Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library
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Free Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library Questions
1. Which of the following best describes an active transport mechanism that results in the destruction of a large particle bacterium by the lysosome? Select one:
- Diffusion
- Phagocytosis
- Osmosis
- Pinocytosis
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is a type of active transport in which certain cells, such as white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils), engulf large particles like bacteria or cellular debris. Once inside the cell, the particle is enclosed within a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest and destroy the ingested material. This process is vital for immune defense and cellular cleanup.
2.
In the diagram below Letter C is referring to what area of the body? Select one:
- Pedal
- Brachial
- Occipital
- Inguinal
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: The label “C” in the diagram points to the foot region of the body. The term pedal refers to the area of the foot (derived from the Latin word pes, meaning foot). The pedal region includes structures such as the toes, arch, and heel, and is part of the lower extremity.
3. What is the "building up" process from simple substances to complex ones called? Select one:
- Homeostasis
- Catabolism
- Anabolism
- Decomposition
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Anabolism: Anabolism is the constructive phase of metabolism in which smaller, simpler molecules (such as amino acids and sugars) are combined to form larger, more complex compounds (like proteins and glycogen). This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, and is essential for cell growth, tissue repair, and the synthesis of enzymes and hormones.
4. Which of the following is an example of vector transmission? Select one:
- Direct skin-to-skin contact
- A nurse sneezes while caring for the patient and uses appropriate respiratory etiquette
- A patient contracts West Nile virus from a mosquito
- The nurse eats contaminated food served by the hospital cafeteria
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: c. A patient contracts West Nile virus from a mosquito: Vector transmission occurs when an infectious agent is carried by an animal or insect, known as a vector, from one host to another. Mosquitoes are common biological vectors that transmit diseases such as West Nile virus, malaria, and Zika. The vector becomes infected after biting a host and then passes the pathogen through its bite to another host.
5. What is the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient called? Select one:
- Osmosis
- Active transport
- Filtration
- Diffusion
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Active transport: Active transport is the process by which substances move across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient—from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This movement requires cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport allows cells to maintain essential concentrations of ions and nutrients, such as sodium and potassium, which are vital for nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
6. The patient is experiencing lower back pain. The nursing student knows that the pain is located in the ________ region. Select one:
- Lumbar
- Inguinal
- Chest
- Groin
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Lumbar: The lumbar region refers to the lower portion of the back between the thoracic (chest) and sacral (pelvic) areas. It includes the five lumbar vertebrae, which support much of the upper body’s weight and are commonly associated with lower back pain. Discomfort in this region can result from muscle strain, disc injury, or spinal misalignment.
7. Which of the following are considered communicable diseases? (Select all that apply.) Select one or more:
- Gonorrhea
- Tuberculosis
- Diabetes
- Varicella
- Hypertension
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answers: a. Gonorrhea: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It spreads through sexual contact with an infected person’s body fluids. Because it is transmitted directly between individuals, it is classified as a communicable disease. b. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. It is highly communicable and requires infection control measures such as airborne isolation and mask use. d. Varicella: Varicella, or chickenpox, is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It spreads through direct contact with lesions or airborne droplets, making it a highly communicable disease, particularly among unvaccinated individuals.
8. Cellular respiration is an intracellular, catabolic process taking place to produce energy. The LPN student has learned a simplified equation for this process. What are the components needed for ATP to be produced? Select one:
- Glucose and carbon dioxide
- Glucose and oxygen
- H₂O and sugar
- Water and carbon dioxide
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Glucose and oxygen: Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate ATP (energy) by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen. The simplified equation is: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP. In this process, glucose provides the fuel, and oxygen acts as the oxidizing agent, allowing efficient energy release. This occurs primarily in the mitochondria, which are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell.
9. A nursing assistant performs hand hygiene before and after patient care and ensures that bed linens do not touch the floor. Which type of asepsis is this an example of?
- Surgical asepsis
- Sterilization
- Disinfection
- Medical asepsis
Explanation
Explanation: Medical asepsis, also known as clean technique, involves practices that reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms. These practices are used in everyday patient care activities to maintain a clean environment and protect both patients and healthcare workers from infection. Examples include: ● Hand hygiene before and after patient contact ● Proper handling of linens and equipment (ensuring linens do not touch the floor) ● Wearing gloves when necessary ● Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly These methods aim to minimize the number of pathogens rather than eliminate them completely.
10. Which of the following organs is located in the right lower quadrant? Select one:
- Liver
- Spleen
- Gallbladder
- Appendix
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Appendix: The appendix is a small, tube-like structure attached to the cecum of the large intestine, located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen. Pain or tenderness in this area often indicates appendicitis, an inflammation of the appendix that requires prompt medical attention. The RLQ also contains parts of the small intestine, cecum, and reproductive organs in females.
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