Integrated Physical Sciences (C165)
C165: Integrated Physical Sciences
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Free Integrated Physical Sciences (C165) Questions
What is the primary reason a dropped object falls to the ground
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Friction
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Gravity
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Inertia
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Air resistance
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Gravity
Explanation:
Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth. It is the primary reason a dropped object accelerates downward.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Friction:
Friction opposes motion but does not cause objects to fall to the ground.
C) Inertia:
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion, but it does not cause the object to fall.
D) Air resistance:
Air resistance is a force that acts opposite to the motion of an object, slowing its fall, but it does not cause the object to move downward.
What energy conversion takes place as a box slides to a stop on a horizontal table
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Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
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Thermal energy is converted into potential energy.
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Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy.
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The box with less mass accelerates more.
Explanation
Correct Answer C. Kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy.
Explanation
As the box slides to a stop on a horizontal table, friction between the box and the table resists its motion. This friction converts the box's kinetic energy (energy of motion) into thermal energy (heat), which is dissipated into the surrounding environment. The process involves no significant changes in potential energy because the box remains on a flat, horizontal surface.
Why other options are wrong
A. Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy:
This is incorrect because potential energy (related to position or height) does not change in this scenario. The box is not moving vertically or gaining/losing potential energy.
B. Thermal energy is converted into potential energy:
This is incorrect because thermal energy is not converted into potential energy in this context. The heat generated from friction does not affect the position of the box.
D. The box with less mass accelerates more:
This statement is irrelevant to the energy conversion process described in the question. While mass may affect acceleration under specific conditions, it does not relate to the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy in this scenario.
Which of the following statements regarding inertia is FALSE
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Inertia is the tendency of an object to keep its same motion.
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Objects with less mass have less inertia.
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It is more difficult to cause objects with more inertia to change velocity.
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Objects with more inertia are easier to accelerate.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: Objects with more inertia are easier to accelerate.
Explanation:
Inertia is the property of an object that resists changes in its state of motion. Objects with more mass have more inertia, making it harder to accelerate them. So, the statement "Objects with more inertia are easier to accelerate" is false.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Inertia is the tendency of an object to keep its same motion:
This is true. Inertia is the resistance of an object to any change in its motion, whether that be speed or direction.
B) Objects with less mass have less inertia:
This is true. The more mass an object has, the greater its inertia, meaning it resists changes in motion more.
C) It is more difficult to cause objects with more inertia to change velocity:
This is true. Objects with more inertia resist changes to their motion more strongly, making it harder to change their velocity.
In which state of matter are particles close together, but able to slide past one another
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Friction
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Mixture
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Liquid
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Solid
Explanation
Correct Answer C: Liquid
Explanation:
In the liquid state, particles are close together but have enough freedom to slide past each other, allowing liquids to flow.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Friction:
Friction is not a state of matter. It is the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
B) Mixture:
A mixture is not a state of matter but a combination of two or more substances. The state of matter of the substances in a mixture can vary.
D) Solid:
In solids, particles are tightly packed and do not slide past one another. They vibrate in place instead.
Two boxes sitting on the floor look identical, but one has more mass than the other. What happens when the same net force, sufficient to overcome static friction, is applied to each box
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The box with less mass remains stationary.
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The box with more mass moves faster.
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The basket will move up.
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The box with less mass accelerates more.
Explanation
Correct Answer D: The box with less mass accelerates more.
Explanation:
According to Newton's second law of motion (F = ma), the acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass when the same net force is applied. Therefore, the box with less mass will accelerate more than the box with more mass.
Why other options are wrong:
A) The box with less mass remains stationary:
This is incorrect because the force applied is sufficient to overcome static friction and move both boxes.
B) The box with more mass moves faster:
This is incorrect because the box with more mass will accelerate slower than the box with less mass, given the same net force.
C) The basket will move up:
This option is unrelated to the scenario of the two boxes and does not address the forces or acceleration at play.
Which force causes a jet airplane to stop on a runway
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Gravitational
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Friction
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Gravity
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Motion
Explanation
Correct Answer B. Friction
Explanation
Friction is the force that opposes motion and acts between the tires of the airplane and the surface of the runway, causing the airplane to decelerate and eventually stop. Friction converts the airplane's kinetic energy into thermal energy, allowing it to safely come to rest.
Why other options are wrong
A. Gravitational:
Gravitational force pulls the airplane toward the Earth but does not directly contribute to stopping its forward motion on the runway.
C. Gravity:
Gravity is synonymous with gravitational force and, like option A, does not play a role in stopping the airplane's motion on the runway.
D. Motion:
Motion is not a force; it describes the state of movement of an object. It cannot cause an airplane to stop.
A heavy truck and a light car travel at the same velocity side-by-side on the highway. Both drivers apply the same braking force at the same moment. What will happen to the two vehicles
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The car will speed up while the truck slows down.
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The car will slow down more quickly than the truck.
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The truck will come to a complete stop first.
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Both vehicles will stop at the same time.
Explanation
Correct Answer B: The car will slow down more quickly than the truck.
Explanation:
The truck has more mass than the car, and according to Newton's second law of motion, the same braking force will cause the car, with less mass, to decelerate more quickly than the truck.
Why other options are wrong:
A) The car will speed up while the truck slows down:
This is incorrect because both vehicles are braking, so neither will speed up.
C) The truck will come to a complete stop first:
This is incorrect. A heavier object (truck) requires more force or more time to stop, assuming the same braking force is applied.
D) Both vehicles will stop at the same time:
This is incorrect because the mass difference means they will not stop at the same rate.
When baking soda is added to vinegar, a chemical reaction occurs. The reaction produces carbon dioxide gas, and a liquid solution consisting mostly of water and a salt called sodium acetate. How is mass affected in this reaction, according to the law of conservation of matter
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The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution.
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There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes.
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A cold front moved through the area.
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The box with less mass accelerates more.
Explanation
Correct Answer A: The total mass of baking soda and vinegar must equal the total mass of carbon dioxide and the liquid solution.
Explanation:
According to the law of conservation of matter, mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Therefore, the mass of the reactants (baking soda and vinegar) will equal the mass of the products (carbon dioxide and the liquid solution).
Why other options are wrong:
B) There is high risk of volcanoes and low risk of large earthquakes:
This is unrelated to the chemical reaction between baking soda and vinegar.
C) A cold front moved through the area:
This is unrelated to the chemical reaction or the law of conservation of matter.
D) The box with less mass accelerates more:
This is unrelated to the chemical reaction and the law of conservation of matter. It describes a principle of motion, not mass conservation.
Which force causes graphite from the tip of a pencil to transfer to the paper
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Gravitational
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Friction
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Gravity
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Motion
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Friction
Explanation:
Friction between the pencil tip and the paper causes the graphite to be transferred onto the paper as the pencil moves across it.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Gravitational:
Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward the Earth but does not directly cause the transfer of graphite in this case.
C) Gravity:
Similar to gravitational force, this force is not the cause of the transfer of graphite in this context.
D) Motion:
Motion describes the movement of the pencil, but it is friction that causes the transfer of graphite.
A meteorologist is studying the formation of a hurricane. Which layer of the atmosphere is the meteorologist studying
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Infrared Radiation
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Troposphere
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Physics
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Sound Waves
Explanation
Correct Answer B: Troposphere
Explanation:
The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather phenomena, including hurricanes, occur. It contains most of the Earth's air mass and is where clouds, storms, and other weather systems form.
Why other options are wrong:
A) Infrared Radiation:
Infrared radiation is a form of energy that can be emitted by objects, including the Earth, but it is not a layer of the atmosphere. Meteorologists use infrared radiation for observing weather patterns, but it is not the focus of studying hurricane formation.
C) Physics:
Physics is a scientific discipline that deals with the nature and properties of matter and energy. While physics helps explain atmospheric behavior, it is not a specific layer of the atmosphere.
D) Sound Waves:
Sound waves are vibrations traveling through a medium, typically air, but they are not related to the study of hurricanes. Sound waves are not a layer of the atmosphere and don't directly pertain to the formation of weather systems.
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Study Notes: SCIE 1020 C165 Integrated Physical Sciences
1. Introduction to Physical Sciences
Definition and Scope:
- Physical sciences encompass the study of non-living systems, including physics, chemistry, and earth sciences.
- Focuses on understanding natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and theoretical modeling.
- Observation: Noticing and describing a phenomenon.
- Question: Formulating a question based on the observation.
- Hypothesis: Proposing a testable explanation.
- Experiment: Designing and conducting experiments to test the hypothesis.
- Analysis: Interpreting data to draw conclusions.
- Conclusion: Accepting, rejecting, or modifying the hypothesis.
- Communication: Sharing results with the scientific community.
- SI Units: Standardized units used globally (e.g., meters for length, kilograms for mass).
- Accuracy vs. Precision: Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements.
- Significant Figures: Indicate the precision of a measurement.
2. Physics
Motion and Forces:
- Newton’s Laws of Motion:
- First Law (Inertia): An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- Second Law (F=ma): Force equals mass times acceleration.
- Third Law (Action-Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
- Types of Forces: Gravitational, frictional, tension, and normal forces.
Energy and Work:
- Energy: The capacity to do work. Types include kinetic (energy of motion) and potential (stored energy).
- Work: Done when a force moves an object over a distance (W = Fd).
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
Waves and Sound:
- Wave Properties: Amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed.
- Sound Waves: Longitudinal waves that require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel.
- Doppler Effect: Change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer moving relative to the wave source.
- Electric Charge: Positive (protons) and negative (electrons).
- Ohm’s Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance).
- Magnetism: Interaction between moving electric charges and magnetic fields.
3. Chemistry
- States of Matter: Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
- Physical vs. Chemical Properties: Physical properties (e.g., density, melting point) can be observed without changing the substance, while chemical properties (e.g., reactivity) describe how a substance interacts with others.
Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table:
- Atomic Structure: Protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
- Periodic Table: Organizes elements by atomic number and properties. Groups (columns) share similar chemical behaviors.
Chemical Reactions and Bonding:
- Types of Bonds: Ionic (transfer of electrons), covalent (sharing of electrons), and metallic (sea of electrons).
- Chemical Reactions: Processes where reactants transform into products. Balanced equations show conservation of mass.
Acids, Bases, and Solutions:
- pH Scale: Measures acidity (pH < 7) or basicity (pH > 7).
- Neutralization: Reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.
4. Earth Sciences
Earth’s Structure and Composition:
- Layers of the Earth: Crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
- Rock Types: Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes:
- Plate Tectonics: Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that move due to mantle convection.
- Earthquakes: Caused by the sudden release of energy along fault lines.
Weather and Climate:
- Weather: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
- Climate: Long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, and wind.
- Planets: Eight planets orbit the Sun, categorized as terrestrial (rocky) or gas giants.
- Stars and Galaxies: Stars are massive, luminous spheres of plasma, and galaxies are collections of stars, gas, and dust.
5. Interdisciplinary Applications
- Studies the interaction between humans and the environment.
- Topics include pollution, climate change, and resource management.
Technology and Innovation:
- Application of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
- Examples include renewable energy technologies and medical advancements.
Scientific Ethics and Responsibility:
- Ethical considerations in scientific research, such as data integrity and the impact of scientific discoveries on society.
Frequently Asked Question
SCIE 1020 C165 covers fundamental principles of physical sciences, including Newton’s Laws of Motion, energy transfer, the greenhouse effect, atomic structure, chemical reactions, forces, and properties of matter.
The best approach includes reviewing course materials, taking practice quizzes, watching explanatory videos, and applying concepts to real-world scenarios to strengthen understanding.
Newton’s First Law (the Law of Inertia) explains why objects resist changes in motion, such as why passengers lurch forward when a car suddenly stops.
Water’s high specific heat capacity allows it to absorb and release heat slowly, helping stabilize temperatures in coastal and oceanic environments.
Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface, preventing heat from escaping and leading to an increase in global temperatures.
The three types of heat transfer are conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation (electromagnetic waves).
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion (e.g., a moving car), while potential energy is stored energy (e.g., a stretched rubber band).