When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be:
- Plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.
- Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma.
- Intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid.
- Plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
B. Intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma.Explanation
Intracellular fluid makes up the largest portion of total body water, accounting for about two-thirds, as it is contained within all body cells. Interstitial fluid is the next largest compartment, surrounding and bathing the cells. Plasma, the fluid portion of blood, represents the smallest volume among these three major fluid compartments.The basic building blocks of fats are:
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Amino acids
- Fatty acids and glycerol
Explanation
Correct Answer Is:
D. Fatty acids and glycerol.Explanation
Fats, also known as lipids, are composed of fatty acids and glycerol molecules. A typical fat molecule consists of one glycerol backbone bonded to three fatty acid chains, forming a triglyceride. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are carbohydrates, and amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, not fats.How to Order
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