Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library
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Free Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library Questions
1. What is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient called? Select one:
- Osmosis
- Active transport
- Filtration
- Diffusion
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Active transport: Active transport is the process by which substances move across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient—from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This movement requires cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport allows cells to maintain essential concentrations of ions and nutrients, such as sodium and potassium, which are vital for nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
2. Which of the following are considered communicable diseases? (Select all that apply.) Select one or more:
- Gonorrhea
- Tuberculosis
- Diabetes
- Varicella
- Hypertension
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answers: a. Gonorrhea: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It spreads through sexual contact with an infected person’s body fluids. Because it is transmitted directly between individuals, it is classified as a communicable disease. b. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. It is highly communicable and requires infection control measures such as airborne isolation and mask use. d. Varicella: Varicella, or chickenpox, is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads through direct contact with lesions or airborne droplets, making it a highly communicable disease, particularly among unvaccinated individuals.
3. Which of the following best describes an active transport mechanism that results in the destruction of a large particle bacterium by the lysosome? Select one:
- Diffusion
- Phagocytosis
- Osmosis
- Pinocytosis
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is a type of active transport in which certain cells, such as white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils), engulf large particles like bacteria or cellular debris. Once inside the cell, the particle is enclosed within a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest and destroy the ingested material. This process is vital for immune defense and cellular cleanup.
4. The nurse knows that a patient who has a blood pH of 7.55 is experiencing a/an ——— blood pH. Select one:
- neutral
- normal
- acidic
- alkaline
Explanation
Explanation: The normal range for blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45. This balance is crucial for maintaining proper enzyme activity, oxygen delivery, and overall metabolic function. ● A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, meaning the blood is too acidic due to excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) or loss of bicarbonate. ● A pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis, meaning the blood is too basic due to loss of hydrogen ions or excess bicarbonate. A blood pH of 7.55 is higher than the normal upper limit and therefore represents an alkaline (basic) condition.
5. The LPN student has been assigned to care for a patient who was admitted for pancreatitis. The LPN student knows the pancreas is located in the ________ assessment area when auscultating and palpating in this area, and the patient may exhibit discomfort during the abdominal exam. Select one:
- Left upper quadrant
- Right lower quadrant
- Right upper quadrant
- Left lower quadrant
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Left upper quadrant: The pancreas lies mostly in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen, extending horizontally behind the stomach and partly into the midline. In pancreatitis, inflammation of this organ often causes pain and tenderness in the LUQ or epigastric region, sometimes radiating to the back. During assessment, the nurse may note guarding or discomfort when palpating this area due to irritation and inflammation of pancreatic tissue.
6. The lungs are _______ to the neck. Select one:
- proximal
- superior
- lateral
- inferior
Explanation
Explanation: The term inferior means below or lower than another structure. Anatomically, the lungs are located below the neck in the thoracic cavity, making them inferior to the neck.
7. A nurse is caring for a client with a wound infection. The healthcare provider has ordered a wound culture which the LPN has collected and sent to the lab. In order to ensure the correct antibiotics are being given, the LPN knows the additional testing performed in the lab is called: Select one:
- Sensitivity
- Virulence
- Anaerobe
- Prokaryotic
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: A sensitivity test (also known as an antibiotic susceptibility test) determines which antibiotics are most effective against the bacteria isolated from the wound culture. This ensures the healthcare provider selects the most appropriate antibiotic to treat the infection. Sensitivity testing is a crucial step in combating antibiotic resistance and promoting targeted therapy, leading to faster healing and reduced complications.
8. Which of the following body systems play the most important role in body regulation and maintaining homeostasis? Select one:
- Nervous and muscular system
- Circulatory and lymphatic system
- Endocrine and reproductive system
- Nervous and endocrine system
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Nervous and endocrine system: The nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate and maintain homeostasis—the body’s internal balance. The nervous system responds rapidly to changes by sending electrical signals, while the endocrine system releases hormones that produce slower but longer-lasting effects. Together, they control vital functions such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and fluid balance to keep the body stable despite external changes.
9. A nurse cleans a patient's skin with an alcohol wipe before administering an IM injection. What type of infection control method is this? Select one:
- Sterilization
- Using an antiseptic (antisepsis)
- Disinfection
- Surgical asepsis
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Using an antiseptic (antisepsis): Antisepsis is the process of using chemical agents, such as alcohol, on living tissue to reduce or eliminate microorganisms and prevent infection. When a nurse cleans the skin with an alcohol wipe before an intramuscular (IM) injection, the goal is to remove surface bacteria and lower infection risk at the injection site. Antiseptics are safe for skin use and are an essential part of standard nursing practice for injections and minor procedures.
10. Which organelle is involved in generating energy for the cell? Select one:
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Mitochondria: The mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell. They generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. Glucose and oxygen are converted into ATP, which fuels essential cellular processes such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and protein synthesis. Cells that require more energy, like muscle cells, contain a higher number of mitochondria.
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