C898 Earth Science: Content Knowledge
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Free C898 Earth Science: Content Knowledge Questions
1.
The Ring of Fire is associated with:
- A. Divergent boundaries only
- B. Subduction zones and convergent boundaries
- C. Transform boundaries
- D. Hot spots
Explanation
Explanation
The Ring of Fire refers to the horseshoe-shaped region around the edges of the Pacific Ocean that is
characterized by intense volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes. This activity occurs primarily along
subduction zones, where oceanic plates sink beneath continental or other oceanic plates, a process typical
of convergent boundaries. These subduction zones generate magma that feeds many of the world’s
volcanoes and causes significant seismic events.
Correct Answer:
Subduction zones and convergent boundaries
The Ring of Fire refers to the horseshoe-shaped region around the edges of the Pacific Ocean that is
characterized by intense volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes. This activity occurs primarily along
subduction zones, where oceanic plates sink beneath continental or other oceanic plates, a process typical
of convergent boundaries. These subduction zones generate magma that feeds many of the world’s
volcanoes and causes significant seismic events.
Correct Answer:
Subduction zones and convergent boundaries
2.
Which volcanic feature is composed of alternating layers of lava and tephra?
- A. Shield volcano
- B. Cinder cone
- C. Stratovolcano
- D. Caldera
Explanation
Explanation
A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, forms through successive eruptions that alternate
between emitting viscous lava flows and explosive ejections of ash, cinders, and other volcanic debris
(collectively called tephra). Over time, these alternating layers build up steep-sided, conical structures.
Famous examples include Mount Fuji and Mount St. Helens. The composition and structure of
stratovolcanoes make them among the most explosive types of volcanoes on Earth.
Correct Answer:
Stratovolcano
A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, forms through successive eruptions that alternate
between emitting viscous lava flows and explosive ejections of ash, cinders, and other volcanic debris
(collectively called tephra). Over time, these alternating layers build up steep-sided, conical structures.
Famous examples include Mount Fuji and Mount St. Helens. The composition and structure of
stratovolcanoes make them among the most explosive types of volcanoes on Earth.
Correct Answer:
Stratovolcano
3.
The majority of Earth’s atmosphere by volume is:
- A. Oxygen
- B. Nitrogen
- C. Carbon dioxide
- D. Argon
Explanation
Explanation
Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of Earth’s atmosphere by volume, making it the most abundant
gas. Oxygen is the second most abundant at about 21%, while argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace
gases comprise the remaining fraction. Nitrogen is relatively inert and plays a critical role in maintaining
atmospheric stability and supporting the nitrogen cycle essential for life on Earth.
Correct Answer:
Nitrogen
Nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of Earth’s atmosphere by volume, making it the most abundant
gas. Oxygen is the second most abundant at about 21%, while argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace
gases comprise the remaining fraction. Nitrogen is relatively inert and plays a critical role in maintaining
atmospheric stability and supporting the nitrogen cycle essential for life on Earth.
Correct Answer:
Nitrogen
4.
A light-year is a unit of:
- A. Time
- B. Distance
- C. Speed
- D. Energy
Explanation
Explanation
A light-year is a unit of distance, defined as the distance that light travels in one year through a vacuum,
approximately 9.46 trillion kilometers (5.88 trillion miles). Astronomers use light-years to express vast
interstellar and intergalactic distances because conventional units like kilometers or miles are
impractically small at such scales. Light-years provide a practical way to describe how far away stars,
galaxies, and other celestial objects are from Earth.
Correct Answer:
Distance
A light-year is a unit of distance, defined as the distance that light travels in one year through a vacuum,
approximately 9.46 trillion kilometers (5.88 trillion miles). Astronomers use light-years to express vast
interstellar and intergalactic distances because conventional units like kilometers or miles are
impractically small at such scales. Light-years provide a practical way to describe how far away stars,
galaxies, and other celestial objects are from Earth.
Correct Answer:
Distance
5.
El Niño events are characterized by:
- A. Warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific
- B. Cooling of surface waters in the western Pacific
- C. Increased upwelling along South America
- D. Stronger trade winds
Explanation
Explanation
El Niño events are characterized by the warming of surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific
Ocean. This warming disrupts normal oceanic and atmospheric circulation, weakening the trade winds
and reducing upwelling along the coast of South America. The result is significant climate impacts
worldwide, including altered precipitation patterns, droughts, and flooding in various regions. El Niño is
part of the larger El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which alternates between warm (El Niño)
and cool (La Niña) phases.
Correct Answer:
Warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific
El Niño events are characterized by the warming of surface waters in the central and eastern Pacific
Ocean. This warming disrupts normal oceanic and atmospheric circulation, weakening the trade winds
and reducing upwelling along the coast of South America. The result is significant climate impacts
worldwide, including altered precipitation patterns, droughts, and flooding in various regions. El Niño is
part of the larger El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, which alternates between warm (El Niño)
and cool (La Niña) phases.
Correct Answer:
Warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific
6.
The term “aquifer depletion” refers to:
- A. Increased recharge rates
- B. Withdrawal exceeding recharge
- C. Saltwater intrusion only
- D. Natural spring flow
Explanation
Explanation
Aquifer depletion occurs when groundwater withdrawal from an aquifer exceeds its natural recharge rate.
Over time, this leads to a decline in the water table, reduced water availability for wells and springs, land
subsidence, and potential ecological impacts. Excessive pumping can also increase the risk of saltwater
intrusion in coastal areas, but the defining characteristic of aquifer depletion is the imbalance between
extraction and recharge, rather than the presence of saltwater alone.
Correct Answer:
Withdrawal exceeding recharge
Aquifer depletion occurs when groundwater withdrawal from an aquifer exceeds its natural recharge rate.
Over time, this leads to a decline in the water table, reduced water availability for wells and springs, land
subsidence, and potential ecological impacts. Excessive pumping can also increase the risk of saltwater
intrusion in coastal areas, but the defining characteristic of aquifer depletion is the imbalance between
extraction and recharge, rather than the presence of saltwater alone.
Correct Answer:
Withdrawal exceeding recharge
7.
Which rock is an example of a clastic sedimentary rock?
- A. Limestone
- B. Rock salt
- C. Conglomerate
- D. Chert
Explanation
Explanation
Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded gravel-sized particles cemented
together by finer sediments. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the mechanical weathering and erosion
of preexisting rocks, followed by deposition, compaction, and cementation of the fragments. Unlike
chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone or rock salt, which form from precipitation of minerals
from solution, conglomerates preserve the physical characteristics of their source material.
Correct Answer:
Conglomerate
Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock composed of rounded gravel-sized particles cemented
together by finer sediments. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the mechanical weathering and erosion
of preexisting rocks, followed by deposition, compaction, and cementation of the fragments. Unlike
chemical sedimentary rocks such as limestone or rock salt, which form from precipitation of minerals
from solution, conglomerates preserve the physical characteristics of their source material.
Correct Answer:
Conglomerate
8.
Which process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on geologic timescales?
- A. Volcanic eruptions
- B. Respiration
- C. Chemical weathering of silicate rocks
- D. Ocean circulation
Explanation
Explanation
The chemical weathering of silicate rocks removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere over geologic
timescales. When CO₂ in the atmosphere combines with rainwater to form carbonic acid, it reacts with
silicate minerals in rocks, breaking them down and forming bicarbonate ions. These ions are eventually
transported to the oceans, where they precipitate as carbonate minerals, effectively sequestering carbon
for millions of years. This process acts as a long-term regulator of atmospheric CO₂ and climate.
Correct Answer:
Chemical weathering of silicate rocks
The chemical weathering of silicate rocks removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere over geologic
timescales. When CO₂ in the atmosphere combines with rainwater to form carbonic acid, it reacts with
silicate minerals in rocks, breaking them down and forming bicarbonate ions. These ions are eventually
transported to the oceans, where they precipitate as carbonate minerals, effectively sequestering carbon
for millions of years. This process acts as a long-term regulator of atmospheric CO₂ and climate.
Correct Answer:
Chemical weathering of silicate rocks
9.
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a star that originally had a mass of approximately:
- A. 1–3 solar masses
- B. 3–8 solar masses
- C. 8–20 solar masses
- D. More than 20 solar masses
Explanation
Explanation
A neutron star forms from the collapsed core of a massive star that originally had a mass of
approximately 8–20 solar masses. After the star undergoes a supernova explosion, the core compresses
into an incredibly dense object composed mostly of neutrons, typically with a radius of about 10–15
kilometers but containing more mass than the Sun. Neutron stars exhibit extreme gravity, rapid rotation,
and strong magnetic fields, often observable as pulsars.
Correct Answer:
8–20 solar masses
A neutron star forms from the collapsed core of a massive star that originally had a mass of
approximately 8–20 solar masses. After the star undergoes a supernova explosion, the core compresses
into an incredibly dense object composed mostly of neutrons, typically with a radius of about 10–15
kilometers but containing more mass than the Sun. Neutron stars exhibit extreme gravity, rapid rotation,
and strong magnetic fields, often observable as pulsars.
Correct Answer:
8–20 solar masses
10.
The rock cycle shows that sedimentary rock can be transformed into metamorphic rock primarily by:
- A. Compaction and cementation
- B. Heat and pressure
- C. Weathering and erosion
- D. Melting and recrystallization
Explanation
Explanation
Sedimentary rock transforms into metamorphic rock through the processes of heat and pressure deep
within Earth’s crust. These forces alter the rock’s texture and mineral composition without melting it,
creating new metamorphic structures such as foliation or recrystallized minerals. For instance, shale can
become slate under such conditions. This transformation is a key part of the rock cycle, illustrating how
different rock types are interconnected through Earth’s dynamic processes.
Correct Answer:
Heat and pressure
Sedimentary rock transforms into metamorphic rock through the processes of heat and pressure deep
within Earth’s crust. These forces alter the rock’s texture and mineral composition without melting it,
creating new metamorphic structures such as foliation or recrystallized minerals. For instance, shale can
become slate under such conditions. This transformation is a key part of the rock cycle, illustrating how
different rock types are interconnected through Earth’s dynamic processes.
Correct Answer:
Heat and pressure
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