Scientific Foundation 2025-2026
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Free Scientific Foundation 2025-2026 Questions
1. 43. What is the function of the nucleolus? Select one:
- a. Releases enzymes
- b. Contains chromosomes
- c. Makes ribosomes
- d. Aids in cell respiration
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Makes ribosomes: The nucleolus is a dense, spherical structure located inside the nucleus of a cell. Its primary function is to produce and assemble ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes. These subunits then leave the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm, where they play a crucial role in protein synthesis. The nucleolus is essential for the cell’s ability to produce proteins, which are vital for growth and repair.
2. 47. An older adult patient receiving chemotherapy develops oral thrush (candidiasis). This is an example of what type of infection? Select one:
- a. Endemic
- b. Opportunistic
- c. Bacterial
- d. Viral
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Opportunistic: An opportunistic infection occurs when normally harmless microorganisms take advantage of a weakened immune system. In this case, oral thrush (candidiasis) is caused by the fungus Candida albicans, which is usually present in the mouth without causing problems. However, chemotherapy suppresses the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to control fungal growth. This allows Candida to multiply, leading to infection.
3. 21. The patient is experiencing lower back pain. The nursing student knows that the pain is located in the ________ region. Select one:
- a. Lumbar
- b. Inguinal
- c. Chest
- d. Groin
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Lumbar: The lumbar region refers to the lower portion of the back between the thoracic (chest) and sacral (pelvic) areas. It includes the five lumbar vertebrae, which support much of the upper body’s weight and are commonly associated with lower back pain. Discomfort in this region can result from muscle strain, disc injury, or spinal misalignment.
4. 13. The nurse recognizes that a solution with a pH of 2 is: Select one:
- a. Slightly alkaline
- b. Slightly acidic
- c. Strongly acidic
- d. Strongly alkaline
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: c. Strongly acidic: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity. A pH of 2 is very low, meaning the hydrogen ion concentration is high, making the solution strongly acidic. Examples include stomach acid and certain industrial chemicals, which can corrode tissues or materials due to their high acidity.
5. 9. The student nurse is instructing a patient regarding taking an oral suspension form of medication. Which of the following statements indicate that the patient understands the directions? Select all that apply. Select one or more:
- a. I need to make sure not to disturb the bottle before I pour the dose of medicine.
- b. I need to shake the bottle before I pour the dose of medicine to take.
- c. I need to heat the medicine before I take it.
- d. I will use the appropriate measuring cup/spoon/syringe to ensure I am receiving the proper dose.
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answers: b. I need to shake the bottle before I pour the dose of medicine to take: Oral suspensions contain fine particles that can settle at the bottom of the bottle. Shaking ensures even distribution of medication throughout the liquid, providing consistent and accurate dosing with each administration. Failure to shake may result in under- or overdosing. d. I will use the appropriate measuring cup/spoon/syringe to ensure I am receiving the proper dose: Using a calibrated medication cup, spoon, or oral syringe helps ensure the patient takes the precise prescribed amount. Household spoons vary in size and can lead to inaccurate dosing, so using proper measuring tools promotes medication safety and therapeutic accuracy.
6. 44. The LPN student has been assigned to care for a patient who was admitted for pancreatitis. The LPN student knows the pancreas is located in the ________ assessment area when auscultating and palpating in this area, and the patient may exhibit discomfort during the abdominal exam. Select one:
- a. Left upper quadrant
- b. Right lower quadrant
- c. Right upper quadrant
- d. Left lower quadrant
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Left upper quadrant: The pancreas lies mostly in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen, extending horizontally behind the stomach and partly into the midline. In pancreatitis, inflammation of this organ often causes pain and tenderness in the LUQ or epigastric region, sometimes radiating to the back. During assessment, the nurse may note guarding or discomfort when palpating this area due to irritation and inflammation of pancreatic tissue.
7. 4. A nursing assistant performs hand hygiene before and after patient care and ensures that bed linens do not touch the floor. Which type of asepsis is this an example of?
- a. Surgical asepsis
- b. Sterilization
- c. Disinfection
- d. Medical asepsis
Explanation
Explanation: Medical asepsis, also known as clean technique, involves practices that reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms. These practices are used in everyday patient care activities to maintain a clean environment and protect both patients and healthcare workers from infection. Examples include: ● Hand hygiene before and after patient contact ● Proper handling of linens and equipment (ensuring linens do not touch the floor) ● Wearing gloves when necessary ● Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces regularly These methods aim to minimize the number of pathogens rather than eliminate them completely.
8. 26. The nursing student knows that the building blocks of protein are: Select one:
- a. Amino acids
- b. Fatty acids
- c. Carbonic acid
- d. Hydrochloric acid
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Amino acids: Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids, which link together through peptide bonds to form long chains known as polypeptides. There are 20 standard amino acids, and their specific sequence determines the protein’s structure and function. Proteins play vital roles in body processes such as tissue repair, enzyme activity, and immune response. Without amino acids, protein synthesis cannot occur.
9. 33. Which body cavity contains the reproductive organs? Select one:
- a. Abdominal
- b. Pelvic
- c. Spinal
- d. Thoracic
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: b. Pelvic: The pelvic cavity is located below the abdominal cavity and contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine. In females, it includes the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes; in males, it contains the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. This cavity provides protection and structural support for organs involved in reproduction and excretion.
10. 50. Which of the following body systems contains ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones impacting and regulating nearly every process within the body? Select one:
- a. Endocrine
- b. Lymphatic
- c. Skeletal
- d. Respiratory
Explanation
Explanation of Correct Answer: a. Endocrine: The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones regulate essential body functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, stress response, and homeostasis. Major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), and gonads (ovaries and testes). Hormones act as chemical messengers that influence nearly every cell and organ in the body.
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