C898 Earth Science: Content Knowledge
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Free C898 Earth Science: Content Knowledge Questions
Physical weathering is primarily caused by:
- Oxidation
- Frost action and abrasion
- Hydrolysis
- Carbonation
Explanation
Physical weathering, also known as mechanical weathering, involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller
pieces without changing their chemical composition. The main causes include frost action, where water
seeps into cracks, freezes, and expands, and abrasion, which occurs when rocks and sediments grind
against each other through wind, water, or ice movement. These processes gradually disintegrate rocks,
increasing surface area for further weathering but leaving their mineral makeup unchanged.
Correct Answer:
Frost action and abrasion
A solar eclipse can only occur during which lunar phase?
- Full Moon
- New Moon
- First quarter
- Third quarter
Explanation
A solar eclipse can only occur during the new Moon phase, when the Moon is positioned between Earth
and the Sun. In this alignment, the Moon can block some or all of the Sun’s light from reaching Earth,
casting a shadow and producing a partial or total solar eclipse. Solar eclipses do not occur during other
lunar phases because the Moon is not aligned between Earth and the Sun in those positions.
Correct Answer:
New Moon
An unconformity in a rock sequence represents:
- A period of deposition
- A period of erosion or non-deposition
- Volcanic activity
- Metamorphism
Explanation
An unconformity in a rock sequence signifies a gap in the geologic record caused by a period of erosion
or lack of deposition. During this time, previously formed layers may have been eroded away before new
sediments were deposited, creating a boundary between older and younger rocks. Unconformities are
important because they reveal episodes of crustal movement, uplift, or sea-level change that interrupt the
continuous deposition of sediments.
Correct Answer:
A period of erosion or non-deposition
Which evidence best supports the theory of plate tectonics?
- Matching fossils on separate continents
- Identical rock ages across oceans
- Uniform ocean depth
- Random earthquake locations
Explanation
One of the strongest pieces of evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics is the discovery of
matching fossils, such as Mesosaurus and Glossopteris, found on continents that are now widely separated
by oceans. This suggests that these continents were once joined together in a supercontinent (Pangaea)
and later drifted apart due to the movement of tectonic plates. This correlation between fossil distribution,
along with similarities in rock formations and mountain ranges across continents, provides powerful proof
of continental drift and plate movement.
Correct Answer:
Matching fossils on separate continents
The unique property of water that allows insects to walk on its surface is:
- High specific heat
- Universal solvent
- Surface tension
- Density anomaly
Explanation
Surface tension is a unique property of water caused by the cohesive forces between water molecules at
the surface. These forces create a “film” that resists external force, allowing small insects, like water
striders, to walk on the water without sinking. This property arises from hydrogen bonding among water
molecules, which gives the surface layer enough strength to support lightweight organisms and some
objects that do not break the surface.
Correct Answer:
Surface tension
An artesian well flows naturally because the aquifer is:
- Confined and under pressure
- Unconfined
- Above the water table
- Contaminated
Explanation
An artesian well flows naturally because it taps into a confined aquifer that is under pressure. Confined
aquifers are sandwiched between impermeable layers of rock or clay, which trap water and create
pressure. When a well penetrates such an aquifer, the internal pressure forces water to rise above the level
of the aquifer without the need for pumping. This phenomenon is a result of the hydraulic head difference
between the recharge area and the well location.
Correct Answer:
Confined and under pressure
The apparent backward motion of Mars against the background stars is called:
- Parallax
- Retrograde motion
- Precession
- Aberration
Explanation
Retrograde motion refers to the apparent backward movement of a planet, such as Mars, relative to the
background stars as observed from Earth. This occurs because Earth orbits the Sun faster than the outer
planets. When Earth overtakes an outer planet in its orbit, the planet appears to move westward
temporarily against the usual eastward motion across the sky. This phenomenon was historically
important in developing heliocentric models of the solar system.
Correct Answer:
Retrograde motion
The Oort Cloud is the source of:
- Short-period comets
- Long-period comets
- Asteroids
- Kuiper Belt objects
Explanation
The Oort Cloud is a distant, spherical shell of icy bodies surrounding the solar system and is the source of
long-period comets. These comets have orbital periods exceeding 200 years and can approach the Sun
from any direction. The Oort Cloud lies far beyond the Kuiper Belt and serves as a reservoir of icy objects
left over from the formation of the solar system, occasionally perturbed by gravitational interactions to
enter the inner solar system as comets.
Correct Answer:
Long-period comets
The Coriolis effect causes moving air in the Northern Hemisphere to deflect:
- To the left
- To the right
- Straight
- Upward
Explanation
The Coriolis effect results from Earth’s rotation, causing moving air and water to be deflected relative to
the surface. In the Northern Hemisphere, this deflection is to the right of the direction of motion. This
effect influences wind patterns, ocean currents, and the rotation of large weather systems such as cyclones
and anticyclones. The Coriolis effect does not generate motion itself but modifies the path of moving
objects over long distances.
Correct Answer:
To the right
The law of superposition states that in undisturbed sedimentary layers:
- The oldest rock is on top
- The youngest rock is on the bottom
- The oldest rock is on the bottom
- Age cannot be determined
Explanation
The law of superposition is a fundamental principle of geology that states in an undisturbed sequence of
sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. Over time,
sediments are deposited horizontally, and newer layers accumulate above older ones. This principle
allows geologists to determine the relative ages of rock layers and reconstruct the chronological order of
geological events in Earth’s history.
Correct Answer:
The oldest rock is on the bottom
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