Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library

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Free Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 at New York Online Electtonic Library Questions

1.

The nurse knows that a patient who has a blood pH of 7.55 is experiencing a/an ——— blood pH. Select one:

  • neutral

  • normal

  • acidic

  • alkaline

Explanation

Explanation: The normal range for blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45. This balance is crucial for maintaining proper enzyme activity, oxygen delivery, and overall metabolic function. ● A pH below 7.35 indicates acidosis, meaning the blood is too acidic due to excess hydrogen ions (H⁺) or loss of bicarbonate. ● A pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis, meaning the blood is too basic due to loss of hydrogen ions or excess bicarbonate. A blood pH of 7.55 is higher than the normal upper limit and therefore represents an alkaline (basic) condition.

2.

Which organelle is involved in generating energy for the cell? Select one:

  • Mitochondria

  • Endoplasmic reticulum

  • Nucleus

  • Ribosomes

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Mitochondria: The mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell. They generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called cellular respiration. Glucose and oxygen are converted into ATP, which fuels essential cellular processes such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and protein synthesis. Cells that require more energy, like muscle cells, contain a higher number of mitochondria.
3.

If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the nurse would expect the cells will: Select one:

  • remain normal

  • shrink

  • distend

  • burst

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Shrink: A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the fluid inside the red blood cells. When blood cells are placed in such a solution, water moves out of the cells by osmosis to balance the concentration gradient. As water leaves, the cells lose volume and shrink, a process known as crenation. This can impair cellular function and oxygen transport.

4.

Which of the following body systems play the most important role in body regulation and maintaining homeostasis? Select one:

  • Nervous and muscular system

  • Circulatory and lymphatic system

  • Endocrine and reproductive system

  • Nervous and endocrine system

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Nervous and endocrine system: The nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate and maintain homeostasis—the body’s internal balance. The nervous system responds rapidly to changes by sending electrical signals, while the endocrine system releases hormones that produce slower but longer-lasting effects. Together, they control vital functions such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and fluid balance to keep the body stable despite external changes.
5.

Which anatomical term means "in back of"? Select one:

  • Distal

  • Ventral

  • Anterior

  • Dorsal

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Dorsal: The term dorsal refers to the back or posterior side of the body. In human anatomy, it is synonymous with posterior, meaning “toward or at the back of the body.” For example, the spinal cord is located on the dorsal side of the body. The term originates from “dorsum,” which means back in Latin.
6.

What is the "building up" process from simple substances to complex ones called? Select one:

  • Homeostasis

  • Catabolism

  • Anabolism

  • Decomposition

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Anabolism: Anabolism is the constructive phase of metabolism in which smaller, simpler molecules (such as amino acids and sugars) are combined to form larger, more complex compounds (like proteins and glycogen). This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, and is essential for cell growth, tissue repair, and the synthesis of enzymes and hormones.
7.

Which of the following best describes an active transport mechanism that results in the destruction of a large particle bacterium by the lysosome? Select one:

  • Diffusion

  • Phagocytosis

  • Osmosis

  • Pinocytosis

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is a type of active transport in which certain cells, such as white blood cells (macrophages and neutrophils), engulf large particles like bacteria or cellular debris. Once inside the cell, the particle is enclosed within a vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, whose enzymes digest and destroy the ingested material. This process is vital for immune defense and cellular cleanup.
8.

The correct order of levels of organization of the human body from complex to simple are: Select one:

  • Organism, organ, system, tissue, cells, chemicals

  • Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

  • Cells, organism, organs, tissues, systems, chemicals

  • Organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells, chemicals

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answer: d. Organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells, chemicals: The human body’s structural organization moves from the most complex to the simplest in this order: ● Organism: The complete living being (the human body). ● Systems: Groups of organs working together (e.g., digestive, respiratory). ● Organs: Structures made of tissues performing specific functions (e.g., heart, liver). ● Tissues: Groups of similar cells that perform a common function. ● Cells: The basic units of life. ● Chemicals: The simplest level, including atoms and molecules that form cellular structures.
9.

The lungs are _______ to the neck. Select one:

  • proximal

  • superior

  • lateral

  • inferior

Explanation

Explanation: The term inferior means below or lower than another structure. Anatomically, the lungs are located below the neck in the thoracic cavity, making them inferior to the neck.

10.

Which of the following factors make a host more susceptible to infection? (Select all that apply.) Select one or more:

  • Immunocompromised

  • Malnutrition

  • Advanced age

  • Patient who is up to date with vaccinations

  • Intact skin and mucous membranes

Explanation

Explanation of Correct Answers: a. Immunocompromised: Individuals with weakened immune systems—such as those undergoing chemotherapy, living with HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive drugs—have reduced ability to fight off pathogens, making them highly susceptible to infection. b. Malnutrition: Malnutrition weakens the body’s defense mechanisms by impairing immune cell function and reducing the production of antibodies. Inadequate intake of essential nutrients like protein and vitamins increases the risk of infection. c. Advanced age: Elderly individuals experience a natural decline in immune function (immunosenescence). This reduced immune response, combined with chronic diseases and slower healing, makes older adults more vulnerable to infections.

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